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1

Comprehensive assessment of water and sediment quality in Lake Nasser, Egypt, using various potential risk indices

Abdel-Satar Amaal M., Salem Salem G., El-Sayed Seliem M., Goher Mohamed E., Abdelaziz Ghada S., Al-Afify Afify D.G.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2024

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Vol. 53, No. 1

40--60

EN

Lake Nasser is a freshwater lake that supplies over 95% of Egypt’s freshwater budget. Therefore, the quality of water in the lake is critical for its conservation. In addition to assessing the metal pollution load, the quality of water and sediment in the lake was assessed by collecting water and sediment samples for metal content analysis. Lake Nasser is a warm monomictic water body with a single circulation cycle in the cold months. Dissolved oxygen content in bottom water samples often dropped significantly to levels below international guidelines, reflecting reduced rates of photosynthetic activity. Although 50% of the lake’s water samples contained Pb concentrations slightly above the World Health Organization’s (WHO) limit for drinking water, the metal pollution index did not exceed the critical level and was classified as low metal water pollution. Based on the geoaccumulation index (I-geo), the enrichment factor (EF) and the pollution load index, the sediments of Lake Nasser are practically uncontaminated with metals. Ni has the highest EF and I-geo values, while Ni and Cd contributed the most to the ecological risk and toxic risk index. The obtained results revealed that Cd and Ni in the sediments may pose a threat to organisms living in Lake Nasser.

2

The microbial and chemical risk analysis of drinking water in a small island, Spermonde Archipelago

Birawida Agus B., Daud Anwar, Ibrahim Erniwati, Hidayanty Healthy, Sila Nurlia, Maming Maming, Nur Muhammad, Khaer Ain, Arundhana Andi I., Arsin Arsunan

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 60

112--121

EN

Coastal areas face greater risk in terms of health and the environment. They are the most vulnerable to impacts resulting from climate change. Coastal areas with higher population density also have more environmental problems, such as natural disasters. Environmental health risks from chemicals and microbes continue threatening people living on small islands. Therefore, this study aims to: 1) conduct a chemical risk analysis of heavy metals Pb, Cr(VI), and Ni; 2) analyse the microbial risk posed by drinking water consumed daily by people on small islands. A method used to analyse the chemical risk of heavy metals was the environment health risk assessment (EHRA), whereas to analyse the microbial risk in small islands, the quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was used. The results showed that the concentration of heavy metals in drinking water was <0.0012 mg∙dm-3 for Pb, <0.01 mg∙dm-3 for Cr(VI), and <0.0019 mg∙dm-3 for Ni. The three heavy metals showed worrying results. Assessment and obtained risk quotient were less than one (RQ < 1) in all samples. Meanwhile, the microbial analysis found Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Enterobacter sp., and Citrobacter sp., with risk characterised from low to high. Risk management is needed to control environmental health risks posed by heavy metals and the microbiological characteristics of drinking water on the small islands of the Spermonde Archipelago.

3

The Quality Stability Assessment of a Thermal Spring Used for Therapeutic Purposes

Tirinsi Mohamed, El Guerrouj Bouchra, Moubchir Tarik, Taibi Mohamed, Hammouda Naima, Elbouzidi Amine, Chaabane Khalid, Melhaoui Mohamed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 1

93--100

EN

Thermal waters have a global distribution and find extensive therapeutic use. In Morocco, which boasts more than twenty high-quality therapeutic thermal springs, few studies have focused on the quality of these waters. In this context, the present study evaluated the water quality using physicochemical, bacteriological, and radioactive parameters for the Benkachour thermal spring waters in Morocco. The results indicate that all chemicals, bacteriological, and radiological parameters are below the standards, except for global beta activity and temperature, which makes it hyperthermal, with an annual average temperature of 50.54°C. According to the Piper diagram, the water type is chloride-sodium-potassium. On the basis on these results, it was concluded that thermalism in the Eastern region of Morocco, specifically Benkachour in Oujda, can contribute to sustainable tourist development at the national and international levels due to the quality of the parameters analyzed and can be an effective complementary approach in the treatment of low-grade pathologies. The data from this study can serve as a baseline for assessing future changes and defining standards for the quality of hydrothermal baths as well as balneotherapy worldwide.

