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1

Impact of Pharmaceuticals on the Individual Wastewater Treatment System

Makowska Małgorzata, Spychała Marcin, Gajewska Katarzyna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 2

257--266

EN

Intensive economic development causes the risk of introducing the so-called emerging contaminants (EC) into the environment. This group of contaminants includes pharmaceuticals, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the consumption of which is steadily increasing in Poland as well as worldwide. Such specific contaminants may also cause problems at the stage of biological treatment of wastewater, especially in individual systems that are sensitive to changes in wastewater composition. The study examined an onsite wastewater treatment system based on the activated sludge technology, to which three different pharmaceuticals were dosed in the quantities normally used in therapy. The operation of the biological reactor under these conditions was analysed by comparing contamination indicators at the inlet and outlet of the treatment plant at different doses of pharmaceuticals. It was found that the doses used did not significantly worsen the effects of wastewater treatment, except for paracetamol, which at a dose above 1000 mg/d caused a slight reduction in the efficiency of the facility. The dosed pharmaceuticals also did not deteriorate the sedimentation properties of the activated sludge. Although typical doses of pharmaceuticals do not interfere with the operation of the biological reactor, residual substances and their metabolites may be released into the environment; it is therefore reasonable to consider the introduction of an additional treatment stage to remove micropollutants from the wastewater.

2

Biosorption of Hexavalent Chromium onto Ziziphus lotus Fruits Powder: Kinetics, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamics

El Yakoubi Nosair, El Ansari Zineb Nejjar, Ennami Mounia, El Kbiach Mohammed L’bachir, Bounab Loubna, El Bouzdoudi Brahim

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

|

Vol. 25, nr 2

321--332

EN

Ziziphus lotus has been the subject of several researchs because of its nutritional benefits and ecological attributes. The removal of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) from a solution using powdered Zizphus lotus fruits, for its qualities of being inexpensive as well as environmentally friendly, was investigated. The results obtained showed that at pH = 2, at 30°C, after 600 min of adsorbent/adsorbate contact, with 100 mg/L as initial concentration of Cr(VI) and a biosorbent dosage of 5 g/L, the biosorption of Cr(VI) on Zizphus lotus fruit powder (ZLFP) is at its maximum rate. The sorption process was exothermic (∆H° = –6.69 kJ/mol), and was characterized by a positive entropy values (∆S° = 46.76 J/K mol) suggesting a high affinity of the ZLFP for Cr(VI). Given that the Gibbs free energy (∆G°) is negative and decreases as temperatures increase from 293 to 323 K, the process of biosorption is both feasible and spontaneous. The Temkin model and the Langmuir model both generated excellent fits to the equilibrium data. The maximum monolayer biosorption capacity was 36.11 mg/g. The pseudo second order model was used to fit the kinetic data relating to the adsorption of Cr(VI) on the ZLFP. The FTIR spectral analysis allowed the characterization of the biochemical groups mainly involved in the sorption of Cr(VI) ions on the ZLFP, and which are: N–C, H-O, O–C, H-C, and O=C. The capacity of Ziziphus lotus fruit as an inexpensive, effective, and ecofriendly biosorbent is confirmed through this study.

3

Zastosowanie techniki FTIR i metod chemometrycznych do oceny procesu biologicznego oczyszczania ścieków komunalnych osadem czynnym

Piaskowski Krzysztof, Walendzik Bartosz

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2024

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Nr 1

32--39

PL

Biologiczny proces osadu czynnego jest najpopularniejszą metodą stosowaną w licznych oczyszczalniach ścieków, która z reguły pozwala na uzyskanie wymaganego efektu ekologicznego. Jednakże charakteryzuje się ona również pewną niestabilnością uzyskiwanych efektów zależną od warunków i parametrów, na które częściowo eksploatator nie ma wpływu. Dlatego też poszukuje się szybkich technik analitycznych do kontroli i oceny osadu czynnego, które w przypadku pojawienia się nieprawidłowości w komorach biologicznych pozwolą na podjęcie decyzji operacyjnych korygujących proces, jak również jego optymalizację. W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano możliwości wykorzystania analizy FTIR-DRIFT zawiesiny osadu czynnego połączonej z analizą chemometryczną wybranych parametrów osadu i ścieków do oceny procesu oczyszczania na poszczególnych etapach pracy reaktora biologicznego. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że zastosowanie techniki FTIR do szybkiej oceny procesu biologicznego jest możliwe, a w połączeniu z modelowaniem PLS i po odpowiednim skalibrowaniu z wartościami parametrów fizyczno-chemicznych może stanowić element kontrolny w eksploatacji oczyszczalni ścieków.

