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1

Impact of rainfall intensity on soil erosion based on experimental research

Majewski Mikołaj, Czuchaj Aleksandra, Marciniak Marek

Landform Analysis

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2023

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Vol. 42

25--36

EN

Soil erosion by water is influenced by a major morphogenetic factor – precipitation. Surface runoff, initiated by rainfall, plays a key role in this process. This article addresses the effects of rainfall intensity and soil moisture on soil erosion through a series of rainfall simulations of different intensity and duration. The implementation of measurements at a research station located in the Różany Stream catchment in Poznań made it possible to study the entire water balance within the slope, including precipitation, evaporation, surface runoff and infiltration. The study included various rainfall intensities, with a focus on extreme events reflecting ongoing climate change and increasing anthropopressure. Rainfall simulations were conducted on both dry and wet ground. The results showed that increasing rainfall intensity led to greater surface runoff and soil loss. Moreover, soil moisture was identified as a critical factor affecting soil erosion, with wetter conditions reducing soil loss while increasing surface runoff.

2

Hydrological Modelling in the Ouergha Watershed by Soil and Water Analysis Tool

Erraioui Lamia, Taia Soufiane, Taj-Eddine Kamal, Chao Jamal, El Mansouri Bouabid

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

343--356

EN

Streamflow modelling is crucial for developing successful long-term management, soil conservation planning, and water resource management strategies. The current work attempts to develop a robust hydrological model that simulates streamflow with the slightest uncertainty in the calibration parameters. A physical-based and semidistributed hydrological SWAT model was employed to assess the hydrological simulation of the Ouergha watershed. The monthly simulation of the SWAT model achieved in the time frame from 1990 to 2013 has been split into warm-up (1990–1996), calibration (1997–2005), and validation (2006-2013). The SUFI-2 algorithm’s preliminary sensitivity and uncertainty analysis was done to calibrate the model using 11 hydrologic parameters. The model’s performance and robustness findings are promising. To evaluate the model, the coefficient of determination (R2), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and percent of bias (PBIAS) were utilized. The value of R2, NSE, and PBIAS ranged from 0.45–0.77, 0.6–0.89, and +12.72 to +21.89% during calibration and 0.51–0.85, 0.64–0.88, and +8.82 to +22.19% during validation period, respectively. A high correlation between the observed and simulated streamflow was recorded during the calibration and validation periods. More than 68% of the observation data are encompassed by the 95PPU across both the calibration and validation intervals, which is excellent in terms of the P-factor and R-factor uncertainty criterion. The projected streamflow matches the observed data well graphically. According to the total hydrological water balance study, 29% of precipitation is delivered to streamflow as runoff, whereas 54% of precipitation is lost through evapotranspiration. The recharge to the deep aquifers is 8%, whereas the lateral flow is 10%. The findings of this study will help as a roadmap for the anticipated water management activities for the basin since the management and planning of water resources require temporal and spatial information.

3

Concept of dam reservoirs to deal with climate change impacts

Kotaška Stanislav, Říha Jaromír, Julínek Tomáš

Gospodarka Wodna

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2023

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Nr 9

44--47

EN

The Adapt-Dyje project is being developed in co-operation between Povodí Moravy river agency and the Institute of Global Change of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS). The project focuses on the development of a detailed hydrological and hydrodynamic simulation tool for water balance analysis in the Dyje river catchment. The aim is to evaluate the suitability and effectiveness of proposed adaptation measures under climate change conditions. One of the adaptation measures are the reservoirs located at preserved dam sites according to the Plan „Localities for Accumulation of Surface Waters" (LASW). In this study dam sites selected from LASW, namely Borovnice, Kuřimske Jestřabi, Vysočany, Brodce and Plaveč have been analyzed in more details. The purpose of the study is to assess, based on actual hydrological data, the ability to accumulate water for prescribed purposes (water supply for inhabitants and agriculture, flood protection, hydropower, assuring minimum environmental discharge below the dam) and to define rules for dam operation. The study also contains general discussion on the social and environmental conflicts. The analysis shows that 5 mentioned schemes with total reservoir volume 68 mil. m3 can provide about 2 m3/s of water for the supply and have certain flood attenuation effect.

