Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

An overview of groundwater resources evolution in North Africa: sustainability assessment of the CI aquifer under natural and anthropogenic constraints

Besser Houda, Dhaouadi Laifa

Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management. Research and Operational Applications

|

2022

|

Vol. 10, Iss. 1

73--94

EN

Given the complex links to the major economic activities and climate variability, water is becoming the most fiercely contested resource, challenging human survival and food security especially in arid hot dry regions, such as in the Middle East and North Africa areas (MENA). In the Kebili and Tozeur regions in southern Tunisia, groundwater resources undergo abusive exploitation mostly for agricultural activities. The lack of efficient management and adequate conservation strategies to ensure sustainable exploitation has resulted in gradual irreversible ecological and geological effects. Thus, this review paper provides a useful background synthesis for the critical assessment of the recursive dynamic substantial increase in freshwater in these regions, using a general equilibrium model of hydrodynamic and chemical changes of aquifers based on several water scarcity indices and economic-ecological factors. The collected data highlight the good correlation between the reviewed studies and the observed and (or) measured disturbance of the natural functioning of the deep confined aquifers, manifested by the gradual severity of the resulted environmental issues, the permanent irreversible depression of the water table, aquifer decompression, land subsidence in the Douz area, and contamination by petroleum flows, with 4 g/L of asphalt and 12 to 90 µg/L of cadmium in northern Kebili. Based on the assembled evidence, water scarcity has heavily influenced the equilibrium of these resources, and the adopted conservation plans have been insufficient to ensure economic incentives for environmental natural resources conservation (the annual average loss of fertile land is 1.25 ha). A detailed equilibrium analysis, relying on evaluating the water productivity-water exploitation ratio, is undoubtedly necessary for improving the integration among different decision makers. Moreover, a re-examination of the resulting impacts of the previously implemented strategies for reliable database development is the key to the successful handling of this transitory fragile situation.

2

Optimising water resources management by Using Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) in the West of Iraq

Abdulhameed Isam Mohammed, Sulaiman Sadeq Oleiwi, Najm Abu Baker Ahmed, Al-Ansari Nadhir

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2022

|

no. 53

176--186

EN

Iraq has been suffering from decreasing Euphrates discharge due to the construction of dams within upstream countries and the use of surface irrigation systems. The country is facing a problem with meeting the increasing demand for water as a result of population growth and development in the industrial and agricultural sectors. Therefore, a simulation modelling was applied for western Iraq (Ramadi city as a case study) using the Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP) for the period 2018-2035. This research follows a four-step approach that involves: (i) evaluating the available water of the Euphrates River under declined water imports caused by the construction of dams in Turkey and Syria, (ii) assessing present and future water demands of the domestic, industrial, and agricultural sectors, (iii) improving water productivity (WP) by means of saving more water, (iv) estimating the economic returns under improved water use. The results showed that Iraq would face a serious problem in the coming years, represented by the limited storage of Haditha Dam, which is considered the strategic water storage site for the central and southern regions of Iraq. The study indicated the necessity of finding alternative sources of water supply by adopting new water management strategies to reduce the water deficit.

3

Grape production assessment using surface and subsurface drip irrigation methods

Kadbhane Sharad J., Manekar Vivek L.

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2021

|

no. 49

169--178

EN

The study involved experimental work implemented from April 2014 until March 2017. Its purpose was to observe grape production quality parameters, such as yield, water productivity, berry size and bio-mass. Different irrigation methods, such as drip irrigation (DI), drip irrigation with plastic mulching (DIPM), drip irrigation with organic mulching (DIOM), subsurface irrigation with stone column (SISC), subsurface irrigation with mud pot (SIMP), and subsurface irrigation with plastic bottles (SIPB) have been used during the experimental work. The crop has been irrigated following the CROPWAT-8.0 model developed by the FAO. Climate parameters are obtained from the automatic weather station located near the experimental field. Based on experimental results and analyses, it has been observed that the drip irrigation with the plastic mulching method is the best for irrigation in terms of the grape yield comparing with all other methods due to its highest productivity of 35–40%. Subsurface irrigation with the plastic bottle method is found to be suitable as it gives 20% higher yield than the traditional drip irrigation method. The SIPB method shows the cost-benefit ratio of 112.3, whereas the DIPM method had the ratio of 36.6. Based on the cost-benefit analysis, it is concluded that the SIPB method is economically more viable as compared with all other methods. Hence, based on the findings, it is recommended to use drip irrigation with a plastic mulching and drip irrigation with a plastic bottle as the best options to achieve grape productivity while using minimum water.