EN

The activated sludge process is the most popular method used in many sewage treatment plants, which usually allows to achieve the required ecological effect. However, it is also characterized by a certain instability of the obtained effects, depending on conditions and parameters which are partly beyond the operator's influence. Therefore, rapid analytical techniques are being sought for the control and assessment of activated sludge, which, in the event of irregularities occurring in biological tanks, will allow operational decisions to be made to correct the process as well as its optimization. This article presents the possibilities of using FTIR-DRIFT analysis of activated sludge suspension combined with chemometric analysis of selected sludge and sewage parameters to assess the course of the purification process at various stages of operation of the biological reactor. The obtained results indicate that the use of the FTIR technique for rapid assessment of a biological process is possible, and in combination with PLS modeling and after appropriate calibration with physical and chemical parameters, it can constitute a control element in the operation of sewage treatment plants.

4

Comparative study on the adsorption of lead ions by kaolin loaded chitosan by different modification methods

Zhang Shuqin, Boyue Yuan, Yi Liu, Zhang Kening, Ren Dajun, Zhang Xiaowen

Environment Protection Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 50, nr 1

27--41

EN

The adsorption effect of two modified kaolin-chitosan composites prepared by different modification methods (cross-linking method (GL-CS) and click reaction method (TGL-CS) on lead ion wastewater was studied. The structure of TGL-CS has a denser pore structure than that of GL-CS, and the distribution of adsorption sites is more uniform. At 25 °C, pH 4, the adsorbent dosage of 0.05 g/dm3, reaction time of 4 h, and initial mass concentration of 150 mg/dm3, TGL-CS had the best effect on Pb2+ wastewater treatment, and the adsorption capacity was 76.159 mg/g. The adsorption studies of kinetic, thermodynamic, and thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption on GL-CS and TGL-CS was best described by the Langmuir model. The adsorption mechanism is mainly chemical adsorption. The adsorption process is spontaneous. These results show that the adsorbent prepared by click reaction has obvious advantages, with more adsorption capacity and adsorption sites, faster adsorption rate, and better application potential.

5

Optimizing the MBBR System and Integrating Nanoparticles to Improve Wastewater Treatment Efficiency

Eid Ahmed, El-sayed Abd-Elaziz, Ayoub Mohamed, El-Morsy Ahmed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

218--229

EN

Wastewater treatment faces a growing challenge in removing nutrients and organic matter. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) system in removing nutrients and organic from municipal wastewater. The impact of different carrier filling ratios and hydraulic retention times (HRT) on the removal efficiency was systematically investigated. Moreover, the addition of nanoparticle additives to enhance system performance was evaluated. The optimal conditions for the MBBR system were 30–45% filling ratios and a 10-hour HRT, resulting in maximum removal efficiencies for biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia (NH4 + -N) with a percentage of 85.23%, 81.69%, and 54.45% respectively. Furthermore, adding nanoparticles improved the BOD5 and COD removal efficiencies by 6.6% and 8.0% respectively, compared to the MBBR system without nanoparticles.

6

Optimization of Chromium Removal from Tannery Effluents with the Neonite Natural Zeolite

Barra-Hinojosa Julio, Marrufo-Saldaña Liliana, Salazar-Leiva Victor, Gómez-León Mónica, Solis-Veliz Jose