PL

Agencja Povodí Moravy oraz Instytut Globalnej Zmiany Czeskiej Akademii Nauk współpracują przy tworzeniu projektu Adapt-Dyje, mającym na celu opracowanie narzędzia do szczegółowych symulacji hydrologicznych i hydrodynamicznych przeznaczonych do oceny bilansu wodnego w zlewni rzeki Dyje. Celem jest ocena zrównoważonego charakteru oraz skuteczności proponowanych działań adaptacyjnych do zmian klimatu. Jednym z takich działań są zbiorniki wodne umieszczone przy zaporach zgodnie z planem „Miejsc akumulacji wód powierzchniowych”. W tej analizie przeprowadzono szczegółowe badania nad zaporami wymienionymi w planie, t.j. Borovnice, Kuřimske Jestřabi, Vysočany, Brodce and Plaveč. Celem badania jest ocena, na bazie aktualnych danych hydrologicznych, zdolności do gromadzenia wody dla określonych z góry celów (zaopatrzenie w wodę mieszkańców i rolnictwa, ochrona przeciwpowodziowa, energetyka wodna, zapewnienie minimalnego zrzutu poniżej tamy) oraz określenie zasad działania zapory. Badanie obejmuje również ogólną dyskusję na temat konfliktów społeczno-środowiskowych. Analiza wskazuje, że 5 wspomnianych planów z sumą pojemności zbiorników wynoszącą 68 mln m3 może zapewnić dostawę wody na poziomie 2 m3/s oraz wywrzeć wpływ ograniczający skutki powodzi.

4

Global gridded products efficiency in closing water balance models: various modeling scenarios for behavioral assessments

Mousavi Rahimeh, Nasseri Mohsen, Abbasi Saeed, Taheri Mercedeh, Anboohi Milad Shamsi

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 5

2401--2422

EN

Global gridded products efficiency in closing water balance models: various modeling scenarios for behavioral assessments

5

Analiza danych z systemu stacjonarnego odczytu wodomierzy dla średniej wielkości miasta

Koral Wojciech

Instal

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2022

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nr 12

46--52

PL

Systemy zdalnego stacjonarnego odczytu wodomierzy są coraz szerzej wdrażane w polskich systemach wodociągowych, obejmując wszystkie wodomierze odbiorców i umożliwiając odczyt stanu wodomierzy co godzinę. Dzięki takiemu rozwiązaniu możliwe jest wyznaczenie rzeczywistego zużycia wody przez odbiorców, wyznaczenie minimalnego, autoryzowanego zużycia dla stref DMA i całego miasta oraz wyznaczenie rzeczywistych strat wody. Jednak liczba pomiarów (w analizowanym systemie to ponad 66 milionów odczytów rocznie), problemy z łącznością spowodowane trudnymi warunkami zabudowy (głębokie, zalane studnie wodomierzowe) oraz błędne/brakujące odczyty mogą powodować poważne problemy/błędy w bilansie wody. Z tego powodu kluczowym elementem poprawności wyciąganych wniosków jest krytyczna analiza otrzymywanych pomiarów. W artykule przedstawiono wybrane przykłady problemów w eksploatacji i analizę danych otrzymanych ze stacjonarnego systemu odczytu wodomierzy (SSOW), wdrożonego dla prawie 7600 wodomierzy w mieście 46-tysięcznym.

EN

Smart water-meter networks are more and more often implemented in Polish water supply systems. They include all water meters of recipients and their indications are saved every hour. This solution makes it possible to calculate real water consumption, estimate minimal authorised water usage for DMA and the whole town and calculate real water balance and water loss. However, the number of records (above 66 of millions yearly), communication problems and wrong/missing water meter indications can lead to serious mistakes in water balance. Therefore critical approach to records is the key element of water balance. The paper shows selected possibilities and problems of maintenance of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI system, about 7600 water meters) in a town with 46 000 inhabitants.