4

Study of The Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Quality of Water from River Innaouene, Taza Province, Morocco

Fiouz Abderrahim, Chakiri Said, Najem Ayoub, El Hezzat Mounir, Abbou Mohamed Ben, Lamnii Abderrahim, Chibani Abdelkader, Aouji Marouane, Warad Ismail, Zarrouk Abdelkader

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

254--271

EN

In recent decades, the province of Taza has undergone extensive agricultural modernization, marked by an increase in industrial units such as modern oil mills and olive canneries. At the same time, rapid population growth has exacerbated an important problem, the deterioration of the quality of water resources in limited quantities. This study explored the heart of matter by meticulously sampling physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters at eight strategically chosen sites. Conducted in late July 2021, the survey focused on the surface waters of the Innaouene River, providing a timely and insightful examination of the complex dynamics of water quality in the context of modernization and demographic change. This work focused on the determination of physicochemical and microbiological parameters of water. The results of the analyses show that this river is subject to multiple constraints and reaches its tolerance level on most of its sections. A multivariate statistical approach: principal component analysis (PCA) has shown that water pollution in the Innaouene River is mainly related to untreated wastewater discharges into streams. Water quality is considered bad to very bad. Therefore, ecological and health impacts can occur.

5

Modeling Reservoir Management Efforts for Water Quality in Malang Suko Village, Indonesia Using a Dynamic System Approach

Noerhayati Eko, Mustika Soraya Norma, Rahmawati Anita

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 1

127--137

EN

Water quality is an essential component in effective water management, specifically in the reservoir planning. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the water quality of the Malang Suko Reservoir, Malang Regency, Indonesia, by examining temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). To achieve this goal, the dynamic system approach for reservoir management was employed, and the software used for water quality modelling was the System Thinking Educational Learning Laboratory with Animation (Stella). The analysis considered several contributing factors, such as settlements, agriculture, and temperature. The results showed that the water quality status of the Malang Suko Reservoir was moderately polluted. The dynamic subsystem simulation had a high level of accuracy with a mean absolute percentage error of 1.1% and 0% for the settlement and agricultural submodels, respectively. Therefore, several scenarios for managing the inflow of waste into the reservoir were suggested, with the role of the community being the most crucial.

6

Methods for Determining the Water Quality Index in Developing Asian Countries: A Review

Sudarno, Wibowo Mochamad Agung, Andarini Pertiwi, Kurniatama Dionisius Veda Priya, Humaira Natasya Ghinna

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

311--323

EN

Clean water quality is a problem, especially for developing countries in Asia. Their efforts to maximize various sectors to become a developed country, for example in industrial activities, result in negative environmental impacts, especially for water quality. The wastewater that is directly discharged into river bodies without any treatment causes river water quality to become increasingly worse. The water quality index (WQI) is one of the tools used to assess river water quality. There have been many studies that examined the river water quality in Asia, but there are still few studies that discuss the river water quality as a whole in Asia, especially for developing countries where industrial activities are massive. This study discussed the trends in river water quality in developing countries in Asia. The results obtained showed that most river water quality in Asia falls into the medium to poor category, even poor in some situations, especially in the areas with dense populations and in the areas around rivers which are full of domestic and industrial activities. For this reason, there is a need for a more advanced WQI assessment which is carried out using scientific analysis using fuzzy logic so that the WQI value can be more accurate and QGIS can provide broader information. There needs to be cooperation and good relations between the community, stakeholders and the government in an effort to overcome river pollution which will become even worse by providing stricter regulations, establishing proper water treatment so that industrial or domestic waste water does not directly enter water bodies, and create appropriate policies. Therefore, it is important to be able to develop a river water quality assessment system, such as WQI to be more accurate so that these actions can be carried out.

