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Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature and Biomass Composition on Bio-Oil Characteristics

Afrah Bazlina Dawami, Riady M. Ihsan, Arsadha Juliet Patricia, Rimadhina Rizky, Cundari Lia, Izzah Rosidah Zaatil

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 3

264--274

EN

Pyrolysis is a method of producing oils from the raw materials of biomass by decomposing the thermochemical of organic materials at a given temperature. Free variables used in this research include pyrolysis temperaturę and biomass composition. The temperature variation of pyrolysis consists of three ranges: 100–200; 200–300; and 300–350 °C. Meanwhile, the composition of biomass consists of five combinations of waste rubber and coconut shells ranging from 0% coconut shell and 100% rubber wood to 80% coconut shell and 20% rubber shell. The physical characteristics of bio-oil analyzed include volume, pH, density, viscosity, and GC-MS analysis to determine its chemical characteristics. Research results showed that the pyrolysis temperature and composition of the biomass affected the characteristics of the bio-oil. The results of GC-MS analysis on bio-oil at 300–350 0C showed that bio-oil with a biomass composition of 80% coconut shells and 20% rubber wood yielded 50.19% phenol. The percentage of phenol is greater than that found in bio-oil with 20% coconut shells and 80% rubber wood, which is 18.78% phenol.

2

Comparative Assessment of the Content of Heavy Metals in the Ash of Solid Fuel Pellets and Different Types of Sorted and Unsorted Solid Domestic Waste

Chupa Volodymyr, Adamenko Yaroslav, Boychuk Volodymyra, Kotsyubynska Yulia

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 5

25--31

EN

The research was aimed at evaluating the content of heavy metals in the ash of solid fuel pellets and various types of sorted and unsorted solid household waste. It highlighted the growing challenge of solid waste disposal and the potential of waste-to-energy technologies, and emphasized the importance of understanding the composition of fly ash due to its potential hazards. The research method involved the analysis of urban waste samples and their comparison with solid fuel pellets. The main findings revealed differences in chemical composition, with special emphasis on the presence and concentration of heavy metals. The highest concentrations of metal ions such as copper, strontium and lead were recorded in rubber, unsorted garbage and plastic. In the mixture of household waste of the Rybny landfill, such elements as: copper (Cu) – 0.141%, strontium (Sr) – 0.061%, and lead (Pb) – 0.016%. Studies show that Zn, Cu, Sr, Pb are the main threats in solid waste ash. Given the potential danger of these elements, the ash generated after incineration of solid household waste requires special handling and disposal (Retrieved, 2018, Perfect Publishing, 2015).

3

Waste as substrates for agricultural biogas plants : A case study from Poland

Czekała Wojciech, Pulka Jakub, Jasiński Tomasz, Szewczyk Piotr, Bojarski Wiktor, Jasiński Jan

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 56

45--50

EN

Energy production from renewable sources is one of the main ways to fight against global warming. Anaerobic digestion process can be used to produce biogas containing methane. In the light of the growing demand for substrates, a variety of raw materials are required. These substrates should be suitable for anaerobic digestion, and processing them need to provide the desired amount of energy. This paper aims to discuss the agricultural biogas market in Poland, its current state, and the possibility of development during energy transformation, in particular in terms of using waste as a substrate for energy production. In February 2022, there were 130 agricultural biogas plants registered in Poland. On the other hand, in 2020, 4,409,054.898 Mg of raw materials were used to produce agricultural biogas in Poland. Among all the substrates used, waste played a special role. With the right amount of raw materials and proper management of a biogas plant, it is possible to produce electricity and provide stable and predictable heat supply. Bearing in mind the development of the Polish and European biogas markets, attention should be paid to ensure access to raw materials from which chemical energy in the form of biogas can be generated. Due to limited access to farmland and the increasing demand for food production, one should expect that waste will be increasingly often used for biogas production, especially that with high energy potential, such as waste related to animal production and the meat industry.

4

Features of Refuse Derived Fuel in Poland – Physicochemical Properties and Availability of Refuse Derived Fuel

Nowak Martyna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 3

1--9

EN

Refuse Derived Fuels are used as energy carrier mainly in cement plants; however, more and more often they are applied in power plants as a substitute for fossil fuels. In order to prepare a proper waste-to-energy investment, the availability of the fuel, as well as fuel properties should be determined. The article presented the amounts of generated RDF in Poland, number installation which produced RDF in 2019 and 2020 and amounts of incinerated RDF in cement and incineration plants. The amount of generated RDF is rather constant – about 2.5 million Mg/year. RDF is mainly incinerated in cement plants – about 1.5 million Mg/year. The article also presented general physicochemical analysis of several RDF samples and coal. Some of the RDF samples reached high energy parameters – low heating value up to 25 MJ/kg; however, the properties vary a lot, due to their heterogeneous character, technological process of their production and other factors. In practice, the requested parameters and amount of RDF are established and the RDF producer prepares and delivers the fuel according to the concluded contract.

