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1

Acceleration of the hydrological cycle and its impact on water availability over land: an adverse effect of climate change

Ehtasham Laraib, Sherani Sadia Hassan, Nawaz Faheem

Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management. Research and Operational Applications

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2024

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Vol. 12, Iss. 1

1--21

EN

The hydrological cycle, or water cycle, is one of the most important geochemical cycles on our planet. Normal functioning of its mechanisms (evaporation/evapotranspiration, condensation, and precipitation) is very important for the well-being of human beings. However, the acceleration of the hydrological cycle, mainly due to global warming, is increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme events (floods, droughts, and alterations in water resources) in many regions around the globe. This acceleration or intensification occurs because of rising temperature, which intensifies and speeds up evaporation (probable increase of 5.2%) and precipitation (probable increase of 6.5%); hence this scenario is escalating climate change. According to the datasets retrieved from the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) of NASA, rain precipitation rate has shown changes in various regions of the world. Consequently, extreme and frequent events of heavy precipitation, floods, and droughts are also deteriorating the quality of water and preventing recharge of water reservoirs. Although some regions of the world will experience positive outcomes of this scenario in terms of water availability (due to frequent intense precipitation), most of the world’s regions are expected to face the daunting issue of water unavailability, as predicted by many researchers.

2

The Zonality of Underground Water Supply Sources for Pastures in the West Kazakhstan Region

Ongayev Marat, Denizbayev Serik, Umbetkaliyev Nurlan, Yesmagulova Bayan, Shadyarov Talap, Ozhanov Gali

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 8

56--65

EN

The West Kazakhstan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan occupies an area equal to 151,339 km2. In the land structure, 69.7% of the area is occupied by agricultural land. The region has great prospects for the development of the livestock industry. However, uneven territorial availability of water resources is a limiting factor in increasing the amount of livestock in the region. The purpose of the study is to monitor underground water sources in the West Kazakhstan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan to assess the zonality of their placement. The boundaries of natural and climatic zones on the territory of the region were laid over the publicly available cartographic materials on the hydrological data of the distribution of groundwater. The water source monitoring was carried out by examining their actual condition in specific geographical locations, including using remote sensing methods, with a further determination of quantitative and qualitative parameters. The paper considers the state and problems of water supply at the pastures in the natural and climatic zones of the West Kazakhstan region. The region is characterized by the use of groundwater in the water supply of pasture lands. Underground springs have a certain zonality in their location, manifest themselves at different depths corresponding to different geological horizons, and differ in a wide variation of water mineralization. In the dry steppe zone, it is recommended to use the aquiferous mid-upper quaternary alluvial, aquiferous upper Pliocene Akchagyl, and aquiferous upper cretaceous Maastricht horizons. The water sources used have depths of up to 120 meters, and the mineralization varies from 0.2 to 9.1 g/dm3. In the semi-desert zone, the upper-quaternary aquiferous marine Khvalynsky and the lower-middle-quaternary aquiferous marine Baku-Khazar horizons are recommended. The water sources used have depths of up to 90 meters, and the mineralization varies from 0.2 to 11.8 g/dm3. The semi-desert zone is characterized by the use of springs with depths up to 80 meters. The mineralization of water in the permeable modern Aeolian horizon is more often low (0.11–0.9 g/dm3) and rarely brackish (1.1–9.36 g/dm3).

3

Causes and side effects of changing water quality in Khassa-Chai river in Kirkuk, Iraq

Qasim Abdulamir H.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2021

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Vol. 30, No. 2

271--282

EN

Water quality of seasonal water rivers is on a quick decline due to various human activities arising as a result of urbanization and population growth. This study assessed the water quality of the Khassa-Chai river in Kirkuk during two seasons: winter and summer (wet and dry). Thirty-seven water samples were collected from eight monitoring observation points along the Khassa-Chai river during October 2019 and March 2020. Water samples were analyzed for various parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), color, and dissolved oxygen (DO). These physicochemical parameters were analyzed using standards methods demonstrated by the American Public Health Association (APHA). To determine the significant difference, all the results obtained were statistically analyzed. In most results, higher concentrations are out of the indicated permissible limits of the World Health Organization (WHO). It can be concluded that the most domestic wastewater effluents are discharged into the river, such as sewage coming from nearby houses and restaurants in addition to the solid waste produced from close commercial stores. To reduce the negative impact on water and human health, pollution sources need to be properly managed. The paper calls for further research to figure out the ability of the Khassa-Chai river to make the use of city water in improving the environment.

