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Environmental factors affecting splash erosion in the mountain area (the Western Polish Carpathians)

Kijowska-Strugała Małgorzata, Kiszka Krzysztof

Landform Analysis

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2018

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Vol. 36

97--111

EN

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of various environmental factors on splash erosion based on the funnel method under natural conditions. The relationship between splash and wash erosion were also studied. The intermediate timescale study (2012–2016, from May to October) was conducted in the Western Polish Carpathians where Inceptisols predominate. The splash erosion rate (kg m−2) was variable and showed a strong correlation with environmental factors, including rainfall parameters, land use (black fallow, meadow), slope gradient (0°, 11°), and also the particle size of soil and usage time (organic matter content, OM). The splash erosion rate on the slope with black fallow was 95 times higher than in the meadow and up to 20 times higher than in flat area. The average downslope splash erosion was 75% higher than the upslope splash erosion, and the soil particles were detached to maximum heights of 50 cm (downslope). There was a positive correlation between splash erosion and wash and a negative correlation between splash erosion and OM.

2

Nowoczesne rozwiązania mycia i dezynfekcji

Godlewska K.

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2007

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T. 61, nr 8

68-71

PL

Konkurencja między firmami dostarczającymi środki do higienizacji dla przemysłu spożywczego, a także zmiany w prawodawstwie unijnym i polskim wymagają wprowadzania nowoczesnych środków i systemów mycia i dezynfekcji, które będą skuteczne, ale nie będą miały negatywnego wpływu na środowisko. W artykule przedstawiono kierunki nowoczesnych rozwiązań związane z udoskonalaniem preparatów dezynfekujących, poprawą bezpieczeństwa operatora, zmianą technik mycia oraz z zastosowaniem zaawansowanych technologii w zarządzaniu higieną.

EN

The competition between firms which deliver agents to hygienisation for food industry, and also changes in European and Polish law demand to introduce modern agents and systems to washing and disinfection, which will be efficient, but will not be able negative effect on habitat. In this article are described directions modern treatment connected with improvement disinfect preparations, betterment safety of operator, changing wash technique and also with used advanced technology in hygiene management.

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The intensity of soil erosion in agricultural areas in North - Eastern Poland

Smolska E.

Landform Analysis

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2002

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Vol. 3

25--33

EN

Investigations in to the intensity of soil erosion have been conducted by measurements of rill capacities on selected hillslopes in agricultural areas of North-Eastern Poland. The intensity of interrill erosion has been measured by using sediment traps. Owing to the interrill erosion, it is the convex parts of the slopes which have been eroded the most intensively. On gentle slopes (<9 degrees), the most intensive erosion has been observed in the upper convex part (0,3-7 t/ha/ yr.) and a zone of temporary deposition has been identified just below the zone of erosion i.e. in the middle and the lower parts of a convex-concave slope. On steeper slopes (those steeper than 9-10°) the upper and middle part of the slope are also part of the zone of erosion. The highest rates of erosion occur in those middle parts of the slope witch have the steepest inclination (3-11 t/ha/per yr.). Soil deposition takes place in the upper concave part of the slope. The rill erosion is the effect of ploughing parallel with the slope. The highest rate of denudation is in the middle and the lower parts of the convex-concave slope (3,3-16,6 t/ha/yr.). The areas of micro-catchment are a very important factors in the determination of the effectiveness of rill erosion. The efficient operation of the process was observed in the zone making 10-21% of the total area of micro-catchments. Rill erosion only takes place in plough lands. On slopes used as pastures the intensity of sheet wash was very small, averaging 16-58 kg/ha/yr. On slopes which were not in use and had a natural vegetation, it was only 2-10 kg/ha/yr. Volumetric measurements of covers at the bases of the slopes show that the thickness of the anthropogenic accumulation (either from run off or agrotechnical practice) formed as an agricultural diamicton is 40-100 cm in Suwałki Lakeland. In the northern pail of Mazowiecka Lowland these diamictons are thicker, locally exceeding 2,5 m.