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Application of the Water Quality and Water Pollution Indexes for Assessing Changes in Water Quality of the Tigris River in the South Part of Iraq

Al-Bahathy Idrees A. A., Al-Janabi Zahraa Zahraw, Al-Ani Rana R., Maktoof Afrah A.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 5

177--184

EN

Two water quality indices (WQI) were applied in the Tigris River using thirteen water quality parameters (pH, chlorides, sulfate, nitrate, salts, BOD5, iron, boron, zinc, lead, cadmium, copper, and chromium) in this study. They were calculated for the six years from 2008 to 2013 and then compared with sets of standard values of river maintaining systems. The results indicated that the water quality of the Tigris River for CCME-WQI was generally "Fair" to "Good" in 2008, 2009, and 2010 (CCME WQI range: 69.67–88.46) for all sites. CCME WQI values fell from "Marginal" to "Fair" in all sites over the last two years (2012 and 2013). WPI was "pure" to "Moderately polluted" from 2008–2011 (WPI range: 0.63–1.55) for all sites. Whereas, WPI values dropped to ranging from "Moderately polluted" to "polluted" (WPI range: 1.15–2.39) in all sites in 2012 and 2013. The effect of various human activities and dryness were evident on some parameters such as the heavy metals, Sulfate, Chlorides, Salts and Nitrate. Where their concentrations exceeded the permissible limits of the river maintaining system in most of the sites, and thus were the reason for the decline in the values of the indices. So, the monitoring of the Tigris River is important for proper management and for preserving this important water source.

2

Pollution and health risk assessment of water quality: a case study in Mohammedia prefecture in Morocco

El morabet R., Berhazi L., Khan R. A., Bouhafa S., Khan N. A., Hakh T., Romaniv A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 110, nr 2

67--85

EN

Purpose: Water is vital for the sustenance of every life form. Urbanization, growing population and industrial development has led to exploitation of water resources globally. This study assesses quality of water resources of Mohammedia prefecture. Design/methodology/approach: The water quality analysis was carried out based on physio-chemical and heavy metal concentrations. The physio-chemical analysis comprised of status of concentration, overall quality and water pollution index evaluation. The heavy metal evaluation consisted of Ecological Risk Index, non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk assessment. Findings: The landfill near Ben Nfifikh River reported insignificant (WPI<1) – low level of pollution (>1≤1.5) for surface and groundwater points. However, the groundwater for Zenata region was found to pose both carcinogenic (CRt > 0.0001, range 0.4-35.31) and non-carcinogenic risks (HQ>1, range 6 -34) of higher degree rendering it unfit for human consumption. Hence, this study concludes that groundwater resources should not as water supply; instead, Oud El Maleh River can serve as surface water source for meeting requirements of Zenata region. Research limitations/implications: The data obtained can be categorized as landfill area near river Nfifikh and landfill area near river El Maleh. Both areas have been investigated for groundwater and surface water quality assessment. Practical implications: This study demonstrates the need to study the characteristics of groundwater (depth, flow rate, water renewal, etc.) before arranging a waste dump. This problem is especially relevant for arid countries, since residents experience a shortage of water, as well as a lack of rainfall provides a weak renewal of groundwater, which can contribute to the accumulation of a higher concentration of carcinogens in groundwater and provide a high risk to public health. If policymakers in arid countries and decision-makers have effective water quality maps, then the country can be more efficiently managed water resources without risking the population. Originality/value: The current study is planned as a multi-stage, each of which is supposed to conduct field studies of groundwater and surface water quality with appropriate parameters, analysis of institutional reports and related scientific studies in order to create an effective water quality map for rational water use.

3

Surface Water Quality of the Prut River Basin in a Tourist Destination

Matiyiv Khrystyna, Klymchuk Ihor, Arkhypova Lyudmyla, Korchemlyuk Marta

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 4

107--114

EN

The aim of the article is to investigate the water quality in the Prut River, which tends to tourist destinations, and to establish the interdependence of the water pollution index with the number of tourists visited in the Yaremche Tourist Cluster. The article scientifically proves the indirect influence of tourist flow on water quality in the Prut River. Water samples from the Prut River were taken, such as pH, temperature, nitrates and nitrites, phosphates, ammonium and mineralization were analyzed. Using membrane tests Sensafe in water samples, we determined the content of the following metals: Ni, Co, Zn, Cd, Hg, Fe. Based on the results, we calculated the water pollution index, which is 0.52. It is established that the water is clean. IZV is determined at each point of water withdrawal in the dynamics during 2016–2020, the interdependence of water quality of the Prut River with the number of visitors to the tourist destination. The forecast of the index of water pollution and tourist flow for 2021-2025 is carried out using the data received in the operating system Exel. It is proved that with the growth of tourists the water quality deteriorates, although it fluctuates within the norm.

4

Assessment of Water Quality and Pollution Index in Coastal Waters of Mimika, Indonesia

Tanjung Rosye Hefmi Rechnelty, Hamuna Baigo, Alianto

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 2

87--94

EN

A good water quality is essential to sustaining the life of the organisms. The determination of water quality is needed as a direction to monitoring the water pollution. The purpose of this study is to examine the quality of the water and to determine the water pollution index based on the physicochemical parameters in Mimika waters, Indonesia. The sampling of water quality was carried out in October 2016 at six stations (Moga, Puriri, Inaoga, Keakwa, Atuka and Pomako waters). Then, the results were compared with the standard of sea water quality for biota marine based on the Decree of the Minister of Environment No. 51 year 2004. This study showed that the physicochemical parameters of the waters, such as water turbidity, BOD, NH3 and heavy metals (Hg, As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr), are still appropriate to the biota marine in all study stations. However, there is a parameter for which the quality standards were exceed in all locations, including water salinity for coral and seagrass, NO3, PO4 and H2S. The result of pollution index calculation at coastal waters Mimika are classified as lightly polluted (Keakwa and Pomako waters), and moderately polluted (Moga, Puriri, Inaoga and Atuka waters) with the pollution index values o f 3.51 to 6.95. It is important to notice that the parameters of quality standards which had been exceed such as NO3, PO4 and H2S are the environmental parameter for nutrient elements and can trigger eutrophication in the waters.

5

The Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metal Lead and Cadmium Pollution and Coliform Abundance of Waters and Surface Sediment in Demak

Tjahjono A., Suwarno D.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 4

43--54

EN

Various activities such as farming, industry, household waste, fish pond, and fishery can possibly affect the estuarine and coastal ecosystem. Demak waters, located to the east of Tanjung Emas Semarang, become an influential element of fishery industry that mostly produces anchovies and shrimps. This research was aimed at (1) analyzing the spatial distribution of heavy metal Pb and Cd in the surface water and sediment; and (2) investigating the abundance of coliform in Demak waters. Moreover, in this research, water pollution index was also analyzed and compared to other polluted water areas. It was found that the Pb content ranged from 0.6037 to 0.6647 mg·1–1 whereas the Cd content ranged from 0.064 to 0.1707 mg·1–1. Both lead and cadmium contents had surpassed the water quality standard. The Pb content in sediment ranged from 0.563 to 0.6823 mg·kg-1 whereas the Cd content reached 0.0047 to 0.0577 mg·kg-1. It showed that this sediment was not polluted by Pb and Cd. The analysis of water pollution index revealed that the pollution level found in Morosari, Rejo, Tuntang, and Lohbener estuary was low. On the other hand, Wedung and Serang estuary were heavily polluted. Compared to some previous studies, most of Pb and Cd contents in Demak waters were greater. However, lead and cadmium content in sediment was lower.