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

|

Vol. 25, iss. 2

41--53

EN

Chromium is the main constituent of the tanning salts used by tanneries for processing skins into leather, and considered as a pollutant in the effluents that this industry discharge. The present study aimed to evaluate the removal of chromium and other pollutants in effluents from the tanning industry applying the natural zeolite Neonite. Neonite is a commercially available zeolite, which was acquired from NEONITE S.A. Neonite was characterized through FTIR and XRD, identifying clinoptilolite as its main component. Treatment was applied to the samples of real effluents from the tanning stage or chromium bath (CB) and a composite effluent (CE), an experimental design was carried out for each effluent. The designs correspond to 32 factorial designs, the variables tested were the Neonite dosage (NE) measured in g/L, stirring time (StT) expressed in minutes and the pH of the sample, and the response variable was the residual chromium content (RCC). Statistical analysis was performed through R-software version 4.2.3 and included Box-Cox transformation and ANOVA to determine the main effects and the behavior of the response variable in relation to the applied model and its optimization by response surface. In CB, a removal above 95% was obtained for RCC, with optimization values at 32 g/L of NE and pH 7. In the CE, a removal of more than 98% was obtained for RCC and values higher than 60% for BOD, COD, TSS and Fats, being the optimal conditions 4.73 g/L of NE and 12.17 minutes of StT. These results demonstrate that the application of Neonite for the removal of chromium and other pollutants from tanning industry effluents has a great potential.

7

Program AQUARIUS – zdalne rozwiązanie w obszarze ścieków wywożonych

Żebrowski Łukasz

Technologia Wody

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2023

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Nr 1 (79)

72

8

Prawne dylematy

Świgoń Zenon

Technologia Wody

|

2023

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Nr 1 (79)

56-58

9

Dopuszczalne obciążenia oczyszczalni ścieków komunalnych zanieczyszczeniami pochodzącymi z przemysłu-zagadnienia praktyczne

Góra Wojciech, Spychała Aleksandra

Technologia Wody

|

2023

|

Nr 2 (80)

57-62

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienie dotyczące problemu dopuszczalnych wartości stężeń wskaźników zanieczyszczenia w ściekach przemysłowych, które zgodnie z obwieszczeniem ministra infrastruktury i budownictwa (Dz.U. 2016 poz. 17570) są ustalane na podstawie dopuszczalnego obciążenia oczyszczalni komunalnej ładunkiem tych zanieczyszczeń. Problem przedstawiono w kontekście technologii ścieków komunalnych oraz przemysłowych z uwzględnieniem stężeń zanieczyszczeń typowych dla wybranych rodzajów działalności wytwórczej, stosowanych technologii podczyszczania ścieków przemysłowych oraz możliwych do uzyskania efektywności podczyszczania. Opisano również niespecyficzny charakter ścieków przemysłowych w odniesieniu do technologii ścieków komunalnych.

EN

The paper presents the problem of permissible pollution indicators concentrations in industrial wastewater, which, in accordance with the announcement of the Minister of Infrastructure and Construction (Dz.U. 2016 item 1757), are determined on the basis of the permissible load of the municipal sewage treatment plant with the load of these pollutants. The problem is presented in the context of municipal and industrial wastewater technology, taking into account the concentrations of pollutants typical for selected types of industry, applied industrial wastewater pre-treatment technologies and possible pre-treatment efficiency. Unusual characteristics of industrial wastewater are also described in relation to for municipal sewage technology.

10

Czy należy się obawiać obecności farmaceutyków w wodzie?

Stachowicz Wiktoria, Rzelewska-Piekut Martyna, Regel-Rosocka Magdalena

Technologia Wody

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2023

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Nr 4 (82)

36-43

PL

Obecność farmaceutyków w środowisku stanowi złożone zagadnienie, któremu poświęca się coraz więcej uwagi z racji potencjalnego wpływu toksycznego na zdrowie ludzi oraz zwierząt. Przemysł farmaceutyczny jest jedną z najprężniej rozwijających się gałęzi przemysłu, a postępujące choroby przewlekłe i cywilizacyjne, jak również zwiększająca się świadomość profilaktyki oraz suplementacji, przekładają się na coraz częstsze stosowanie wszelkich środków farmaceutycznych. Do najczęściej pojawiających się leków w wodach oraz glebach zalicza się niesteroidowe leki przeciwzapalne (NLPZ) i przeciwbólowe, antybiotyki, środki hormonalne, β-blokery, regulatory lipidów, leki psychotropowe i przeciwpadaczkowe oraz inne substancje aktywne (m.in. kofeinę). Przedostają się one do ekosystemu wraz z nieprawidłowo składowanymi odpadami medycznymi czy przemysłowymi, wodą z kąpieli i odchodami oraz spływem z pól uprawnych nawożonych obornikiem. Liczne badania wykazały, iż konwencjonalne oczyszczalnie ścieków nie są wystarczająco skuteczne w ich usuwaniu, dlatego poszukuje się innowacyjne i bardziej skuteczne metody likwidowania zanieczyszczeń farmaceutycznych ze ścieków.