4

Predicting the impact of climate change and the hydrological response within the Gurara reservoir catchment, Nigeria

Oseke Francis Ifie-emi, Anornu Geophery Kwame, Adjei Kwaku Amaning, Eduvie Martin Obada

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2021

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no. 51

129--143

EN

The 2150 km2 transboundary Gurara Reservoir Catchment in Nigeria was modelled using the Water Evaluation and Planning tool to assess the hydro-climatic variability resulting from climate change and human-induced activities from 1989 to 2019 and projected to the future till 2050. Specifically, the model simulated the historic data set and predicted the future runoff. The initial results revealed that monthly calibration/validation of the model yielded acceptable results with Nash–Sutcliff efficiency (NSE), percent bias (PBIAS), and coefficient of determination (R2) values of 0.72/0.69, 0.72/0.67 and 4.0%/1.0% respectively. Uncertainty was moderately adequate as the model enveloped about 70% of the observed runoff. Future predicted runoffs were modelled for climate ensembles under three different representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5, RCP6.5 and RCP8.5). The RCP projections for all the climate change scenarios showed increasing runoff trends. The model proved efficient in determining the hydrological response of the catchment to potential impacts from climate change and human-induced activities. The model has the potential to be used for further analysis to aid effective water resources planning and management at catchment scale.

5

Konflikty o wodę - potencjalne przyczyny i miejsca występowania

Kowalczak Piotr

Gospodarka Wodna

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2021

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Nr 3

19--25

PL

W artykule przybliżono problem konfliktów o wodę, występujących w wielu regionach, które często mają długotrwały i dramatyczny charakter. Te konflikty, spory i kontrowersje występują coraz częściej, a ich podłoże może być różne, np.: sprzeczność interesów użytkowników (krajów) położonych w górnym i dolnym biegu rzeki (zlewni), konflikty pomiędzy zaopatrzeniem w wodę ludności, energetyką wodną, rolnictwem, przemysłem, problemy z podziałem wody pomiędzy użytkowników wody dla potrzeb nawadniania z jednego źródła, zanieczyszczanie wody, występowania ekstremalnych zjawisk hydrologiczno-meteorologicznych. Innymi przyczynami są złe prawo, zmiany w prawie - niekiedy potrzebne i bardzo pozytywne (pamiętamy problemy z wdrożeniem w krajach europejskich nowych dyrektyw np. Natura 2000, tzw. Dyrektywa Powodziowa UE.). Dotyczą więc one sfery środowiskowej, ekonomicznej, społecznej i politycznej. Dalszy wzrost deficytów wody będzie przyczyniał się do wzrostu zagrożeń konfliktami.

EN

The article describes the problem of water conflicts, occurring in many regions and often having persistent and dramatic character. These conflicts, disputes and controversies are increasingly frequent and the reasons behind them may be varied, e.g. conflicts of interests between the users (countries) located in the upstream and downstream regions of the river (basin), conflict between water supply for people and for water power industry or agriculture, problems with water distribution between water users for the purposes of irrigation from one source, water pollution, occurrence of extreme hydrological and meteorological phenomena. Among other reasons are bad legislation, changes in law - which are often necessary and positive (we remember problems with implementation of new directives in the European countries e.g. Natura 2000, the so-called EU Flood Directive). They relate to the environmental, economic, social and political aspects. Further increase of water deficits will contribute to the increased risk of conflicts.