7

Identification of Environmental Factors Determining the Diversity and Abundance of Phytoplankton in Menjer Lake, Wonosobo, Indonesia

Piranti Agatha Sih, Widyartini Dwi Sunu, Retna USR Diana, Noviana Fariza

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

272--280

EN

Phytoplankton are primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, their abundance is determined by environmental changes, so phytoplankton are often used as bioindicators of waters. The aim of this research was to determine the diversity and abundance of phytoplankton in Menjer Lake, to measure the environmental factors that determine the diversity and abundance of phytoplankton, and to determine the environmental factors that most influence the diversity and abundance of phytoplankton in Menjer Lake. This research uses a survey method in 5 areas (inlet, middle of the lake, aquaculture using floating net cage, tourism, and outlet). The parameters observed were the diversity and abundance of phytoplankton as well as the concentration of water quality parameters that determine the presence of phytoplankton (temperature, light penetration, pH, DO, TSS, TDS, PO4 and NO3). To determine the environmental factors that most influence the diversity and abundance of phytoplankton were analyzed using the principal component analyses method with Past 4.10 software. The community structure of phytoplankton in Menjer Lake was dominated by Bacillariophyta (83%). The factors determining the development of phytoplankton in Menjer Lake are influenced most by light penetration and PO4 concentration. The input of PO4 concentration from the water catchment area must be controlled to prevent phytoplankton blooming in Menjer Lake.

8

Evaluation of Surface Water Quality Using Biodiversity Indices in Phu My Species – Habitat Conservation Area, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam

Nhien Huynh Thi Hong, Giao Nguyen Thanh

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 3

102-112

EN

Phu My species-habitat conservation area (PMCA) is a seasonal wetland area; thus, water quality plays an essential role in the development of organisms. Therefore, the study was carried out to assess surface water quality based on phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthic composition at PMCA, which has been little studied. The phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthic samples were collected at six locations (N1-N6) of the habitats and canals in November 2021. Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index (H’), Pielou index (J) and average score per taxon (ASPT) were used to assess pollution levels of surface water. A total of 71 species of phytoplankton belonging to five phyla (i.e., Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Bacillariophyta, Dinophyta and Chrysophyta), 57 species of zooplankton belonging to three phyla (i.e., Protozoa, Rotifera, Arthropoda) and two benthic species belong to two groups (i.e., Oligochaeta and Insecta) were detected. The phyla of Euglenophyta, Rotifera, and Insecta were the dominant groups in species composition and the phyla of Chlorophyta, Protozoa, and Insecta were dominated in terms of individual density. Species of Trachelomonas volvocina, Phacus torta, Euglena oxyuris, Arcella vulgaris, Brachionus bidentata, Lecane hastata, Lecane bulla, Lecance pyriformis and Polyarhtra vulgariis appeared at most of the studied sites, indicating the organic and nutrient pollution of the water bodies. The Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index (H’) and Pielou index (J) showed the water quality from moderate to severe pollution. The results of water quality classification according to ASPT and H’ of benthic animals had similar characteristics, indicating that the surface water is very dirty (heavy pollution). The current findings could be used to manage water quality in the future to conserve biodiversity. Furthermore, it helps to improve and expand methods for monitoring surface water quality in the conservation area, in addition to evaluating based on physical and chemical parameters.