EN

The presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is a complex issue that is receiving increasing attention due to their potential toxic impact on human and animal health. The pharmaceutical industry is one of the most dynamically developing Industries, and progressive chronic and civilization diseases, as well as the increasing awareness of prevention and supplementation, translate into the increasingly frequent use of all pharmaceuticals. The most common drugs that appear in water and soil include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAlDs) and analgesics, antibiotics, hormonal agents, b-blockers, lipid regulators, psychotropic and antiepileptic drugs, and other active substances (including caffeine). They enter the ecosystem along with improperly stored medical or industrial waste, bathing water and feces, as well as run of from farmlands fertilized with manure. Numerous studies have shown that conventional sewage treatment plants are not effective enough in the removal of these active substances, therefore innovative and more effective methods for the treatment of pharmaceutical contaminants in wastewater are being sought.

11

Wpływ procesu Fentona na wybrane parametry mikrobiologiczne i fizykochemiczne oczyszczanych ścieków z przemysłu drobiarskiego

Makara Agnieszka, Kowalski Zygmunt, Generowicz Agnieszka, Mala Marcin

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2023

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T. 102, nr 9

934--939

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań oczyszczania ścieków z przemysłu drobiarskiego metodą pogłębionego utleniania w procesie Fentona. Reakcje Fentona prowadzano przy stałej dawce katalizatora i zmiennych dawkach utleniacza, przy stosunku masowym Fe²+:H₂O₂ w zakresie 1:2-1:10. Zastosowana metoda pozwoliła na znaczne zmniejszenie ogólnej liczby mikroorganizmów oraz wyeliminowanie obecności bakterii z grupy coli i Escherichia coli, enterokoków i pałeczek Salmonella we wszystkich oczyszczanych próbkach ścieków w całym zakresie stosowanych dawek nadtlenku wodoru (4-20 g/L). Parametry fizykochemiczne ścieków, takie jak ChZT, barwa i mętność zostały maksymalnie obniżone o odpowiednio 95%, 98% i 100%.

EN

Wastewater from the poultry industry was treated by advanced oxidn. in the Fenton process. A constant catalyst dose and variable oxidant doses were used, with the Fe²+: H₂O₂ mass ratio in the range of 1:2-1:10. The treatment allowed for a significant redn. in the total no. of microorganisms and eliminated the presence of coli form, Escherichia coli bacteria, enterococci and Salmonella bacilli in all treated wastewater samples, in the entire range of H₂O₂ doses (4-20 g/L). The detd. phys. chem. parameters such as COD, color and turbidity were maximally reduced by 95, 98, and 100% resp.

12

Skuteczność metod fizykochemicznych w oczyszczaniu ścieków z przemysłu drobiarskiego

Makara Agnieszka, Kowalski Zygmunt

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2023

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T. 102, nr 4

390--397

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań oczyszczania ścieków z przemysłu drobiarskiego przy zastosowaniu wybranych metod fizykochemicznych, takich jak koagulacja, proces Fentona oraz neutralizacja. Badania obejmowały cztery warianty oczyszczania ścieków, w których stosowano zmienne dawki reagentów oraz różne kombinacje metod oczyszczania obejmujące: koagulację (wariant I), proces Fentona (wariant II), proces Fentona i koagulację (wariant III), koagulację i utlenianie (wariant IV) oraz neutralizację, którą przeprowadzano w końcowym etapie każdego z wariantów oczyszczania. Bez względu na zastosowaną metodę oczyszczania w większości przypadków obniżono mętność ścieków o co najmniej 94%. Redukcja barwy wynosiła 85-100%, a największą skuteczność uzyskano przy kombinacji metod utleniania i koagulacji. Najwyższy stopień redukcji ChZT sięgający 93% uzyskano, stosując utlenianie w procesie Fentona oraz utlenianie wspomagane dodatkiem koagulantu.

EN

Wastewater from the poultry industry was treated using coagulation, Fenton oxidn. and neutralization methods. Variable doses of reagents and various combinations of treatment methods were used. Regardless of the treatment method used, the wastewater turbidity was reduced by at least 94% in most cases. Color redn. ranged 85-100%, and the highest efficiency was achieved with a combination of oxidn. and coagulation methods. The highest degree of COD redn., reaching 93%, was achieved using Fenton oxidn. and coagulant-assisted oxidn.

