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1

Błękitno-zielona infrastruktura w politykach miejskich Gdańska

Fikus-Wójcik Anna, Andrzejczuk Magdalena

Zieleń Miejska

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2023

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Nr 12

52--55

PL

Skutki zmian klimatu w Gdańsku są coraz bardziej odczuwalne, dlatego w latach 2021 i 2023 zostały przygotowane w Biurze Rozwoju Gdańska i opublikowane dwie komplementarne polityki miejskie wdrażające wytyczne na poziomie planistycznym w zakresie błękitno-zielonej infrastruktury: Gdańska Polityka Wodna (GPW, 2021) i Gdańska Polityka Zieleni (GPZ, 2023).

2

Gospodarka wodna w Polsce na tle międzynarodowej agendy przeciwdziałania kryzysowi wodnemu i sanitarnemu

Bogucka-Szymalska Małgorzata, Delis-Szeląg Katarzyna A., Falińska Katarzyna, Dudek Michał, Krężałek Katarzyna, Łyskawka Sylwia, Kicman Ewelina, Piórkowski Piotr, Brzozowska Patrycja

Gospodarka Wodna

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2021

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Nr 3

12--18

PL

Zapewnienie wszystkim ludziom dostępu do wody i urządzeń sanitarnych jest wciąż aktualnym wyzwaniem agendy wodnej Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych. Pomimo wysiłków podejmowanych przez państwowe i międzynarodowe instytucje zarządzające zasobami wodnymi, w regionach świata zagrożonych ubóstwem sytuacja niewiele się zmienia. Kampania Światowego Dnia Wody 2021 skierowana jest zarówno do indywidualnych użytkowników wód, jak też do instytucji odpowiedzialnych za gospodarkę wodną. Każdy z nas musi wziąć na siebie odpowiedzialność przeciwdziałania kryzysowi wodnemu i sanitarnemu i odpowiedzieć na pytanie: "Co woda oznacza dla mnie?". Polsce nie grozi skrajny brak dostępu do wody i urządzeń sanitarnych, jednakże zapewnienie dyspozycyjnych zasobów wodnych dla zaspokojenia potrzeb społeczeństwa, środowiska i gospodarki przy zachowaniu opłacalności ekonomicznej to niezmiennie trudne i odpowiedzialne zadania ministra właściwego do spraw gospodarki wodnej.

EN

The UN water agenda challenge of ensuring the availability of water and sanitation for all still needs to be addressed. Despite the efforts of national and international institutions charged with water resources management, the situation in regions threatened with poverty has not significantly changed. The World Water Day 2021 campaign is addressed both to individual water users and water management institutions. Each and every one of us needs to take up responsibility for counteracting water and sanitation crisis and answer the question: 'What does water mean to me?'. Poland is not threatened by extreme lack of access to water and sanitation; however, ensuring available water resources to satisfy the needs of the society, environment and economy while preserving economic viability is a particularly difficult and responsible task of the minister in charge for water management.

3

Woda a zmiana klimatu

Bogucka-Szymalska Małgorzata

Gospodarka Wodna

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2020

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Nr 3

13--18

PL

Zasoby wodne poddawane są presji powodowanej zarówno przez czynniki antropogeniczne, jak i naturalne związane ze zmianami klimatu. Świat stoi przed dużym wyzwaniem zapewnienia wszystkim dostępu do wody w odpowiedniej ilości i jakości, podczas gdy z jednej strony mamy do czynienia ze zmniejszaniem się zasobów wodnych, z drugiej zaś ze zwiększającym się zapotrzebowaniem na wodę. Ponadto zmieniający się klimat powoduje nasilanie się ekstremalnych zjawisk hydrologiczno-meteorologicznych takich jak susze i powodzie. Niedobór wody oraz skutki katastrof naturalnych powodują coraz groźniejsze konsekwencje społeczne, gospodarcze i polityczne. W obliczu wyzwań przed jakimi stoi gospodarka wodna konieczne jest zintegrowane podejście do zmiany klimatu i gospodarki wodnej oraz wyznaczanie ambitnych celów związanych z zarządzaniem zasobami wodnymi. Aktualnie działania w obszarze polityki i zarządzania zasobami wodnymi podejmowane na forum KE i w Polsce uwzględniają te wyzwania

EN

Water resources are under anthropogenic as well as natural, climate change-related pressure. The world faces a serious challenge of ensuring access to freshwater in the appropriate quality and quantity to all, in a situation where the water resources are diminishing and the demand for water is rising. Furthermore, the changing climate leads to an intensification of extreme hydrological and meteorological phenomena, such as droughts and floods. Shortage of water and effects of natural disasters lead to increasingly dangerous social, economical and political consequences. With the challenges faced by water management, it is necessary to develop an integrated approach to the climate change and water management, as well as set ambitious water resources management goals. The current activity of the European Commission and Poland in the area of water policy and water resources management take these challenges into account.