6

Hydrauliczne badania modelowe IBW PAN w Gdańsku

Majewski Wojciech

Gospodarka Wodna

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2021

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Nr 5

8--14

PL

W artykule przedstawiono początki i rozwój hydraulicznych badań na modelach fizycznych różnego rodzaju budowli hydrotechnicznych w Instytucie Budownictwa Wodnego PAN w Gdańsku. Na wstępie zwrócono uwagę na problem zasobów wodnych na świecie i w Polsce, jak również powiązanie budowli hydrotechnicznych z wykorzystaniem i zagospodarowaniem tych zasobów. Omówiono w skrócie podstawowe zasady podobieństwa modelowego, specyfikę metodyki badań hydraulicznych oraz charakterystykę budowli i obiektów hydrotechnicznych, które przeszły badania w IBW. Zwrócono uwagę na rozwój modelowania matematycznego, które w wielu przypadkach może zastąpić hydrauliczne modele fizyczne.

EN

The paper presents the beginning and development of hydraulic studies on physical models of various hydraulic structures in the Institute of Hydro-engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Gdansk. In the introduction attention was directed to the problem of world and Polish water resources as well as connection of hydraulic structures with the use and management of these resources. The basic principles of modeling similitude, specification of hydraulic model investigations has been presented, as well as characteristics of various hydraulic structures which were studied in the Institute of Hydro-engineering. It was pointed out that the development of mathematical modeling, in numerous cases can replace physical hydraulic models.

7

Assessment of the impact of climate change on the freshwater availability of Kaduna River basin, Nigeria

Okafor G. C., Ogbu K. N.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2018

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no. 38

105--114

EN

Changes in runoff trends have caused severe water shortages and ecological problems in agriculture and human well-being in Nigeria. Understanding the long-term (inter-annual to decadal) variations of water availability in river basins is paramount for water resources management and climate change adaptation. Climate change in Northern Nigeria could lead to change of the hydrological cycle and water availability. Moreover, the linkage between climatic changes and streamflow fluctuations is poorly documented in this area. Therefore, this study examined temporal trends in rainfall, temperature and runoff records of Kaduna River basin. Using appropriate statistical tools and participatory survey, trends in streamflow and their linkages with the climate indices were explored to determine their amplifying impacts on water availability and impacts on livelihoods downstream the basin. Analysis indicate variable rainfall trend with significant wet and dry periods. Unlike rainfall, temperature showed annual and seasonal scale statistically increasing trend. Runoff exhibit increasing tendency but only statistically significant on annual scale as investigated with Mann–Kendall trend test. Sen’s estimator values stood in agreement with Mann–Kendall test for all variables. Kendall tau and partial correlation results revealed the influence of climatic variables on runoff. Based on the survey, some of the hydrological implications and current water stress conditions of these fluctuations for the downstream inhabitants were itemized. With increasing risk of climate change and demand for water, we therefore recommend developing adaptive measures in seasonal regime of water availability and future work on modelling of the diverse hydrological characteristics of the entire basin.