13

Badania wstępne nad zwiększeniem efektywności pracy systemu oczyszczania ścieków garbarskich przy wykończeniu natryskowym

Śmiechowski Krzysztof, Żarłok Jan

Przegląd Włókienniczy - Włókno, Odzież, Skóra

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2023

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nr 6

26--31

PL

W pracy wykonano wstępne badania w zakresie oceny operacji wykończenia właściwego skór z punktu widzenia ekologii. Przedmiotem zainteresowania były ścieki powstające na skutek stosowania płaszcza wodnego. Przeprowadzono badania w warunkach przemysłowych dla 18 dniowego okresu recyklingu ścieków. Wykonano oznaczenie suchej masy i analizę laserową (rozkład wielkości cząstek) ścieków po każdej partii natryskiwanych skór obuwiowych. W laboratorium wykonano próby oczyszczenia ścieków. Zaproponowano koncepcję zmniejszenia zużycia wody w operacjach wykończania właściwego skór, dla metody natryskowej.

EN

In the work was carried out the preliminary research on the assessment of proper leather finishing operations from the ecological point of view. The subject of interest was wastewater generated as a result of the use of a water jacket. The tests were carried out in the industrial conditions for an 18-day wastewater recycling period. The dry matter determination and laser analysis (size distribution particles) of wastewater were performed after each batch of sprayed shoe leather. The wastewater purification tests were carried out in the laboratory. A concept of reducing using of water in leather finishing operations was proposed for the spraying method.

14

Zastosowanie procesów membranowych do usuwania mikroplastików z wody i ścieków

Bodzek Michał, Pohl Alina

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2023

|

nr 4

49--55

PL

Zanieczyszczenie środowiska wodnego mikroplastikami (MPs) jest obecnie problemem na skalę światową. Aby przeciwdziałać temu zagrożeniu, należy z jednej strony ograniczyć liczbę mikrocząstek tworzyw sztucznych przedostających się do środowiska, z drugiej zaś usunąć cząstki już w nim obecne. Jako jedne z głównych dróg przedostawania się mikroplastików do środowiska wodnego wymienia się oczyszczalnie ścieków. Żadna z obecnie dostępnych technologii oczyszczania ścieków nie jest specjalnie zaprojektowana do usuwania tych zanieczyszczeń, jednakże na tle innych procesów techniki membranowe wykazują w tym zakresie duży potencjał. Ponadto połączenie tych procesów z innymi, jak koagulacja czy procesy biologiczne, pozwala na prawie 100-proc. Usunięcie mikroplastików z matrycy. Najbardziej efektywnym rozwiązaniem w tym zakresie są bioreaktory membranowe (MBR), które łączą proces biologicznego oczyszczania ścieków z separacją membranową, wpisując się jednocześnie w trendy „zielonej chemii”. Niemniej jednak potrzebne są dalsze badania, szczególnie w obszarze zminimalizowania foulingu membran, który stanowi główną wadę w procesach membranowych.

EN

The pollution of the aquatic environment with microplastics (MPs) is currently a global problem. To counteract this threat, it is necessary, on the one hand, to limit the number of plastic microparticles entering the environment and, on the other hand, to remove particles already present in it. Wastewater treatment plants are mentioned as one of the main routes of the passage of microplastics into the aquatic environment. None of the currently available wastewater treatment technologies is specifically designed to remove these contaminants, but membrane techniques have great potential in this field as compared to other processes. Moreover, combining these processes with others, such as coagulation or biological processes, enables almost 100% removal of microplastics from the matrix. The most effective solution in this regard are membrane bioreactors (MBR), which combine the biological wastewater treatment process with membrane separation while being in line with the trends of „green chemistry”. Nevertheless, further research is needed, especially in the area of minimising membrane fouling, which is the main disadvantage in membrane processes.