4

Hydraulic fracturing and U.S. water policy

Burnett J. W.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2013

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Vol. 30, no. 1

311--313

EN

The recent boom in the development of natural gas from shale is a game changer for U.S. domestic energy. Large domestic reserves of shale gas reduce dependency on foreign producers, as is currently the case for crude oil. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that the U.S. contains approximately 500 trillion cubic feet of unproved technically recoverable resources from shale gas. At current rates, that is enough gas from shale alone to supply the entire country for approximately twenty-one years. The large increase in shale gas development has been made possible through the development of two principle technologies: horizontal drilling and high-volume, hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) fluid. Horizontal drilling or directional drilling allows producers to access far more natural gas from relatively thin shale deposits within the earth. HVHF involves injecting a large volume mixture of water, sand, and other chemicals deep into the earth. The high pressure from the fluid causes shale rock formations to fracture so that natural gas can be released and extracted. HVHF fluid is mostly composed of water (generally ninety-eight to ninety-nine percent) and can contain some potentially hazardous (and possibly carcinogenic) chemicals including benzene and lead. The contention over hydraulic fracturing surrounds public fears over contamination of drinking water sources. This sentiment was captured in the anti-fracking film by Josh Fox called Gasland - the film received a 2010 special jury prize for a documentary at the Sundance Film Festival and was nominated by the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 2011. According to a recent report from the Natural Resource Defence Council (2012), HVHF fluid can contaminate drinking water on the surface or below the ground surface. Potential surface contamination can occur because of: (1) spills or leaks from storage tanks, valves, or transportation pipes, or (2) mismanagement of fracturing waste or "flowback" fluid which is often stored in surface pits. Contamination to below ground surface can occur due to (1) migration of fluid to neighboring oil or gas wells, (2) improper construction, cementing, and casing of the well, and (3) migration of fluid to other natural fracture networks. In addition to potential contamination, HVHF fluid also requires large volumes of water taken from fresh water sources, and if the water is contaminated it cannot be returned to water bodies without extensive treatment. When a well is injected with HVHF fluid some of it returns to the surface as flowback, but not all fracturing fluid injected into a geologic formation are recovered. If the flowback fluid is contaminated then it may need to be returned underground using a permitted underground injection well. The natural gas industry often claims that there is no evidence of contamination to freshwater aquifers. For example, Rex Tillerson, chief executive of ExxonMobil, offered the following statement at a recent Congressional hearing on drilling: "There have been over a million wells hydraulically fractured in the history of the industry, and there is not one, not one, reported case of a freshwater aquifer having ever been contaminated from hydraulic fracturing. Not one." Urbina (2011) contends that the lack of documented cases exist because the industry often settles suspected cases through lawsuits with private landowners, in which case the details of such cases are sealed from public disclosure. In fact, a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1987 Congressional report documented a case of contaminated well water from HVHF fluid in West Virginia. Additionally, a Duke University study found that drinking water methane concentrations were seventeen times higher in active drilling locations. What is unclear in the U.S. at this point is the nation's system of federalism in regulating HVHF. For example, it is not clear what role, if any, the EPA will play in regulating this practice. Much to the ire of environmentalists, the practice of hydraulic fracturing is largely exempt from the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) as superseded by the Environmental Policy Act of 2005. Legislation, dubbed the FRAC (fracturing responsibility and awareness of chemicals) act, was introduced to both houses of Congress to enable the EPA to obtain jurisdiction over hydraulic fracturing under the SDWA; however, to date no major legislation has passed in either house. The EPA's ability to regulate HVHF under the Clean Water Act is limited to the disposal of flowback into surface waters in the U.S. Therefore, the regulation of HVHF has largely been relegated to state and local governments. The EPA historically has granted "primacy" for some states to oversee and regulate the disposal of hazardous waste, such as flowback, into injection wells within their own borders. The problem of course is that some states have not been granted primacy. For example, in the Marcellus shale region Pennsylvania does not have primacy, so the federal government has to sign off on all new injection wells in the state which causes delays and red tape. Further, Pennsylvania does not have many suitable geological formations for injection wells. Therefore, a large portion fracturing waste fluid from Pennsylvania is transported to New York, Ohio, and West Virginia for disposal. A potential problem for the future is that the drilling and fracturing industries are exempt from federal hazardous waste disposal laws, so fracturing waste is being injected into wells with less stringent oversight. Many critics argue that environmental regulations imposed by the federal government would be much stricter than state-level enforcement. Critics have argued that the SDWA provides the EPA with leverage against states' inaction in protecting water sources. In the absence of federal legislation, some fear a "race to the bottom" in which individual states may purposively impose lax environmental regulations to attract natural gas development. The justification for environmental regulations under federal control "reflect commonly understood collective action problems, including negative environmental externalities, resource pooling, the 'race to the bottom,' uniform standards, and the 'NIMBY' (not in my back year) phenomenon." What is clearly needed in this case is a model of "cooperative federalism" in which the federal government offers some guidance in the potential environmental impacts from shale gas development, but leaves regulation to local governments to provide a more comprehensive, protective, and accountable regulation of the industry. The U.S. will likely be the bellwether for other countries as Germany, Hungary, Romania, Poland, China, and Australia are participating in discussions regarding the application of hydraulic fracturing to extract their shale gas reserves. How will the policy debate in the U.S. unfold? It is difficult to tell. Perhaps Benkin (1992) states it best: "... the choice ofregulatory forum often seems to determine the outcome of the controversy. That may explain why Americans have traditionally shed so much metaphorical and genuine blood deciding what are essentially jurisdictional disputes between governmental institutions.