PL

Zmiany w prawidłowościach odpływu spowodowały poważne ograniczenia w dostępności wody, problemy ekologiczne w rolnictwie oraz zmiany warunków życia ludzi w Nigerii. Zrozumienie długoterminowej zmienności (w poszczególnych latach i dziesięcioleciach) dostępności wody w basenie rzeki jest ogromnie ważne w zarządzaniu zasobami wodnymi i adaptacji do zmian klimatycznych. Zmiany klimatu w północnej Nigerii mogą doprowadzić do zmian cyklu hydrologicznego i dostępności wody. Ponadto, związki między zmianami klimatu a zmiennym odpływem wody są dla tego obszaru słabo udokumentowane. Z tego powodu w przedstawionych badaniach analizowano czasowe zmiany opadu, temperatury i odpływu wody z basenu rzeki Kaduna. Stosując odpowiednie narzędzia statystyczne i badania ankietowe, badano trendy przepływu wody i ich związki ze wskaźnikami klimatycznymi, aby udokumentować ich rosnący wpływ na dostępność wody i warunki życia mieszkańców w dolnym biegu rzeki. Analiza wykazała zmienność opadów z wyraźnymi okresami suchymi i wilgotnymi. W przeciwieństwie do opadów temperatura cechowała się statystycznie istotnym trendem rosnącym w skali pór roku i lat. Odpływ wykazywał istotną statystycznie rosnącą tendencję tylko w skali roku, co wykazano testem trendu Manna–Kendalla. Wartości estymatora Sena były zgodne z wartościami uzyskanymi z zastosowaniem testu Manna–Kendalla dla wszystkich zmiennych. Wartości tau Kendalla i korelacje cząstkowe wykazały wpływ zmian klimatu na odpływ wody. Na podstawie badań ankietowych wykazano pewne skutki hydrologiczne i aktualne warunki stresu wodnego dla mieszkańców zamieszkujących tereny w dolnym biegu rzeki. Wobec rosnącego ryzyka zmian klimatycznych i zapotrzebowania na wodę zaleca się rozwijanie środków przystosowawczych do sezonowego reżimu dostępności wody i przyszłe prace poświęcone modelowaniu zmiennych cech hydrologicznych całego basenu.

8

Climate analysis as a basis for a sustainable water management at the Lusatian Neisse

Pluntke T., Schwarzak S., Kuhn K., Lünich K., Adynkiewicz-Piragas M., Otop I., Miszuk B.

Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management. Research and Operational Applications

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2016

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Vol. 4, Iss. 1

3--11

EN

Current and future climate conditions and their impact on water balance, ecosystems, air quality and bio and agro-climatology were investigated in the region of the Lusatian Neisse within the two EU -projects – NEYMO and KLAPS. This work focuses on the climate analysis of the region at the German-Polish border as a preliminary step for a hydrological analysis of current and future conditions. Observed climatological data were processed and analysed using the indicators air temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration, potential evapotranspiration and the climatic water balance (CWB). The latter defines the difference between precipitation and potential evapotranspiration and is a measure for the climatological water availability in the region. Observations were used to statistically downscale data from Global Circulation Models under various scenarios regarding greenhouse gas emissions (A1B, RCP 2.6, RCP 8.5) and applying the WETTREG-method for regionalization. In total, 50 climate projections for periods up until the end of the 21st century were analysed, with the application of the mentioned indicators. For the period 1971-2010, increasing trends of temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration and potential evapotranspiration were found. This leads to a reduced CWB in the summer half-year (SHY), which could be partly compensated by an increase in the winter half-year (WHY). Trends of temperature, sunshine duration and potential evapotranspiration remain positive for the far future (2071-2100), but precipitation decreases. These climatic conditions aggravate water availability, especially in the SHY. Impacts on water management are very probable and were therefore further investigated in the NEY MO project that applied hydrological models.

9

Physical properties, permeability and retentiveness of silt loam and its composites with sand for constructing carrying layer of a football field

Kowalik T., Rajda W.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 15, nr 4

37--45

EN

Physical and water properties of silt loam from the area of planned football field were tested and compared with analogous properties of several composites made in laboratory conditions from the collected material with a dominant sand share. The research was conducted in a view of silt loam and its composites usefulness for constructing a carrying layer of football fields. Water permeability of silt loam and composites, as well as retention abilities were tested. The created composites met the water permeability requirements specified by DIN 18035 standard for constructing carrying layer of football fields. On the other hand, silt loam without sand admixture did not meet the requirements, but revealed a high retention capacity and water availability to plants. Among the composites the best retention capacity characterised the mixtures with the biggest content of silt loam, but the best water availability was registered in composites with medium content of silt loam from the football field area. The obtained results may be useful for more precise determination of the standards for grain size distribution of the composites used for constructing the carrying layer of a football field.