15

Wastewater Treatment Using Activated Carbon Produced from Oil Shale

Hamdan Mohmmad Ahmad, Sublaban Esraa Taha, Al-Asfar Jamil Jawdat, Banisaid Mai Abdullah

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 2

131--139

EN

In recent years, many researchers have expressed interest in wastewater treatment using activated carbon produced from cheap raw materials. In this work, an activated carbo-aluminosilicate (ACS) – supported zero-valent iron (ZVI) composite was produced from Um AL-Rasa oil shale mine and examined to eliminate Chromium (VI) from contaminated water. Activation of raw oil shale fine particles (< 212 μm) was chemically performed using 95 and 5% wt of H2SO4 and HNO3, respectively, as activating agents. The activated material was further treated with caustic soda, named ACS, and modified with fine zero-valent iron particles < 212 μm), called ZVI/ACS composite. Kaolin was added to the composite with the ratio: (50 % wt. light kaolin: 50 % wt. ACS), named as ZVI/ACS/K. The XRD analysis for both composites confirmed iron dispersion at 45°. Adsorption experiments were carried out using the two adsorbents ZVI/ACS & ZVI/ACS/K under different values of pH, and adsorbent dosage. The results indicated that the reduction of Chromium was maximum under the 3 pH value and 2.0 gm amount of ZVI/ACS/K. Furthermore, it was found the removal rate was enhanced by 17% and 24.7% when ZVI/ACS & ZVI/ACS/K adsorbents were used, respectively, compared to that when only ACS adsorbent was used alone. Finally, the dependency of Chromium removal on its initial concentration by ZVI/ACS/K adsorbent was also investigated at two different temperatures of 27° and 50°. The results indicated a decrease in the removal rate of the Chromium as the concentration increased at 27°; however, the removal rate previously enhanced at 50° at all initial concentrations.

16

Utilization of Chlorella vulgaris after the Extraction Process in Wastewater Treatment as a Biosorption Material for Ciprofloxacin Removal

Al-Mashhadani Enass S. M., Al-Mashhadani Mahmood K. H.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 4

1--15

EN

Potentially negative environmental and human health effects have led to pharmaceutical chemicals,which are labeled as a new class of environmental contaminants. Adsorption is one of the most appealing choices to remove that pharmaceutical waste in recent years. However, the environmental limitations of the adsorbent material are an obstacle to the development of this process. The current study suggested the remaining Chlorella vulgaris biomass, after the extraction process of the biomaterials, to be a bio-absorption material in removing the Ciprofloxacin from the hospital wastewater. The preparation and characterization of the suggested adsorbent through FTIR analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, were present in the current study. Several functional groups (such as carboxylic, amines, hydroxyls, and amides) were observed to aid the adsorption process. After the extraction process, the results showed a growth in the peaks, indicating an increase in functional groups, particularly the -O.H. and -N.H. groups, while having changed toward lower energy after binding with CIP atoms, as well as an increase in surface area from 2.3723 to 3.6224 m2/g. The XRD was shown to be compatible with the EDX test, which both demonstrated a decrease in carbon element concentration due to the deconstruction process. The effects of Ciprofloxacin bio-sorption variables, including contact time, initial Ciprofloxacin concentration, pH, and adsorbent dosage, were adopted as a parametric study. The maximum adsorption capacity was recorded at pH 7 with an adsorbent dose of 2.75 g/L; after 120 minutes, the data show that 89.9% of Ciprofloxacin has been adsorption onto the extracted biomass.

17

Transformation of Traditional Wastewater Treatment Methods into Advanced Oxidation Processes and the Role of Ozonation

Nikbeen Tamana, Nayab Ahmad Khalid

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 6

173--189

EN

Technology advancement improves the quality of life, however, it might also introduce new pollutants to the ecosystem, which needs to deal with for the goal of a sustainable ecosystem. Municipal and industrial wastewater has always been important in improving the quality of life while maintaining the sustainability of our planet simultaneously. The diversity of pollutants in wastewater requires more advanced and demanding treatment processes. The ozonation, as a crucial part of the advanced oxidation processes, is a superior oxidation method compared to traditional oxidation methods. After the recognition of ozone as GRAS (generally recognized as safe), its applications have diversified and is used currently for microbial inactivation, degradation of recalcitrant organic compounds, removal of a diverse range of micropollutants, solubilization and reduction of sludge, and removal of color and odor components in wastewaters treatment processes. However, some considerable challenges still exist towards its universal application, such as high ozone generation costs, diversity of pollutants, and formation of ozonation by-products, which still require further studies. The main theme of this review paper is the transformation of traditional oxidation methods into advanced oxidation processes and the role of ozonation in this regard, including its applications, by-products, and its comparison with the traditional oxidation methods and advanced oxidation processes.