5

Municipal Solid Waste to Energy: Palletization of Paper and Garden Waste into Refuse Derived Fuel

Suryawan I. Wayan Koko, Septiariva Iva Yenis, Fauziah Eva Nur, Ramadan Bimastyaji Surya, Qonitan Fatimah Dinan, Zahra Nurulbaiti Listyendah, Sarwono Ariyanti, Sari Mega Mutiara, Ummatin Kuntum Khoiro, Lim Jun Wei

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 4

64--74

EN

The purpose of this research was to process a mixture of paper waste and garden waste based on material flow analysis and to analyze its parameters based on water content, ash content, heating value, along with Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA)/Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG). The garden waste treatment process consists of shredding, drying with a rotary dryer, separator, and then shaving with a hammer mill. Paper waste only needs a shredder process. Then, the mixing process and pelletizing of paper waste as well as garden waste are carried out according to the variation (w/w) 100% paper (K100), 75% paper (K75), 50% paper (K50), 25% paper (K25), and 100% garden waste (K0). The water content ranged from 5.8 to 15.25%. From K0 to K100 samples, the ash content increased from 4.54 to 9.85%. A correlation of 0.9047 was found from samples K0 to K100. There was a correlation between increasing calorific value along with the mixture with paper waste. The caloric value in K0 to K100 increased from 13.11 to 19.03 MJ/kg. The TGA/DTG analysis reduced mass due to water evaporation, devolatilization, and carbonization processes.

6

Factors determining the use of sewage sludge as a substrate for energy recovery

Jąderko-Skubis Karolina, Kurus Krzysztof

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2020

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z. 148

239--252

EN

Purpose: The aim of the article was to present the problems of converting sewage sludge into energy in relation to the strategies and legal regulations in force in Poland. This publication is an attempt to identify the factors determining the use of sewage sludge as substrates for energy recovery. Design/methodology/approach: The scope of undertaken research included quantitative analysis of the generated sludge, qualitative analysis, in order to define the parameters constituting the possibility of its effective use in energetics, as well as identification and evaluation of key determinants influencing the choice of the method of sludge management. Findings: Thermal treatment of sewage sludge is one of the strategic management directions chosen for this kind of waste. Based on the analyses and evaluation of the presented technological solutions in the field of research, it was indicated that the key factor limiting the general use of sewage sludge as a fuel is an economic issue, especially in relation to the cost of sludge preparation. Originality/value: The implementation of increasingly restrictive requirements in the field of sludge management forces the sludge treatment plants to find new solutions in order to manage them efficiently. Due to the above, the paper presents the basic factors that determine the initiation of studies concerning the use of the energy potential of the generated sludge.

7

Feasibility of municipal solid waste (MSW) as energy sources for Saudi Arabia’s future Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plants

Agboola P. O., Saleh J.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2016

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Vol. 18, nr 4

82--89

EN

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) generates between 1.4–1.75 kg/person/day of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) that accounts for over 16 million tons of MSW/year. The solid waste collected from different sources is dumped in landfills, thereby creating environmental concerns. In this paper, the potential of solid waste as an energy source (Waste to Energy (WTE)) for Reverse Osmosis (RO) water purification was evaluated. The KSA is known for its acute fresh water shortages and uses desalination technology in meeting its daily water requirements; a process that is energy intensive. The evaluation of the energy content of MSW shows a potential to produce about 927 MW in 2015, based on a total mass burn, and about 1,692 MW in 2032. The MSW-WTE plants can produce about 1.5% of the targeted 120 GW of energy for 2032. For the R.O system, it will give approximately 16.8% of the daily fresh water needed for total mass burn and 2.4% with the recycling option.

8

Numerical modeling of batch formation in waste incineration plants

Obroučka K., Vlček J., Moravcová T., Blahůšková V., Fojtík P.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2015

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Vol. 17, nr 1

1--6

EN

The aim of this paper is a mathematical description of algorithm for controlled assembly of incinerated batch of waste. The basis for formation of batch is selected parameters of incinerated waste as its calorific value or content of pollutants or the combination of both. The numerical model will allow, based on selected criteria, to compile batch of wastes which continuously follows the previous batch, which is a prerequisite for optimized operation of incinerator. The model was prepared as for waste storage in containers, as well as for waste storage in continuously refilled boxes. The mathematical model was developed into the computer program and its functionality was verified either by practical measurements or by numerical simulations. The proposed model can be used in incinerators for hazardous and municipal waste.