6

Long-Term Retardation of Water Evaporation by Ultra-Thin Layers of Polydimethylsiloxanes in the Indoor Conditions

Zhuk Volodymyr, Rehush Andriy, Burchenya Sofiya, Hrytsiv Oleh

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 8

33--40

EN

Global climate change is causing water imbalances in many regions of the world to exceed evaporation over rainfall, leading to negative environmental consequences and economic losses. An effective way to reduce the water loss due to evaporation from the free surface of water bodies is the use of ultra-thin surface films of special additives. Insufficient stability and significant cost of additives based on fatty alcohols (hexadecanol, octadecanol and their mixtures) necessitate searching for new effective and more economical additives to reduce the water loss due to evaporation. A series of long-term (84 day) experimental studies of the effect of ultra-thin layers of polydimethylsiloxanes PDMS100 and PDMS-200 with a thickness of 1 μm on the rate of evaporation of water from the free surface was conducted under the indoor laboratory conditions. Both the dynamics of change in time of daily values of the effect of evaporation retardation by PDMS films, and total effect from the beginning of experiment were obtained. The maximum daily effects of evaporation retardation were obtained on the 6th day of the study; they are 39.5% for the PDMS-200 film and 32.9% for the PDMS-100 film, respectively. Linear correlations are obtained between the values of the mass transfer coefficient and the free surface temperature for water without additives, as well as for the same free surfaces with ultra-thin PDMS films. Overall integral efficiency of evaporation retardation by the PDMS-200 film with a thickness of 1 μm for 84 days was equal to 17.2%, while for the PDMS-100 film of the same thickness a reduction of evaporation by 5.7% was obtained. Due to the long-term activity, ultra-thin films of polydimethylsiloxanes, especially PDMS-200, can be a profitable alternative to the use of monolayers based on fatty alcohols.

7

Evaluation of Real Water Losses and the Failure of Urban-Rural Water Supply System

Gwoździej-Mazur Joanna, Świętochowski Kamil

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 1

132--138

EN

The topic of failures and water losses in the urban-rural water supply network was discussed. The purpose of the work was to assess the level of real water losses and the failure rate of the urban-rural water supply network in 2010-2016. The article’s introduction contains the information on the types and causes of breakdowns in the water supply network. The life cycle of the leakage from its inception to its removal was also described. Next, the methodology and indicators for assessing actual losses in the water supply network were presented according to the guidelines of the International Water Association (IWA), i.e. ILI, CARL, UARL, RLB and water balance. The material and methods chapter describes how to calculate the failure rate. On the basis of the literature review, a method of assessing the failure of the water supply network and the level of actual water losses was presented. The research part presents the results of the water losses indicators values and assesses them against the literature data for the entire urban-rural system. The results of the failure of the water supply of the urban area and the rural area were also presented and compared with the literature data. A method of calculating limit values of the failure intensity index for the entire water supply system was also proposed. The changes in the intensity of failure occurrence during the year were presented. The object described in the studies achieved the A rating according to the classification of ILI and RLB values throughout the entire analysis period (2010–2016). Failure intensity in the analyzed period exceeded the average values calculated for water supply networks in Poland many times. The values in individual cases exceeded the limit values specified in the literature.

8

Ocena jakości bilansów wód, uzyskiwanych za pomocą dedykowaneqo oproqramowania KYBL dla różnych typów układów wodnych kapalń