9

Assessing the Corrosion and Scaling Potential of Drinking Water in Morocco Using Water Stability Indices

El Baroudi Hind, Ouazzani Chadia, Moustaghfir Abdellah, Er-Ramly Azzeddine, El Baroudi Youssef, Dami Abdallah, Balouch Lhousaine

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

130--139

EN

Corrosion and scaling occur in water distribution systems. However, not much data is available concerning this issue in Morocco. This study aimed to evaluate the corrosive and scaling potential of drinking water in the water distribution systems of several cities in Morocco using water stability indices and other physicochemical parameters. For this purpose, 100 samples were collected, mainly from the cities in the Rabat-Salé-Kenitra region of Morocco. The results of the physicochemical analysis of 100 collected samples show that the means of the pH, total alkalinity, calcium hardness, chloride, temperature, and total dissolved solids are 7.577 ± 0.23, 173.6± 52.04 mg/l as CaCO3, 212.57 ± 98.18 mg/l as CaCO3, 418.7 ± 407.75 mg/l, 25.16 ± 1.58 °C, 597.5 ± 435.74 mg/l, respectively. The mean values of the water stability indices are 0.1158 ± 0.38, 7.345 ± 0.68, 7.132 ± 0.86, and 12.41 ± 0.35 for the Langelier saturation index (LSI), the Ryznar stability index (RSI), the Puckorius scaling index (PSI), and the aggressive index (AI), respectively. The water samples show corrosive tendencies of 41%, 75%, 97%, and 13% based on the LSI, RSI, PSI, and AI, respectively, and are considered supersaturated and likely to scale, corrosive, and non-aggressive. The water samples in Rabat, Salé, Bouknadel, and Kenitra were mostly supersaturated with a tendency to scale, with the highest percentage of stable water while the water in Khemisset and Tiflet was mostly corrosive, with Tiflet recording the highest chloride content of 3220.1 mg/l. The scaling and corrosive potential of water varied depending on the source of water in each city. Therefore, it is essential to continuously supervise the stability of water at different points of water distribution systems, create an adapted approach for each city, and instill strict national standards for the physicochemical parameters that affect corrosion and scaling to ensure safe drinking water.

10

Agricultural Practices and their Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems – A Mini-Review

Albou El Mostapha, Abdellaoui Mohamed, Abdaoui Abdellali, Boughrous Ali Ait

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 1

321--331

EN

This mini-review delved into the intricate interplay between agricultural practices and aquatic environments, highlighting the global imperative to enhance water quality. Drawing insights from diverse sources, it underscored the complex web linking water management and agriculture with the health of aquatic ecosystems. The expansion and intensification of agriculture have led to widespread fertilizer and pesticide use, impacting the water quality of groundwater, rivers, lakes, and marine habitats. Large-scale irrigation systems, while vital for food security, have inadvertently contributed to land and water salinity issues. As agricultural activities intensify, they often alter aquatic ecosystems, affecting aquatic fauna and overall ecosystem functioning. The sustainable use of chemicals and organic farming practices is paramount to mitigating environmental and ecological impacts. In the context of global changes, the adoption of ecologically based agricultural management strategies holds promise for enhancing sustainability and reducing the off-site consequences. The mini-review emphasized that integrated water resource management, advanced agricultural practices, and rigorous regulation are essential for tackling the critical water quality and quantity challenges linked to agriculture.

11

Wytyczne dotyczące jakości wody do nawadniania roślin-wpływ niesteroidowych leków przeciwzapalnych

Zając-Woźnialis Anna

Technologia Wody

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2023

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Nr 1 (79)

21-25

PL

Obecność mikrozanieczyszczeń, nowo identyfikowanych związków tzw. emerging contaminants (EC) staje się coraz bardziej powszechne, w każdym rejonie świata. W związku z ograniczonymi zasobami wodnymi wobec rosnących potrzeb konsumpcyjnych, poszukuje się rozwiązań technologicznych, które pozwolą na ponowne wykorzystywanie pierwotnie zużytej wody. Przepisy prawne nie uwzględniają jednak obecności takich związków jak niesteroidowe leki przeciwzapalne (N LPZ) i ich metabolitów. W artykule przytoczono Rozporządzenie Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2020/741 z dnia 25 maja 2020 r. w sprawie minimalnych wymogów dotyczących ponownego wykorzystania wody. Poruszono problem występowania farmaceutyków w środowisku glebowym, drogi ich przenikania do upraw roślinnych a także wpływu na środowisko oraz potencjalne skutki zdrowotne konsumowanych upraw. Skupiono się głównie na obecności diklofenaku (DCF), który stanowi popularną substancję czynną o szerokim spektrum działania wielu produktów lękowych, a jednocześnie jest najmniej skutecznie usuwanym związkiem w procesach konwencjonalnego biologicznego oczyszczania ścieków.

