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1

Diversity of Peritricha (Ciliophora) in Activated Sludge Depending on the Technology of Wastewater Treatment

Babko Roman, Kuzmina Tatiana, Pliashechnik Volodimir, Zaburko Jacek, Szulżyk-Cieplak Joanna, Łagód Grzegorz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 2

158--166

EN

The representation of Peritricha ciliates was studied in the activated sludge of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), one of which operates using a technology that includes alternating aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic conditions in bioreactors (Lublin, Poland), and the other – only aerobic conditions (Sumy, Ukraine). During the study, 14 Peritricha species were identified in the WWTP Lublin, and 13 species were identified in the WWTP Sumy. The similarity of species lists was 81.5% (Sørensen index). On the basis of on the similarity and taking into account the occurrence rate (≥ 60%), a common group of Peritricha species characteristic of the activated sludge from these two types of treatment facilities was identified, which includes 4 species of colonial Peritricha: Carchesium polypinum, Epistylis coronata, Epistylis longicaudatum and Opercularia articulata, and also 4 species of solitary Peritricha: Vorticella aquadulcis, Vorticella convallaria, Vorticella infusionum and Vorticella microstoma. Despite the very high similarity in species composition, statistical analysis of the population structure of Peritricha showed a clear separation of two WWTPs with different wastewater treatment technologies. If there is a significant similarity in the species composition of Peritricha, the species, based on their abundance and occurrence, are divided into two groups, focused on different technological schemes. The population structure of Peritricha responds to the changes in purification technology, showing the changes not so much in species composition as in their quantitative structure. The differences in bioreactor conditions and increased effluent treatment efficiency demonstrated by the WWTP Lublin result in differences in Peritricha species structure, which are reflected in higher Peritricha abundance in WWTP Lublin compared to WWTP Sumy.

2

Biogospodarka w sektorze wodociągowo-kanalizacyjnym

Żubrowska-Sudoł Monika

Technologia Wody

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2023

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Nr 2 (80)

66-68

PL

W pracy przedstawiono istotę cyrkularnej biogospodarki oraz jej powiązania z sektorem wodociągowo-kanalizacyjnym. Wskazano również działania będące motorem rozwoju biogospodarki oraz przyjętą w Unii Europejskiej strategię. Na tym tle omówiono zagadnienia związane z odzyskiem surowców oraz energii w oczyszczalniach ścieków. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliła na wyciągnięcie wniosku, że obiekty te mogą odegrać znaczącą rolę w implementacji cyrkularnej biogospodarki bazującej na biomasie wtórnej, przyczyniając się do zmniejszenia zużycia surowców pierwotnych, ograniczenia zależności od zasobów nieodnawialnych, a także do redukcji emisji gazów cieplarnianych.

EN

The paper presents the essence of the circular bioeconomy and its connections with the water supply and sewage sector. Actions that drive the development of bioeconomy and the strategy adopted in the European Union are also indicated. Against this background, issues related to the resources and energy recovery in wastewater treatment plants were discussed. The conducted analysis led to the conclusion that these facilities can play a significant role in the implementation of a circular bioeconomy based on waste biomass, contributing to the reduction of the consumption of primary raw materials, reduction of dependence on non-renewable resources, as well as to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

3

Recent Developments in the Application of Ultrasonication in Pre-Treatment of Municipal Sewage Sludge

Szaja Aleksandra, Szulżyk-Cieplak Joanna, Łagód Sylwia, Kuzioła Elżbieta

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 12

223--234

EN

This article presents the experience in the field of using ultrasonication as a pre-treatment method of SS (sewage sludge). On the basis of a review of the literature, the effect of pretreatment of sewage sludge by US (power ultrasound) with different parameters on SS quality parameters and energy effects of the process was presented. The status of commercial applications of US as a sewage sludge pretreatment method was also presented, using the example of wastewater treatment plants in Poland. It was shown that the effective management of SS is an important technological and environmental problem in many wastewater treatment plants. Therefore, new strategies for dealing with this by-product are constantly being sought. In large wastewater treatment plants, the dominant method of stabilizing SS is AD (anaerobic digestion). However, due to the characteristics of SS, it shows low efficiency. Among the numerous strategies, US is one of the new technologies that is finding several full-scale implementations. Its application allows for solubilization of organic matter, disruption of microbial cells, as well as SS floc description and enzyme release. A number of benefits can be obtained as a result of these developments, including increased methane production, improved reaction kinetics and removal of organic matter, as well as enhanced settability and dewatering of SS, thus contributing to savings in wastewater treatment plants.