Krzeszowski Światosław

Instal

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2021

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nr 2

40--46

PL

Bilansowanie układów wodnych kopalń jest istotnym elementem działań podejmowanych przez służby geologiczne kopalń. Bilanse takie są zazwyczaj bardzo trudne do wykonania metodami bezpośrednich pomiarów przepływów wód dopływających do układów wodnych kopalń. Dlatego często używane są metody pośrednie, obliczeniowe, oparte o modele matematyczno-fizyczne układów wodnych. Obliczenia takie są najczęściej wykonywane przy pomocy oprogramowania komputerowego, z wykorzystaniem wartości pomiarowych parametrów chemicznych i fizycznych typów wód zidentyfikowanych w obszarach wyrobisk kopalni. Jednym z takich programów jest KYBL, który został stworzony jako program dedykowany do bilansowania dowolnych układów wodnych w oparciu o dane opisujące składy wód tych układów. W ciągu ostatnich 15 lat oprogramowanie to zostało użyte do bilansowania wielu układów wodnych, głównie były to układy kopalń odkrywkowych oraz głębinowych. W przedstawionym opracowaniu podjęto próbę oceny jakości bilansów wykonywanych przy użyciu tego oprogramowania w zależności od typów badanych układów wód.

EN

Balancing water systems of mines is an important element of activities undertaken by geological services of mines. Such balances are usually very difficult to carry out by means of direct measurements of water flowing into mine water systems. Therefore, indirect, computational methods based on mathematical and physical models of water systems are often used. Such calculations are most often performed with the help of computer software, using measured values of chemical and physical parameters of water types identified in mine workings areas. One such program is KYBL, which was developed as a dedicated program to balance any water system based on data describing the water compositions of those systems. Over the past 15 years, this software has been used to balance many water systems, mostly open pit and deep mine systems. The presented study attempts to evaluate the quality of balances performed using this software depending on the types of water systems studied.

9

Assessment of river water infiltration conditions based on both chloride mass-balance and hydrogeological setting: the Krajkowo riverbank filtration site (Poland)

Gorski Jozef, Dragon Krzysztof, Kruc-Fijalkowska Roksana, Matusiak Magdalena

Geologos

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2021

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Vol. 27, No. 1

35--41

EN

In the present work measurements of chloride concentrations were used to assess the variability of infiltration conditions and contributions of surface water and local groundwater to the discharge of wells at Krajkowo riverbank filtration site (western Poland). Tests were performed on samples from 26 wells located in a well gallery close to the River Warta. Due to higher chloride concentrations in river water in comparison with local groundwater, significant differences in concentrations in samples from individual wells were noted. In particular, lower chloride concentrations in 11 wells were recorded, which can be linked to the local occurrence of low-permeability deposits in the superficial zone; a locally higher degree of riverbed sediment clogging in the highly convex meandering zone, where strong erosion of the riverbed occurred, which in turn led to increased clogging; the occurrence of a more intensive groundwater inflow into the river valley due to water infiltration from a smaller river entering the River Warta valley, as well as unfavourable conditions for the infiltration of surface water to the lower part of the aquifer with a greater thickness. Differences in chloride concentrations observed were also used to quantify approximately river water contribution to the well production. The average contribution of the River Warta to the recharge of the entire well gallery was estimated at 59.8%.

10

Hydrological Assessment of the Water Replenishment Possibility of the Uzh River Urbanized Floodplain on the Example of Bozdosky Park, Ukraine

Velychko Svitlana, Dupliak Olena

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 4

30--38

EN

Over the last twenty years, the number of projects aimed at river restoration and rehabilitation increased significantly. In the city it is impossible to provide full river restoration, but at the same time it is possible to create a comfortable natural environment both for flora and fauna and for the citizens. In our work it was assessed the possibility of the floodplain restoration by the water replenishment of the dry old riverbed during the vegetation season on the example of the river inside the city. The simulation of the current state allowed to verify the main parameters of the model with the existing observations of the water levels in the river and lake and water levels in the wells located in the park. The river – floodplain interaction was simulated: floodplain was separated from the river by the flood control dyke, the water replenishment of the lake and the old riverbed was due to seepage (current state); the connection of the floodplain with the river by the culvert and the replenishment of the lake and the old riverbed with surface river water. The simulation showed that the lake isolated from the river is filled to a depth of not more than 0.5 m, the old riverbed is filled with water only during spring floods. The water balance calculations of the lake showed that in the conditions of isolation from the river, the lake volume is significantly affected by precipitation and evaporation from the lake water surface area. The connection of the lake with the river surface water reduces the impact of the vertical components of the water balance, at the same time increases the seepage losses from the lake because of the water level raising. The connection of the river with the floodplain makes it possible to replenish the old riverbed and the lake in the mean year, but in the dry years the water level in the lake does not allow to replenish the old riverbed during the vegetation season. Calculations showed that to be able to keep the constant water level in the lake and old riverbed, it is necessary to increase the water level in the lake.