4

Field and modelling study for deficit irrigation strategy on roots volume and water productivity of wheat

Abdelraouf Ramadan E., El-Shawadfy Mohamed A., Dewedar Osama M., Hozayn Mahmoud

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2021

|

no. 49

129--138

EN

In many regions of the world, including Egypt, water shortages threaten food production. An irrigation deficient strategy in dry areas has been widely investigated as a valuable and sustainable approach to production. In this study, the dry matter and grain yield of wheat was decreased by reducing the amount of irrigation water as well as the volume of the root system. As a result of this, there was an increase the soil moisture stress. This negatively affected the absorption of water and nutrients in the root zone of wheat plants, which ultimately had an effect on the dry matter and grain yield of wheat. The values of dry matter and grain yield of wheat increased with the ʻSakha 94ʼ variety compared to the ʻSakha 93ʼ class. It is possible that this was due to the increase in the genetic characteristic of the root size with the ʻSakha 94ʼ variety compared to the ʻSakha 93ʼ class, as this increase led to the absorption of water and nutrients from a larger volume of root spread. Despite being able to increase the water productivity of wheat by decreasing the amount of added irrigation water, the two highest grain yield values were achieved when adding 100% and 80% of irrigation requirements (IR) needed to irrigate the wheat and no significant differences between the yield values at 100% and 80% of IR were found. Therefore, in accordance with this study, the recommended irrigation for wheat is at 80% IR which will provide 20% IR. When comparing the water productivity of two wheat varieties in study, it becomes clear that ʻSakha 94ʼ was superior to ʻSakha 93ʼ when adding the same amount of irrigation water, and this resulted in increased wheat productivity for ʻSakha 94ʼ. The SALTMED results confirmed good accuracy (R2: 0.92 to 0.98) in simulating soil moisture, roots volume, water application efficiency, dry matter, and grain yield for two varieties of wheat under deficit irrigation conditions. Whilst using sprinkler irrigation system under sandy soils in Egypt.

5

An experimental study on the grape orchard: Effects comparison of two irrigation systems

Kadbhane S. J., Manekar V. L.

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2017

|

no. 32

41--51

EN

Table grape (Vitis vinifera cultivars) is a major cash crop in the Nashik district of India, which requires irrigation water throughout the year as per demand instantly. Canal irrigation is the adopted irrigation systems in the study area, but canal irrigation has got several serious disadvantages, such as mismatching rotation schedules and crop water demands, water allotment system and restrictions on the use of efficient irrigation methods. The storing the canal water in the farm pond instead of directly applying to the field using the free flooding method is alternate solution to overcome the disadvantages of the canal irrigation system. Once the canal water storing in the pond, it increases the possibilities to use the advance irrigation system like drip, subsurface, sprinkler etc. to enhance water use efficiency. The comparative study between the canal water directly applying for the field and canal water storing in the farm pond then use for irrigation, executed through the field experiments carried out on the grape orchard during a period April 2013 to March 2016. Results have been evaluated based on grape yield, water-productivity, berry size, and biomass. Water productivity (kg∙m–3) with respect to water delivery to crop through the pond irrigation method was found 37% higher than the canal irrigation method during the study period. Based on the results, this study recommended the use of the farm pond to store the canal water and use it as per crop demand using advance irrigation systems.

PL

Winorośl (odmiany Vitis vinifera) jest główną uprawą w dystrykcie Nashik w Indiach. Wymaga ona całorocznych nawodnień dostosowanych do chwilowego zapotrzebowania roślin. Na badanym obszarze stosuje się nawadnianie grawitacyjne, polegające na bezpośrednim dostarczaniu wody transportowanej kanałem pod uprawy winorośli. Metoda ta ma kilka wad, takich jak: niedopasowanie harmonogramu zalewów z potrzebami roślin, złożony system rozprowadzania wody i ograniczone możliwości stosowania wydajnych metod nawodnień. Przechowywanie wody dostarczonej kanałem w stawach zamiast bezpośredniego wylania na pola umożliwia ograniczenie wad nawadniania grawitacyjnego. Retencjonowanie wody w stawach umożliwi stosowanie zaawansowanych i wodooszczędnych sposobów nawadniania, takich jak: nawodnienia kroplowe, podpowierzchniowe lub deszczowniane. Porównawcze badania nad nawadnianiem bezpośrednio wodą z kanału i wodą wstępnie przetrzymywaną w stawach prowadzono w okresie od kwietnia 2013 do marca 2016 r. Rezultaty oceniano na podstawie produktywności wody, plonu winogron, wielkości gron i biomasy. Produktywność wody (kg∙m–3) dostarczanej pod uprawy za pośrednictwem stawu była o 37% większa niż produktywność wody aplikowanej bezpośrednio z kanału. W oparciu o wyniki badań zalecono wykorzystanie stawów w gospodarstwie do przetrzymywania wody z kanału i zastosowanie jej zgodnie z wymaganiem roślin, stosując zaawansowane systemy irygacji.