4

Distribution of Microplastics in Domestic Wastewater and Microplastics Removal Potential in Wastewater Treatment Plants

Fauzi Mhd., Darnas Yeggi, Muna Cut Rauzatun, Nizar Muhammad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 12

79--86

EN

Microplastics in domestic wastewater are detrimental to living organisms and appear in a variety of sizes, colors, and shapes. The purpose of this study is to examine the distribution of microplastics in domestic wastewater, as well as the possibility for microplastic removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The sampling method used is SNI 6989.59:2008 concerning Wastewater Sampling Methods that Apply in Indonesia. To remove organic compounds in the sample, 0.05 M Fe (II) and 30% H2O2 solution were added by the digestion process at 75 °C for 30 minutes and cooled. Samples were filtered using Whattman GF/C filter paper with the help of a vacuum pump and dried. To identify the concentration, shape, size, color of microplastics, visual analysis was used with the help of a microscope using the zig-zag technique. The concentration of microplastics in domestic wastewater in Gampong Garot is 30.17 ± 0.75 particles/100 mL sample. The most commonly found microplastic size is 1,001–5,000 μm, while the dominant color is transparent. The forms of microplastic found in the samples were fiber, fragments and microbeads with a percentage of 65.20%, 23.16% and 11.64%, respectively. These microplastics come from local community activities such as washing clothes, bathing, washing dishes, and other activities. So, it is necessary to treat domestic wastewater using WWTP. Not only does it remove organic matter and nutrients, WWTP also has the potential of microplastics removal around 7–99% depending on the processing unit.

5

Benefits and Risks of Liquid Sewage Sludge Recycling in Agricultural Spreading – A Case Study of WWTP of Skhirat, Morocco

Achkir Abdelmajid, Aouragh Abdelhakim, El Mahi Mohammed, Lotfi El Mostapha, Kabriti Mohamed, Abid Abdesalam, El Moussaoui Tawfik, Yagoubi Maâmar

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 1

277--288

EN

The sewage sludge recycling as an agricultural land resource has received a great deal of attention worldwide. This practice has highly increased because of ever-increasing municipal wastewater production and the awareness of its fertilizing potential as amendment resources. However, there is a concern about land spreading linked mainly to health associated risks due to the presence of diverse pollutants. Thus, sewage spreading management is a key factor the guarantees benefits and avoids risks. The present work aimed to investigate the benefits and risks of sewage sludge (SS) application on agricultural land. To this end, physicochemical main parameters and bacteriological indicators, fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococcus (FS), of the sewage sludge generated form WWTP of Skhirat, Morocco, were performed during the period 2018–2019. The obtained results of physicochemical parameters reveal high concentration of organic matter in SS, which reach 96.3 mg/l, and in nutrients. Indeed, total Kjeldahl nitrogen TKN reaches a maximum of 3791 mg/l, potassium K+ reaches 58.71 mg/l. In addition, the average content of FC and FS are around 5.40 CFU/ml and 5.85 CFU/ml, respectively, whereas total phosphorus reaches 508.25 mg/l. In addition, concentrations of micronutrients such as Cl-, SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ were high, which is interesting and could benefit for both soils and plant. Furthermore, this sewage sludge contains high concentration of heavy metals, mainly zinc and copper which could limit reuse in land spreading. The obtained results were compared to the applied standards and directives established within the framework of the agricultural spreading.

6

Stan i rozwój zbiorczych oczyszczalni ścieków w Polsce

Chmielowski Krzysztof Jan

Inżynier Budownictwa

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2023

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nr 12

70--73

7

Jakość i sposoby wykorzystania biogazu na oczyszczalniach ścieków należących do Aquanet S.A.

Pielach Monika, Kurant Tomasz

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2023

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Nr 5

13--19

PL

W niniejszym artykule zestawiono najważniejsze parametry fermentacji metanowej, prowadzonej na dwóch oczyszczalniach ścieków należących do poznańskiej spółki wodociągowo-kanalizacyjnej Aquanet S.A. - Centralnej Oczyszczalni Ścieków w Koziegłowach oraz Lewobrzeżnej Oczyszczalni Ścieków w Poznaniu. Przeanalizowano skład i jakość produkowanego biogazu oraz przedstawiono sposoby jego wykorzystania. Opracowanie obejmuje lata 2017-2022.