18

Physicochemical Properties of Marl and Travertine and their Thermally Modified Forms in the Perspective of Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater

Gubernat Sylwia, Masłoń Adam, Czarnota Joanna, Koszelnik Piotr

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

56--65

EN

The paper presents physicochemical studies of nine reactive materials for removing phosphorus from wastewater and water. The materials under analysis are raw forms of marl and travertine along with their thermally treated forms at temperatures of 500 °C, 650 °C, 700 °C (travertine), 700 °C, 900 °C, 1000 °C (marl) and the commercial material Polonite®. The scope of the research included morphological analysis and elemental composition, specific surface area, pore volume and diameter, losses on ignition and the amount of elements leached from materials. The results of the research allowed assessing the impact of physicochemical properties and thermal modification on the efficiency of phosphorus binding by these materials. All the tested sorbents show the highest calcium content among the elements with the ability to bind phosphorus. The size of the specific surface does not determine the efficiency of phosphorus retention by the tested materials; therefore it is advisable to study the mechanism of its binding. The thermal modification process, along with the increase in the treatment temperature, improves the regularity of marl and travertine structures, which also manifests itself in increasing the efficiency of phosphorus removal.

19

Intensification of the Wastewater Treatment Process of a Bitumen Plant with the Production of Recycled Water

Serikbayeva Akmaral, Taizhanova Lyailim, Suleimenova Botagoz, Altybayeva Zhansaule, Seidalieva Leila

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

295--301

EN

The increasing demand for water with the industrialisation of the world is becoming a major problem as there is a water shortage all over the earth. Therefore, the water problem is one of the important problems that need to be effectively solved. This paper presents the results of research on wastewater treatment of bitumen production in the Mangystau region, which after physical and chemical treatment methods is sent to natural evaporation fields. As a result of research work, a method of wastewater treatment of bitumen plant was developed, which includes two stages: distillation of water on the solar plant and ozonation in order to oxidize volatile organic matter. Distillation to obtain primary treated water of 70–75% volume was carried out at 33–37 °C ambient temperature and 15–30 kPa rarefaction, at the same time COD of water was reduced by 68%.

20

Innovations in Wastewater Treatment – Harnessing Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulations with Cutting-Edge Technologies and Advanced Control Systems

Drewnowski Jakub, Szeląg Bartosz, Sabba Fabrizio, Piłat-Rożek Magdalena, Piotrowicz Adam, Łagód Grzegorz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 12

208--222

EN

The wastewater treatment landscape in Central Europe, particularly in Poland, has undergone a profound transformation due to European Union (EU) integration. Fueled by EU funding and rapid technological advancements, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have adopted cutting-edge control methods to adhere to EU Water Framework Directive mandates. WWTPs contend with complexities such as variable flow rates, temperature fluctuations, and evolving influent compositions, necessitating advanced control systems and precise sensors to ensure water quality, enhance energy efficiency, and reduce operational costs. Wastewater mathematical modeling provides operational flexibility, acting as a virtual testing ground for process enhancements and resource optimization. Real-time sensors play a crucial role in creating these models by continuously monitoring key parameters and supplying data to predictive models. These models empower real-time decision-making, resulting in minimized downtime and reduced expenses, thus promoting the sustainability and efficiency of WWTPs while aligning with resource recovery and environmental stewardship goals. The evolution of WWTPs in Central Europe is driven by a range of factors. To optimize WWTPs, a multi-criteria approach is presented, integrating simulation models with data mining methods, while taking into account parameter interactions. This approach strikes a balance between the volume of data collected and the complexity of statistical analysis, employing machine learning techniques to cut costs for process optimization. The future of WWTP control systems lies in “smart process control systems”, which revolve around simulation models driven by real-time data, ultimately leading to optimal biochemical processes. In conclusion, Central Europe’s wastewater treatment sector has wholeheartedly embraced advanced control methods and mathematical modeling to comply with EU regulations and advance sustainability objectives. Real-time monitoring and sophisticated modeling are instrumental in driving efficient, resource-conscious operations. Challenges remain in terms of data accessibility and cost-effective online monitoring, especially for smaller WWTPs.