11

Hydraulic efficiency of green roof retrofitted with additional sand-agrogel layer - numerical studies

Widomski Marcin K., Musz-Pomorska Anna, Gołębiowska Justyna

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2020

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Vol. 14, No. 1

47--55

EN

This paper contains the attempt of numerical assessment of hydraulic efficiency of intensive green roof utilizing two different, commercially available substrates, additionally retrofitted with layer of fractioned sand 1.0-0.5 and 0.5-0.25 mm mixed in mass concentration of 0.1 % with hydrogel. The numerical modelling of green roof efficiency was performed by the means of the popular modelling software FEFLOW, Wasy-DHI. The developed model reflected the selected cross section of the tested green roof. The required input data for modelling covering the saturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention characteristics were determined under the laboratory conditions as well as were based on information available in technical descriptions of tested substrates. The applied boundary conditions were based on previously performed in-situ measurements. The obtained results of numerical modelling showed relation between porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, retention properties of substrate, rainfall characteristics, duration of dry period and presence of additional sand-hydrogel mixture layer and water retention efficiency of tested green roofs.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono próbę numerycznej oceny efektywności hydraulicznej intensywnego zielonego dachu wykorzystującego dwa różne, dostępne komercyjnie, wypełnienia, dodatkowo wzbogacone warstwą frakcjonowanego piasku, 1,0-0,5 i 0,5-0,25 mm, zmieszanego w stężeniu masowym 0,1 % z hydrożelem. Obliczenia numeryczne efektywności badanego zielonego dachu zostały przeprowadzone za pomocą programu obliczeniowego FEFLOW, Wasy-DHI. Opracowany model odzwierciedlał wybrany przekrój poprzeczny przez badany zielony dach. Wymagane dane wejściowe do obliczeń modelowych, obejmujące współczynnik filtracji oraz charakterystykę retencyjną badanych materiałów porowatych, określono w czasie drogą badań laboratoryjnych oraz oparto o upublicznione opisy techniczne wykorzystanych wypełnień. Zastosowane warunki brzegowe wykorzystały poprzednio przeprowadzone pomiary terenowe. Wyniki obliczeń modelowych wykazały związek pomiędzy porowatością, współczynnikiem filtracji, właściwościami retencyjnymi wypełnienia oraz charakterystyką opadu, długością okresu suchego i obecnością dodatkowej warstwy mieszaniny piasku z hydrożelem a efektywności zielonego dachu.

12

Results of water balance measurements in a sandy and silty-loam soil profile using lysimeters

Tall Andrej, Pavelková Dana

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2020

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no. 45

179--184

EN

Lysimeters represent the ideal tool for direct measurement of soil water balance components in soil profiles. Changes in the water content in a soil monolith can be measured with sufficient accuracy by the precise lysimeter weighing system. Water content changes in soil monolith as derived from lysimeter mass represent one of the basic water balance component. This paper deals with the development and comparison of individual soil water balance components in two different soil profiles from the Easter-Slovakian-Lowland. Two lysimeter vessels were filled monolithically with two different soil profiles covered with grass: one sandy soil profile from locality Poľany and one silty-loam soil profile from locality Vysoká nad Uhom. A constant groundwater level of 1 m below ground level was maintained in both soil profiles. Under the same meteorological conditions, all differences in the development of water balance components were caused only by the differences in soil profiles. The actual evapotranspiration and water flows at the bottom of the soil profiles were compared. Sandy soils are generally considered to be more prone to drought than silty-loam soils. Under the specific conditions of this experiment (maintaining a constant groundwater level) the opposite was shown, when the silty-loam soil profile was more prone to drought than sandy soil profile. Sandy soil profile from Poľany reacted more quickly to precipitation (or evaporation). Due to the higher hydraulic conductivity of the sandy soil compared to the silty-loamy soil, the groundwater level response to external stimuli was much faster.