EN

This article summarizes the most important parameters of methane fermentation carried out at two wastewater treatment plants belonging to the Poznan water and sewage company Aquanet S.A. - The Central Wastewater Treatment Plant in Koziegłowy and the Left Bank Wastewater Treatment Plant in Poznan. The composition and quality of the biogas produced were analyzed, and ways to use it were presented. The study covers the years 2017-2022.

8

Chlorella vulgaris auto-flocculation in wastewater treatment. Preface to granulation

Wang Chao, Wang Changwen, Sun Wenhui, Li Zixiang

Environment Protection Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 49, nr 1

45--56

EN

Microalgae wastewater treatment technology has not only the function of wastewater treatment but also biomass production, resource recovery, and biological carbon fixation with significant economic and environmental benefits. Good sedimentation of microalgae cells is the key to realize wastewater treatment and microalgae cell proliferation. In this study, short settling time in sequence batch reactors (SBRs) was utilizable as an environmental selection pressure to promote the auto-flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris treating synthetic domestic wastewater. After 60 days of operation, bacteria-microalgae consortia formed in the reactors, improving the settling efficiencies. Microalgae cultivation reactor with 30 min settling time had the largest flocs size and highest settling efficiency. Bacteria-microalgae granular sludge had a relatively high content of P, Fe, Mg, and Ca elements that both bacteria and microalgae coexisted and adhered to each other. The dominant bacteria distribution of bacteria-microalgae granular sludge was like that of aerobic granular sludge, which implied bacteria played a vital role in Chlorella vulgaris auto-flocculation. Lastly, the mechanism of Chlorella vulgaris auto-flocculation in wastewater treatment was interpreted.

9

Kinetic Modeling of Methane Production from the Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater Sludge from a Treatment Plant in Kenitra, Morocco

Lihi Khadija, Auajjar Nabila, Nizar Youness, Attarassi Benaissa

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 1

165--174

EN

It is necessary to understand the process of anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge and to find an adequate strategy to improve the efficiency of methane production. In this work, the production of methane and detailed properties of sludge are determined. The physico-chemical parameters of the digester 1 'D1' and the digester 2 'D2' remain in the optimal range of AD stability with a median value of pH (7.82; 7.93); Temperature (36.70; 37.10°C); alkalinity (3.52; 3.58 g/L); and volatile fatty acids (0.47; 0.52 g/L), respectively. This paper focuses on the performance optimization of the methane production by kinetic models of two continuous digesters in a wastewater treatment plant in Kenitra City, Morocco. Mathematical models used in anaerobic digestion are: Modified Gompertz, transference functions, and logistics functions. These kinetic models have benefitted experimental methane production for both digesters. Results show that all the models used are appropriate to optimize the kinetic parameters for producing methane, showing that the transference function is the most suitable model for predicting kinetic results.

10

A review of methods for the isolation of microplastics in municipal wastewater treatment

Ormaniec Paulina, Mikosz Jerzy

Technical Transactions

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2022

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Vol. 119, iss. 1

art. no. e2022010

EN

Wastewater treatment plants are considered to be one of the largest sources of microplastics in the natural environment. The problem of microplastics has been widely studied in many environments. It remains a subject of the growing interest for researchers. By definition, microplastic is plastic that does not exceed 5 mm in size. There are three stages in the study of microplastics in wastewater: sampling, treatment, and the identification of microplastics. This paper aims to review the strategies for sampling microplastics in wastewater treatment plants and their laboratory treatment to isolate microplastics. The collection of samples from the wastewater treatment plant is based on two mechanisms, namely a continuous filtering and pumping system and instantaneous sampling (steel bucket, glass jar, telescopic sampling). The removal of organic and inorganic matter is carried out with the use of physical and chemical analyses. The subject of this article is the compilation of the generally available research methods on microplastics. Based on the literature analysis, conclusions were drawn regarding the recommended methods of microplastic detection.

11

Modelling process of municipal wastewater quality - backgrounds and preliminary application

Bogalecka Magdalena, Dereszewska Alina

Safety and Reliability of Systems and Processes

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2022

|

Summer Safety and Reliability Seminar 2022

17--34

EN

The probabilistic model of municipal wastewater quality process is proposed in the chapter. The methods of its characteristics and parameters statistical identification and prediction are presented. Next the proposed model is practically applied to examine and characterized the quality of the municipal wastewater collected in the exemplary sewage treatment plant.