9

Skuteczność wodorowęglanu sodu w oczyszczaniu gazów spalinowych w europejskich spalarniach odpadów komunalnych

Święszek G.

Instal

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2015

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nr 6

15--19

PL

Powstające w Polsce liczne instalacje termicznego przekształcania odpadów komunalnych wymusiły dyskusję na temat wpływu samego procesu spalania na środowisko. Podstawowe pytania stawiane przez społeczeństwo dotyczą w szczególności zanieczyszczenia powietrza gazami spalinowymi. Istotny dla inżynierów jest zatem trafny wybór metody oczyszczania spalin, tak aby skażenie powietrza nie stało się faktem. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia, w oparciu o praktyczne doświadczenia oraz liczne badania laboratoryjne, skuteczność wodorowęglanu sodu w oczyszczaniu gazów spalinowych, pokazując przez to interesującą alternatywę dla metod mokrych i półsuchych bazujących na sorbentach wapniowych.

EN

A number of municipal waste thermal treatment plants, which are currently developed and built in Poland, initiated a debate on the impact of the incineration process on the environment. Basic questions posed by people relate in particular to air pollution because of the flue gases. The main point for engineers therefore is to choose the accurate method of the flue gas treatment, so that air pollution wouldn’t become a reality. This article presents, based on practical experience and numerous laboratory studies, the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate in the flue gas treatment, showing by this an interesting alternative to the other methods, especially wet method respectively semi-dry based on calcium sorbents.

10

Zastosowanie wodorowęglanu sodu do neutralizacji kwaśnych związków w spalinach

Święszek G.

Instal

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2014

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nr 7/8

23--28

PL

Wprowadzanie coraz bardziej rygorystycznych standardów emisyjnych powodowane troską o przyszłe pokolenia w dobie polityki zrównoważonego rozwoju, skłaniają przedsiębiorców do poszukiwania nowych rozwiązań dla swoich instalacji oczyszczania spalin. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia jedno z takich rozwiązań, a mianowicie suchą metodę oczyszczania spalin z użyciem wodorowęglanu sodu. Metoda ta zapewnia bardzo efektywne usuwanie substancji kwaśnych ze spalin, a w połączeniu z węglem aktywnym, także metali ciężkich oraz zanieczyszczeń organicznych, w tym dioksyn i furanów. Oczyszczone produkty reakcji z filtra mogą zostać poddane recyklingowi w różnych procesach przemysłowych. W Europie i na świecie znane są dziesiątki zastosowań metody z użyciem wodorowęglanu sodu. Można ją spotkać w spalarniach odpadów komunalnych, osadów ściekowych, biomasy i paliw alternatywnych, w cementowniach, w przemyśle ceramicznym, rafineryjnym, papierniczym, hutniczym, jak i w energetyce. Swoją silną i stabilną pozycję na rynku zawdzięcza wielu zaletom jakie oferuje, między innymi: prostej budowie i wysokiej dyspozycyjności instalacji, bezpiecznemu i bardzo reaktywnemu sorbentowi, możliwości doskonałej optymalizacji energetycznej instalacji, minimalizacji finalnych odpadów do zagospodarowania oraz łatwości w adaptacji do nowych ostrzejszych standardów emisji zanieczyszczeń do powietrza. Jest ona znakomitą alternatywą dla innych metod oczyszczania spalin, mokrych lub bazujących na sorbentach wapniowych.

EN

The introduction of increasingly rigorous emission standards due to concerns about future generations in the era of the sustainable development policy motivates companies to search for new solutions for their flue gas treatment installations. This article presents one of such solutions, namely a dry method for the treatment using sodium bicarbonate. This method provides a very efficient removal of acid substances from flue gases and, in combination with activated carbon, also the mitigation of heavy metals and organic pollutants, including dioxins and furans. After purification, the reaction products from the filter can be recycled in a variety of industrial processes. In Europe and in the world many uses of the method with sodium bicarbonate are known. It can be found in municipal waste, sewage sludge, biomass and alternative fuels incineration plants, in the industry of cement, ceramic, refining, paper and steel, as well as in the energetic sector. Its strong and stable position in the market is owed to the simple construction and high efficiency of the installation, the safe and high reactive additive, good energy optimization opportunities, the minimization of the final residues for disposal and the easy adaptation to new, stricter standards of emission limits into the air. It is an excellent alternative to the other methods of the flue gas treatment like wet or lime-based processes.