5

Projekt Polityki wodnej państwa do roku 2030 (z uwzględnieniem etapu 2016)

Koć J.

Technologia Wody

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2012

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Nr 2 (16)

62-72

PL

Od kilku miesięcy na stronie internetowej Krajowego Zarządu Gospodarki Wodnej (KZGW) znajduje się dokument pn. "Projekt Polityki wodnej państwa do roku 2030 (z uwzględnieniem etapu 2016)". Redakcja "Technologii Wody" postanowiła bliżej przyjrzeć się temu dokumentowi i rozpocząć dyskusję z nim związaną. Powód tego jest bowiem niebagatelny - po raz pierwszy w historii zagadnienia związane z gospodarką wodną zostają ujęte w dokumencie o randze "polityki państwa". Wcześniejsze dokumenty programowe dotyczące gospodarki wodnej, takie jak np. "Strategia Gospodarki Wodnej" przyjęta przez Radę Ministrów 13 września 2005 roku, nie miały jednak takiego charakteru, jaki ma "Polityka wodna państwa do roku 2030 (z uwzględnieniem etapu 2016)".

6

Quality of groundwater in the groundwater body SK1000600P

Sutarova B.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2012

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Vol. 38, no. 4

537--538

EN

The accession of Slovak Republic to the European Union created a commitment and a duty to implement the European Parliament Directive 2000/60/EC that sets the framework for the Community action in the field of water policy. Within the scope of this implementation, 101 groundwater bodies were established, 16 are in the Quaternary sediments, 59 in of pre-Quaternary sediments and 26 in geothermal settings. Seven Quaternary bodies were classified during evaluation chemical analyses as having a bad chemical state (Kunikova et al. 2005, Kullman et al. 2006). We focus on one of these groundwater bodies, namely on SK1000600P. SK1000600P is located in the South-Eastern part of the Podunajska nizina and covers an area of 515 km . The groundwater collection in the SK1000600P body consists of alluvial and terrace gravels, sandy gravels and sands. Fluvial sediments of river floodplains and terraces belobg to the most water-saturated beds. Hydrogeological character depends on the granulometric composition, width and position in regards to the surface flow. The rest of Quaternary sediments being to low impermeable aquifers. The hydrogeological collectors possess predominant intergranular permeability. The average width of aquifer is < 10 m (Vaskovsky et al. 1982). The general direction of flow of underground water in the alluvial floodplain of the Quaternary body is more or less parallel with the main flow (Malik et al. 2005). The quality of groundwater SK1000600P formation was analysed based on chemical analyses from seven observatory boreholes (Hurbanovo-Maly Vek, Iza-Bokros, Komarno--Komocin, Iza, Moca and Kravany) of the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute network, during the 2002-2010 time period. The current state was evaluated based on threshold values (the Decree of the Government of the Slovak Republic 282/2010) and limit values (the Decree of the Government of the Slovak Republic 496/2010). The basic chemical composition of the groundwater varies. The calcium and magnesium are considered dominant with sodium also having a significant presence. In the anion spectrum carbonates can be considered dominant, the influence of the secondary pollution is reflected in a significant share of sulphates. According to the Palmer-Gazda classification, the groundwater body contains groundwater of the basically distinct Ca-Mg-HCO3 type up to the basically indistinct Ca-SO4 type. The overall TDS falls into the range from 0.6 g.L-1 to 1.4 g.L-1 . When analysing the parameters of the groundwater quality we found out, that the most polluted groundwater comes from the boreholes Iza-Bokros and Iza that feature an increase over the threshold limit values for Na+ , NH4+, Fe, Mn, Cl- a SO42-. It should be noted, that for example the primary origin of sulfates cannot account for such high concentration which means that it was most probably caused by anthropogenic activity.