12

Assessment of Treatment Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution from Sewage Sludge in Wastewater Treatment Plant Discharge in China’s Nanjing MV Industrial Park

Xu Lingjuan, Sun Fengqi, Han Xiuyan

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2022

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Tom 24

276--293

EN

To explore methods for a comprehensive assessment of the treatment effect of heavy metal pollution in the sewage sludge from China’s industrial parks, we studied the wastewater treatment plant of the Nanjing MV Industrial Park as an example. Eight common heavy metals in sewage sludge – Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd) were studied. The treatment effect of these containments was comprehensively assessed using the absolute niche fitness model, the relative niche model and the spatial niche fitness model. All three models showed that Pb > Cu > Ni > Hg > Cd > Cr > Zn > As in the samples. However, they produced – different numerical values – the absolute niche suitability model < the spatial niche suitability model < and the relative niche suitability model. Therefore, we concluded that special attention should be paid to the carcinogenic risk of As and Cr heavy metals to the person exposed to the sewage sludge.

13

Rolnicze wykorzystanie komunalnych osadów ściekowych w obliczu wyzwań Europejskiego Zielonego Ładu

Szołdrowska Dominika, Smol Marzena

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2022

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T. 101, nr 12

1130--1135

PL

Przeprowadzono badania fizykochemicznych parametrów osadów ściekowych pochodzących z instalacji oczyszczania ścieków komunalnych znajdującej się na terenie województwa śląskiego (Polska). Osady analizowano pod kątem zawartości składników odżywczych roślin i metali ciężkich oraz obecności mikroorganizmów patogennych. Analiza wykazała, że osady zawierały znaczną ilość składników pokarmowych niezbędnych dla roślin, a zawartości metali ciężkich nie przekraczały dopuszczalnych norm. Zawartość fosforu ogólnego w analizowanych osadach wyniosła 2,10% s.m., co wskazuje na znaczny potencjał osadów ściekowych do rolniczego zagospodarowania. Przeprowadzono analizę kierunków zagospodarowania osadów ściekowych w Polsce oraz możliwości wykorzystania osadów ściekowych w sektorze rolniczym zgodnie z założeniami Europejskiego Zielonego Ładu.

EN

Sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment installations was analyzed for the content of plant nutrients and heavy metals as well as for the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. The sediments showed a significant amt. of nutrients necessary for plants and the content of heavy metals did not exceed the permissible standards. The total P content in the sediments was 2.10% d.m., which indicated a significant potential of sewage sludge for agricultural use. An anal. of the directions of sewage sludge management in Poland and the possibility of using sewage sludge in the agricultural sector in accordance with the assumptions of the European Green Deal was carried out.

14

Role of wastewater treatment plants in pollution reduction - evaluated by Grey Water Footprint indicator

Stejskalová Lada, Ansorge Libor, Kučera Jiří, Čejka Elžbieta

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2022

|

Vol. 31, No. 1

26--36

EN

The study assesses the pollution discharged from 251 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) throughout the Odra river basin in the Czech Republic. The development of pollution production over a period of 15 years (2004–2018) together with a number of WWTPs in the Odra river basin were analyzed. The Grey Water Footprint (GWF) of discharged pollution was determined both in terms of individual size categories of WWTPs and in terms of the parameter that most affects the level of pollution. The share of the small WWTPs size categories (up to 2,000 PE) on the total GWF value of discharged pollution is only 8%, although these are the most numerous. The share of the WWTPs of the size category > 10,000 PE on the total GWF value of discharged pollution is 82%. Total phosphorus (at large WWTPs) and ammonium nitrogen (at small WWTPs) were identified as the key pollutants that most determine the value of the Grey water footprint of discharged pollution.

15

Analysis of waste heat recovery in a water treatment plant and the use of this heat in a commercial building

Misevičiūtė Violeta, Čiuprinskas Kęstutis, Rogoža Artur

Journal of New Technologies in Environmental Science

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2022

|

Vol. 6, nr 1

8--14

EN

Effective energy use plays a crucial role in the conservation of energy sources. The recovery of waste energy is one of the available energy saving potentials and can be the possibility of ensuring the energy needs of commercial buildings. To date, research on heat recovery from wastewater treatment has focused mainly on the heat potential of wastewater evaluation and technologies to apply this energy. This work examines the possibilities of wastewater heat recovery in the Vilnius wastewater treatment plant and assesses whether the thermal energy demand of the commercial building can be ensured by using the heat of the treated wastewater in a heat pump.