EN

The presence of micropollutants, newly identified compounds, the so-called emerging contaminants (EC) is becoming morecornmon in every area of the world. Due to the limited water resources and thegrowingconsumption needs, technological solutions ares tought that will allow the reuse of originally usedwater. However, the legislation does not take into account the presence of compounds such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NLPs) and their metabolites. The article quotes Regulation (EU) 2020/741 of the European Parliament and of the Council of May 25, 2020 on minimum requirements for water reuse. The problem of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the soil environment, the ways of their penetration into plant crops as well as the impact on the environment and the potential health effects of consumed crops were discussed. The focus was mainly on the presence of diclofenac (DCF), which is a popular active substance with a wide spectrum of activity in many drug products, and at the same time is the least effectively removed compound in conventional biological wastewater treatment processes.

12

Wpływ solanki z regeneracji zmiękczania wody na działanie przydomowej oczyszczalni ścieków oraz przewodność hydrauliczną gruntu

Pawlak Maciej, Pilarska Agnieszka A., Zimnicka Katarzyna, Kałuża Tomasz

Technologia Wody

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2023

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Nr 4 (82)

76-81

13

Wpływ jakości wody basenowej na zawartość chloroamin w powietrzu - doświadczenia z badań pilotażowych w Polsce i USA

Ratajczak Katarzyna, Narojczyk Michał, Komorowska-Kaufman Małgorzata, Blathey Ernest R.

Technologia Wody

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2023

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Nr 4 (82)

22-27

PL

Stosowane układy oczyszczania wody basenowej mają na celu przygotowanie bezpiecznej wody zapewniającej komfortowe warunki dla pływaków. Ważnym elementem w pływalniach krytych jest również wentylacja, dzięki której odbierane są zyski wilgoci oraz dostarczane jest powietrze świeże zapewniające właściwą jakość powietrza. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań parametrów wody i powietrza w basenach zlokalizowanych w dwóch krajach - Polsce i Stanach Zjednoczonych. Przeanalizowano różnice konstrukcyjne basenów, rozwiązania układu wentylacji i procesu uzdatniania wody oraz sposobu użytkowania basenu pod kontem ich wpływu na jakość wody i powietrza wewnętrznego. Stosowane w Polsce i USA systemy uzdatniania wody basenowej są bardzo podobne. Główna różnica występuje w utrzymywanych parametrach jakości wody basenowej szczególnie stężenia chloru wolnego. W polskich basenach utrzymywano stężenie chloru wolnego na poziomie ok. 0,5 mgCI2/L, podczas gdy w basenach amerykańskich było ono wyższe 4-5 razy i wynosiło 1,9 -2,8 mg CI2/L Wynika to przede wszystkim ze stosowanych norm i przepisów w każdym z krajów. Różnica w stężeniach chloru wolnego w wodzie znalazła odzwierciedlenie w jakości powietrza, gdyż na basenach amerykańskich stwierdzono w nim aż 15-krotnie wyższe stężenia chloroaminy niż w basenach polskich, pomimo zapewnienia prawidłowej wentylacji utrzymującej wilgotność na wymaganym poziomie do 60%. Średnie stężenie chloroaminy odnotowane w powietrzu hali basenowej w USA wynosi aż 459 ±268 u.gCl2/L co jest wartością niższą niż zalecane przez WHO 500 u.gCI2/L, jednakże w pewnych okresach stężenie to było znacząco przekroczone.