7

Wody kopalniane w świetle dawnej i aktualnej terminologii oraz ich klasyfikacji obowiązującej w górnictwie

Pluta I., Dulewski J.

Wiadomości Górnicze

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2006

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Vol. 57, nr 1

37-41

PL

W związku z przystąpieniem do Unii Europejskiej, Polska do końca 2003 roku zobowiązała się dostosować prawo do unijnego, zgodnego z Ramową Dyrektywą Parlamentu Europy i Rady Unii Europejskiej z dnia 23 października 2000 roku, a dotyczącego polityki wodnej (RDW/2000/60/EC). Dlatego znowe-lizowano Prawo wodne, Dz.U. z 2001 r., nr 115, poz. 1229. W artykule przedsta-wiono definicję wód kopalnianych oraz ich klasyfikację. Zwrócono uwagę na zróżnicowaną terminologię w opisie hydrogeologicznym wód i klasyfikacji wód kopalnianych wymagającą ujednolicenia.

EN

In connection with the accession to the European Union Poland made itself obliged by the end of 2003 to adjust the law to acquis communautaire in conformity with Framework Directive of European Parliament and the Council of the Eurapean Union, of 23 October 2000 and regarding water policy (RDW/ 2000/60/EC). Therefore the Water Law was updated, OJ. of 2001 no 115, item 1229. The article presents a definition of mine waters and their classification. Attention was brought to a differentiated terminology in hydro geological description of waters and mine waters classification which needs unification.

8

Gospodarka zasolonymi wodami kopalnianymi

Smoliński A.

Prace Naukowe GIG. Górnictwo i Środowisko / Główny Instytut Górnictwa

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2006

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nr 1

5-15

PL

Eksploatacja pokładów węgla kamiennego wiąże się z wytłaczaniem na powierzchnię wód kopalnianych, których ilość i skład są uzależnione od specyfiki danego basenu węglowego. Rodzaj podłoża oraz głębokość eksploatacji wpływają na stopień mineralizacji tych wód i zawartość pierwiastków promieniotwórczych uranu i radu. Głównymi zlewiskami wód kopalnianych w Polsce są rzeki Wisła i Odra. Zasolone wody kopalniane stanowią zagrożenie dla środowiska naturalnego i życia człowieka oraz wpływają ujemnie na wyniki jego działalności gospodarczej. W związku z powyższym, priorytetem polskiej polityki ekologicznej jest rozwiązanie problemu zanieczyszczenia wód, zwłaszcza problemu wód kopalnianych, co jest zgodne z kierunkiem polityki ekologicznej Unii Europejskiej. Podstawą prawną działań Unii Europejskiej w dziedzinie polityki wodnej jest Dyrektywa 2000/60/EC, określająca zakres ochrony wód gruntowych, śródlądowych i przybrzeżnych. Aktywność Unii Europejskiej w zakresie ochrony wód koncentruje się na ochronie i redukcji zanieczyszczeń, promowaniu zrównoważonego gospodarowania zasobami wodnymi, ochronie środowisk wodnych i poprawie stanu ekosystemów wodnych. W celu minimalizacji negatywnego wpływu wód kopalnianych na środowisko i gospodarkę są zarówno stosowane działania techniczno-organizacyjne, ograniczające wielkość zrzutu wód zasolonych po ich wypompowaniu na powierzchnię, jak i rozwiązania technologiczne oczyszczania tych wód. Nadal jednak są prowadzone prace nad nowymi, bardziej efektywnymi metodami rozwiązywania problemu wód zasolonych.

EN

Hard coal mining is inseparably combined with the production of mine water. Being the second biggest European producer of hard coal, Poland is constantly faced with the challenge of mine water disposal and treatment. The amount and chemical composition of coal mine waters largely depend on the local coal basin conditions. The types of foundation and extraction depths have a considerable impact on the level of water's mineralization and radioactive contamination caused by such elements as uranium and radium. Saline waters are considered to have a devastating effect on human health and the environment, and are to the detriment of the economy. The main receiving bodies of mine waters in Poland are the Vistula and Odra rivers, so one of Polish environmental policy priorities is mitigation of water pollution, including mine water management. This, in turn, complies with The European Union's Environmental Research Policy, in particularly with The Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the European Council, which constitutes the legal framework for the Community actions in the field of water treatment policy. This document emphasizes the need for protection of ground waters, surface and coastal waters by the prevention and reduction of water pollution, the promotion of sustainable water use, the protection of an aquatic environment and the improvement of an aquatic ecosystems status. In Poland, in order to mitigate the harmful impact of mine waters on the natural environment and economy, various organizational and technical methods reducing the amount of mine water discharged to the natural surface water reservoirs, as well as mature treatment technologies have been applied. There are also continuous R&D activities carried out which aim at the development of new, more effective solutions as far as mine water treatment is concerned.