16

Policy Development of River Water Quality Governance Toward Land Use Dynamics Through a Risk Management Approach

Namara Idi, Hartono Djoko M., Latief Yusuf, Moersidik Setyo Sarwanto

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

|

Vol. 23, nr 2

25--33

EN

The Cisadane River, Tangerang City, is one of the most important rivers in Indonesia. This river provides raw water for Municipal Waterworks (PDAM) of the Tangerang City and Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, but the water quality tends to deteriorate due to pollution. The government has made various efforts to manage the river water quality, but no significant resolution was issued yet. The problem is becoming more complicated due to land-use changes that affect the pollutant load. Therefore, more precise, integrated, and comprehensive management is needed. This study used an approach with various methodologies according to the stages of the research, including; qualitative and quantitative analysis, GIS, statistics, risk management, and System Dynamic. The outcome of this research was the development of the policies in river water quality management, specifically land use manage-ment, separation of drainage channels from domestic sewage channels, enhancement of Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) services coverage, as well as reinforcement of institutional and regulatory aspects, especially in funding commitments.

17

Microbiological Quality of Indoor and Outdoor Air in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant – A Case Study

Staszowska Amelia

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2022

|

Vol. 23, nr 2

185--190

EN

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been recognized as a source of odors and microbial pathogens to the outdoor air. The results of many studies revealed that high amounts of microorganisms are not only present in the stream of wastewater or sludges but also in the bioaerosols that are generated during the different stages of the wastewater treatment. Hence, possible migration of biological contaminants into the interiors cannot be excluded. However, there is a knowledge gap in an assessment of the microbiological indoor air quality of the facilities located at WWTPs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of outdoor microbial air contamination upon the indoor environment based on the determined outdoor to indoor (O/I) ratios. The sampling of airborne bacteria and fungi was conducted in three replications with the sedimentation and impaction method, during a one-year survey in ten technological and office buildings as well as their vicinity, at the municipal wastewater treatment plant of Lublin (Poland). Moreover, the cleanliness of hand contact surfaces in staff rooms was examined (Rodac plates). Additionally, API identification of bacteria and fungi was carried out. The highest concentration of total bacteria count (3617 CFU/m3) and fungi in bioaerosols (5386 CFU/m3) was detected in the air around the sewage pumping station, close to the aeration tanks. P. fluorescens was found in the air around the grit chamber (78 CFU/m3). The majority of the examined indoor air samples were characterized with different levels of microbiological contamination – from non-polluted to moderately polluted. The number of total bacteria counts ranged from 180 to 4679 CFU/m3. The highest estimated indoor fungi concentration was 4022 CFU/m3. The controlled surfaces were mostly contaminated with the Actinomycetes and Coliform bacteria. No Salmonella sp. were detected. The bacteria from the Enetrobacteriaceae family were commonly isolated from the indoor and outdoor air samples. The obtained data can be used to devise further guidelines facilitating control and management of WWTP to avoid or minimize the staff exposure.

18

Estimation of Per Capita Loading and Treated Wastewater Quality Index in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt

Aboulfotoh Ahmed, Heikal Ghada

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 5

73--80

EN

Monthly reports from June 2017 to May 2018 of Twenty-one wastewater treatment plants in Sharkia were evaluated for the following parameters: temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate (NO3), oil and grease (O&G) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) values. The first aim of this study was to estimate the main wastewater per capita pollution generation per day (PCPL) and found that the 90th percentile PCPL for TSS, COD, BOD, NO3 and O&G were equal to 57.42, 91.59, 59.13, 1.64 and 12.39 (g/capita/day) respectively. The second aim was to assess the performance of the WWTPs in the governorate, by calculating of the wastewater quality index (WWQI) of each plant and for the entire governorate which shows that; 2 WWTPs gives a good performance, 9 WWTPs gives a fair performance, 9 WWTPs gives a marginal performance and 1 WWTP is in bad conditions, the average performance all over the governorate is considered marginal. A simple empirical formula had been established to be used for calculation of the WWQI based on the tested parameters using the multiple linear regression and found to be very effective in predicting the WWQI for the WWTPs.