EN

Swimming pool water purification systems are designed to prepare safe water that ensures comfortable conditions for swimmers. Ventilation is also an important element in indoor swimming pools, thanks to which moisture gains are removed and fresh air is supplied to ensure proper air quality. The article presents the results of research on water and air parameters in swimming pools located in two countries-Poland and the United States. The design differences of the swimming pools, the ventilation system, and the water treatment process, as well as the method of use of the swimming pool, were analyzed in terms of their impact on the quality of water and the indoor air. The swimming pool water treatment systems used in Poland and the United States are very similar. The main difference occurs in the maintained swimming pool water quality parameters, especially the concentration of free chlorine. In Polish swimming pools, free chlorine was maintained at a level of approximately 0.5 mg CI22/L, while in American swimming pools it was 4-5times higher and reached 1,9-2,8 mgCI2/L. This is mainly due to the standards and regulations used in each country. The difference in free chlorine concentrations in water was reflected in air quality; as in American swimming pools, chloramine concentrations were found to be 15 times higher than in Polish swimming pools, despite adequate ventilation maintaining humidity at the required level of up to 60%. Chloramine concentrations recorded in air in the US are as high as 459 ±268 pg CL2/L, which is less than the 500ngC2/L recommended by the WHO. However, an average value at such a high level indicates that in certain periods the concentration was significantly exceeded.

14

Regulacje prawne dotyczące poziomów stężeń hormonów i antybiotyków

Antos Joanna, Ciślak Marianna

Technologia Wody

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2023

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Nr 1 (79)

41-44

PL

W artykule przedstawiono dowody wskazujące na obecność hormonów i antybiotyków w środowisku, a także omówiono potencjalne źródła tego typu zanieczyszczeń. Z analizy obowiązujących ustaw i dyrektyw w Polsce oraz Unii Europejskiej dotyczących jakości wód powierzchniowych i tych do spożycia wynika, że obecność farmaceutyków, nie jest objęta obowiązkiem kontroli. W celu poprawy jakości wody konieczne jest zwiększenie świadomości społecznej na temat małych zasobów wodnych oraz realnego wpływu każdego człowieka na jakość wody, a także szczegółowe regulacje prawne dotyczące mikrozanieczyszczeń.

EN

This article presents a compilation of research results indicating the presence of hormones and antibiotics in the environment, and identtfies potential sourcesof these contaminants. An analysis of the current laws and directives in Poland and the European Union concerning the guality of surface and drinking water shows that, of the wide range of pharmaceuticals, the concentrations of only some of them are subject to mandatory control. In order to improve water quality, it is necessary to increase public awareness of smali water resources and the real impact of each individual on water quality, as well as specific legal regulations on micropollutants.

15

Problemy z transpozycją nowej DWD 2020/2184 do prawa polskiego

Zimoch Izabela, Mulik Barbara

Technologia Wody

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2023

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Nr 1 (79)

59-61

16

Praktyczne aspekty stosowania procesów membranowych w uzdatnianiu wody do picia - od koncepcji do eksploatacji

Weber Łukasz

Technologia Wody

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2023

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Nr 4 (82)

82-87

17

Nowoczesne narzędzia wspomagające monitoring zasobów wodnych

Biczysko Bartłomiej

Technologia Wody

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2023

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Nr 3 (81)

74-75

18

Gospodarka wodna dla małych społeczności Regionu Arktycznego na przykładzie osady Itileq (Grenlandia)

Pruss Agata Magdalena

Technologia Wody

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2023

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Nr 4 (82)

66-72

19

Dywagacje o istotności wartości parametrycznych ocenie jakości wody

Zimoch Izabela, Mulik Barbara

Technologia Wody

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2023

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Nr 4 (82)

57-63

20

Bakterie Legionella sp. - współczesne zagrożenie zdrowia publicznego

Zimoch Izabela, Mulik Barbara

Technologia Wody

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2023

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Nr 3 (81)

45-50