13

Wpływ błędu konfiguracji zestawu pompowego, sterowanego przetwornicą częstotliwości na pracę wodomierzy jednostrumieniowych - studium przypadku

Koral Wojciech

Instal

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2020

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nr 12

39--42

PL

W artykule opisano problemy błędnych wskazań wodomierza głównego jednostrumieniowego, jakie może spowodować niewłaściwa konfiguracja sterownika pompowni sterowanej przetwornicą częstotliwości, zasilającej budynek wielorodzinny.

EN

The paper shows results of research on configuration error of local pumping stations supplying multi-family buildings: pulse of pressure and failure of indication of the main (single-jet) water meters.

14

Effects of irrigation performance on water balance: Krueng Baro Irrigation Scheme (Aceh-Indonesia) as a case study

Azmeri Azmeri, Yulianur Alfiansyah, Zahrati Uli, Faudli Imam

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2019

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no. 42

12--20

EN

Krueng Baro Irrigation is focused on increasing the productivity of food crops in Pidie District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. However, due to the age of the irrigation infrastructure (more than 30 years) and its large networks, it is necessary to investigate the actual water conveyance efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the conveyance efficiency of primary and secondary channels of the irrigation system, as well as to create a water balance model based on the actual water conveyance efficiency. The model by using Excel Solver with its objective function is to maximize the area of the irrigated land. Based on the optimization model of the water balance, the design condition can irrigate an area of 9,496 ha (paddy-I), 4,818 ha (paddy-II), and 11,950 ha (onion). The measurement results reported that the actual efficiency of Baro Kanan and Baro Kiri was 56% and 48% smaller compared to the efficiency of the designs (65%). The water loss was due to the damage to the channel lining and channel erosion resulting in the high sedimentation, leakage, and illegal water tapping. These lead to a decrease in the area of the irrigated land. Based on the optimization model of the actual water balance, the irrigated land was reduced to 7,876 ha (paddy I) and 3,997 ha (paddy-II) while it remained the same for onion. Therefore, to increase the efficiency, the regular maintenance and operations are required by fixing the damaged irrigation structure and channels, the maintenance of sedimentation, and the strict regulation of illegal water tapping.

PL

Nawodnienia Krueng Baro służą zwiększeniu produktywności upraw w dystrykcie Pidie w prowincji Aceh, Indonezja. Z powodu wieku infrastruktury irygacyjnej (ponad 30 lat) i rozległej sieci nawodnień konieczne jest zbadanie obecnej efektywności transportu wody. Przedstawione badania miały na celu ocenę efektywności transportu wody w kanałach pierwszego i drugiego rzędu w systemie irygacyjnym oraz stworzenie modelu bilansu wody na podstawie uzyskanych aktualnych danych. Z optymalizacyjnego modelu bilansu wodnego wynika, że zaprojektowany system może nawadniać 9 496 ha (pole ryżowe I), 4 818 ha (pole ryżowe II) oraz 11 950 ha (cebula). Wyniki pomiarów wskazują, że rzeczywista efektywność systemów Baro Kanan i Baro Kiri była mniejsza odpowiednio o 56% i 48% od efektywności projektowanej (65%). Straty wody wynikały z uszkodzeń umocnień kanałów, erozji skutkującej dużą sedymentacją, przecieków i nielegalnych ujęć wody. Te czynniki spowodowały zmniejszenie powierzchni nawadnianych pól. Na podstawie wyników uzyskanych w modelu optymalizacyjnym rzeczywistego bilansu wodnego powierzchnię nawadnianych pól zmniejszono do 7 876 ha (pole ryżowe I) i 3 997 ha (pole ryżowe II). Powierzchnia nawodnień obiektu „cebula” pozostała bez zmian. Aby zwiększyć efektywność, konieczne są regularne działania naprawcze uszkodzonej struktury irygacyjnej, zatrzymanie sedymentacji i ścisła kontrola nielegalnego poboru wody.