19

Analysis of the Hydraulic Load of a Local WWTP in the South-Eastern Poland Including Hydraulic Capacity of the Sewage Receiver

Młyńska Anna, Młyński Dariusz, Chmielowski Krzysztof

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2022

|

Vol. 23, nr 11

261--272

EN

The paper constitutes the analysis of hydraulic load of a local wastewater treatment plant in the south-eastern Poland along with the analysis of sewage receiver hydraulic capacity and related receiving waters protection. Assuming that the daily outflow of treated sewage should not exceed 10% of the mean-low flow (SNQ) of the receiver, no case of daily sewage outflow greater than 10%·SNQ = 51 840 m3·d-1 was recorded. Moreover, average daily hydraulic load of the treatment plant was lower than the limit value by over 70% and the maximum recorded value – by over 40%. Furthermore, the conducted analysis shows that the particular months differed from each other in the values of the daily hydraulic load of the wastewater treatment plant at the outflow; May was the month with the highest average daily sewage outflow, while September was characterized by the lowest average daily outflow of treated sewage. There was also no clear dependence between the hydraulic load of the WWTP and the day of the week. Daily sewage outflows ranging from 10 000 m3·d-1 to 12 000 m3·d-1 constituted the largest part of all observations. The daily sewage outflows directed to the receiver prove that there is no threat to the preservation of the water environment quality.

20

Przegląd metod identyfikacji mikroplastików w ściekach komunalnych

Ormaniec Paulina, Mikosz Jerzy

Instal

|

2022

|

nr 7/8

54--58

PL

Zanieczyszczenie środowiska tworzywami sztucznymi to obecnie jeden z czołowych problemów ochrony środowiska na całym świecie. Ogromnym problemem, do tej pory nie uregulowanym prawnie, jest obecność mikroplastików w ściekach miejskich. Mikroplastiki to drobiny tworzyw sztucznych, które swoją wielkością nie przekraczają 5 mm. W artykule omówiono ogólnie dostępne metody identyfikacji mikroplastików wyizolowanych z próbek pochodzących z oczyszczalni ścieków, uwzględniając podział na metody chemiczne i metody fizyczne. Charakterystykę przedstawionych metod opracowano na podstawie przeglądu źródeł literaturowych. Analiza fizyczna w dużej mierze opiera się na określeniu rozmiaru i liczby oraz na określeniu innych właściwości fizycznych, tj. kolor lub kształt. W tym celu stosuje się mikroskopy, w szczególności mikroskopy optyczne. Ponadto, żeby ocenić, czy obserwowane cząstki są wykonane z tworzywa sztucznego, przeprowadza się test topnienia i test gorącej igły. Chemiczna analiza mikroplastików opiera się na określeniu polimeru z jakiego składa się badany mikroplastik. Wśród powszechnie stosowanych analiz największą popularnością wyróżnia się spektroskopia w podczerwieni z transformacją fourierowską (FTIR), która wykorzystuje trzy metody optymalizujące: spektroskopia osłabionego całkowitego odbicia wewnętrznego (ATR), detektor płaszczyzny ogniskowej (FPA) oraz mikro-FTIR. Niniejsza praca skupia się na przeglądzie aktualnych badań dotyczących identyfikacji i charakteryzacji mikroplastików w oczyszczalniach ścieków. Pomimo, że dotychczasowe badania skupiające się na mikroplastikach niewątpliwie podniosły poziom zrozumienia tego tematu, jasne jest, że nadal wiele pytań pozostaje bez odpowiedzi, a tym samym kluczowa staje się standaryzacja metod identyfikacji mikroplastików.

EN

Pollution of the environment with plastic waste is currently one of the leading global environmental problems. A huge concern, not yet legally regulated, is the presence of microplastic in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Microplastic is plastic particles that do not exceed 5 mm in size. The article discusses generally available identification methods of microplastic isolated from wastewater treatment plants samples, taking into account the division into chemical and physical methods. The characteristics of the presented methods have been developed based on a review of literature sources. A physical analysis involves the evaluation of size and number or other physical properties such as color and shape. For this purpose, microscopes are used, in particular optical microscopes. In addition, a melt test and a hot needle test are performed to confirm that the observed particles are made of plastic. Chemical analysis of microplastics is based on the determination of polymer composition. Among the commonly used analyzes, the most popular is Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which uses three optimization methods: Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR), Focal Plane Array (FPA) and micro-FTIR. This work focuses on a review of current research on the identification and characterization of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants. Although the research focused on microplastics to date has undoubtedly raised the level of understanding of the topic, but it is clear that many questions remain unanswered and thus the standardization of methods for identifying microplastics becomes crucial.