15

Evapotranspiration of Technical Substrates – Methodology for Calculating Evapotranspiration of Technical Substrates

Weiss Oliver, Scharf Bernhard, Pitha Ulrike

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 9

28--37

EN

The existing formulae, like the well-known Penman-Monteith equation, used for calculating evapotranspiration are characterized by great differences concerning their results. These differences stem from the diversified climatic conditions and vegetation specifics during their development. Every formula of evapotranspiration only delivers 100% correct results, if it is used under the same climatic condition it was developed in. Therefore, a new method for calculating evapotranspiration via specific, but comparatively easily established formula was presented. After a theoretical introduction for illustrating some fundamental aspects for this work, the test setup and approach for creating these formulae are described in detail. The test set up considers typical climatic conditions and simulates, for example, the average temperature of Vienna, a summer day and an extremely hot day. While using a polynomial correlation, a formula for calculating evapotranspiration at any temperature is possible. For determining the evapotranspiration rate (in mm/m2 per 24 hours day) due to the presented formula, only temperature, sort of vegetation and technical soil has to be defined. As a result, the relevance of this work is the presentation of a method to determine the evapotranspiration of any technical substrates (used for e.g. green roofs, façade greenery, indoor greenery, raingardens…) with or without any kind of vegetation, while using the created formula.

16

Ocena stanu eksploatacyjnego wybranej sieci wodociągowej

Iwanek Małgorzata, Suchorab Paweł

Instal

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2019

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nr 12

39--42

PL

Analiza awaryjności sieci wodociągowych oraz strat wody powinna być podstawą do podejmowania przez przedsiębiorstwa wodociągowe działań związanych z modernizacją sieci. Prawidłowo wykonaną analizę wielkości strat wody w sieci wodociągowej należy przeprowadzać dla odrębnych stref opomiarowania, porównując wielkość dopływów i odpływów wody ze strefy z wodą zafakturowaną. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono przykład oceny stanu eksploatacyjnego wybranej sieci wodociągowej, z uwzględnieniem zarówno kwestii awaryjności, jak i strat wody. Przeprowadzona analiza została wykonana dla sieci wodociągowej traktowanej jako całość, mimo jej funkcjonującego podziału na strefy. W świetle uzyskanych wyników można stwierdzić, że brak rozdzielenia na strefy opomiarowania mógł rzutować na mylną interpretację stanu technicznego sieci, a tym samym utrudnić właściwe zaplanowanie prac modernizacyjnych i remontowych sieci.

EN

Analysis of water distribution network failure and water losses should be a basis for water supply companies to undertake activities related to network modernization. Water losses analysis should be conducted for District Meter Areas (DMAs) by comparing inflows and outflows from the area with billed water. In the paper the water network operating conditions were assessed basing on the case study and taking both failure rate and water losses into consideration. The analysis was conducted for the whole network, even though the network operates as divided into 2 zones. Based on the obtained results, it can be claimed that disregard of existing zones could cause the misinterpretation of the network operating conditions and hence impede the proper planning the network modernization and renovation.

17

A new approach to the method of drawing the Gaussen-Walter climate diagram

Treder W., Klamkowski K., Wójcik K.

Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management. Research and Operational Applications

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2018

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Vol. 6, Iss. 2

3--9

EN

In traditional climate diagrams a fixed coefficient (α) between temperature and precipitation has been adopted. It has been shown, however, that such an approach does not correctly describe the conditions of the climatic balance in Poland for the entire growing season. In this paper, a different solution to this problem is proposed - the introduction of a variable coefficient for individual months. The analysis of patterns of climatic variables over the year supports the hypothesis that in order to estimate ETo only by means of mean air temperature (ETo = α·T), the coefficient α should be variable for the individual months of the vegetative period. The values of the coefficient were empirically determined for use in calculating daily and monthly ETo. The newly proposed coefficients α were different from those determined with the standard climate diagram (published by Walter, Lieth 1967). The introduction of the variable value α into the computational model markedly improved the quality of the estimation of ETo. The mean bias errors determined for the estimation of ETo on the basis of temperature and the changing value of α were considerably lower than for the estimation of ETo with a fixed value of α. This provides the possibility of a more accurate presentation of periods of both excess and shortage of precipitation.

18

Application of the WetSpass simulation model for determining conditions governing the recharge of shallow groundwater in the Poznań Upland, Poland

Graf R., Przybyłek J.

Geologos

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2018

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Vol. 24, No. 3

189--205

EN

Assessments of the infiltration recharge of groundwater are performed using various methods and on different scales. Infiltration is dependent of climatic factors, aspects of water circulation, as well as on quasi-stationary and variable environmental features of a specific area, which are frequently difficult to determine on the basis of direct measurements or observations. The objective of the present study was to identify factors conditioning recharge of shallow groundwater in selected catchment areas of the Poznań Upland using the WetSpass simulation water balance model with spatially distributed parameters. Our analysis has indicated favourable and unfavourable conditions for recharge of groundwater in the annual period and in both half-year periods, which are the result of mutual relationships between the physical qualities of these catchment areas and their climatic and hydrological characteristics. The results obtained also confirmed the impact of surface runoff and actual evapotranspiration on the spatial distribution of effective infiltration. With soil types and groundwater depth distributions being similar in the catchment areas, changes in relationships between components of water balance are caused by differences in the type of land usage. Application of the WetSpass model has made it possible to arrive at a more accurate assessment of groundwater recharge. The results obtained may be used for erification of recharge areas and values of effective infiltration, set as a boundary condition in groundwater flow models.

19

Ocena zasobów odnawialnych wód podziemnych Pomorza Zachodniego na podstawie modelu symulacyjnego WETSPASS

Kajewska-Szkudlarek J., Kubicz J., Kajewski I., Dąbek P.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 11/1

1080--1084

EN

The aim of the study was to the assess Western Pomeranian renewable groundwater resources in relation to climate change. The objective was accomplished by simulating the water balance components in two periods of 1971-2000 and 1981-2010, differing in terms of climatic parameters (precipitation, evaporation, air temperature and wind speed). The results of the simulation calculations allowed to assess the impact of climate change on the water balance structure of Western Pomerania and particularly on groundwater recharge. The data for the simulation calculations in the WetSpass model were included 8 numerical maps (raster), representing the basic elements of the climate, land use, types of soil (due to soil texture), depth of the groundwater table and terrain slopes. As a result of the simulation calculations, raster maps of the spatial distribution ofparticular elements of the water balance were obtained sub-divided into the summer and winter seasons and for the whole year.

20

Modelowanie wielowarstwowych zbiorników wodonośnych na przykładzie GZWP nr 338 – Subzbiornik Paczków–Niemodlin

Razowska-Jaworek L., Kaczorowski Z., Pasternak M., Cudak J.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 11/2

1234--1238

EN

The objective of this paper is to present the advantages and problems related to the application of a multi-layer model in hydrogeological investigations, exemplified by the Main Groundwater Basin No. 338. The main aquifer in this basin is Neogene, but Quaternary, Cretaceous and Palaeozoic-Proterozic aquifers have also been identified there. Due to the presence of numerous permeable layers, separated by impermeable ones of irregular distribution in the Neogene aquifer, 27 model layers have been distinguished, including 10 water-bearing horizons. A large number of model blocks caused the increase of the computational time, and a large number of layers have lengthened the calibration time of the model. However, anthropogenic or geologic threats to multi-layer structures have justified such a large number of layers, enabling the water balance for the selected part of the basin orfor the selected depth intervals with groundwater of good or bad status.