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EN
In electric vehicles, as in hybrids vehicles, a very important factor affecting the energy efficiency of the power-train is the ability to use the regenerative braking energy. Depending on the settings available in electric vehicles, the driver can choose different modes of operation: switch off the regenerative braking mode altogether, select the intensity of regenerative braking, or leave the control system in automatic mode. The last mode is often the only one available on eclectic vehicles, so the driver cannot decide whether to switch off or increase intensity of the regenerative braking. This paper presents a new method for evaluating the energy efficiency of electric vehicle powertrains under urban operating conditions. The presented method uses a procedure for mapping the operating conditions allowing to determine the reference level of energy consumption in relation to those recorded during the identification tests. Identification tests were carried out in the Tri-City area using electric vehicles of different purposes and operating parameters. Performed tests allowed to evaluate the regenerative braking efficiency of tested vehicle, which varies over a relatively wide range, for vehicle A from 33 to 77%, for vehicle B from 27 to 55% and for vehicle C from 36 to 58%. It can be concluded that one of the main factors determining the regenerative braking efficiency is the level of state of charge of the accumulator and the management algorithm used by the vehicle for controlling this parameter.
EN
The influence of air pollutants on visibility in Warsaw Agglomeration has been investigated. Following pollutants were considered: PM10, SO2, NO2 and O3, while meteorological parameters included: air temperatures (mean, minimum, maximum), solar radiation, relative air humidity, rainfall rates and wind speed. Initial analyses were performed with the use of principal component analysis (PCA). In next stages, the logistic regression (LR), the analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way classification and a model path of generalized regression models (GRM) were applied. PCA analysis showed that in the cold season the visibility index depends on PM10, SO2, NO2 and the temperatures: T, Tmin, and Tmax. In the warm season, the index of visibility is mostly shaped by four elements: O3, T, Tmax and solar radiation. Logistic regression model indicated that in the warm season only two variables are significantly related to visibility: PM10 and relative humidity of air. Regularities in the cold season shown by the LR correspond with the conclusions from the PCA. Among meteorological conditions, the most important is air temperature, but only Tmax preserves the same direction of influence as the one pointed by the PCA model.
PL
W artykule zostały omówione główne aspekty związane z projektowaniem, budową i użytkowaniem tzw. budynków zeroenergetycznych w przestrzeni miejskiej. Dokonano wstępnej analizy aktów prawnych regulujących i narzucających potrzebę rozwoju budownictwa mieszkaniowego niskoemisyjnego.
EN
The paper describes issues regarding zero- or plus-energy building construction and maintenance in urbanized areas. The legal environment for such building was also described. Moreover, the paper shows possible waste of energy production and storage, together with the characteristic of mentioned renewable energy sources which can be used for power and heat generation inside buildings.
PL
W artykule przestawiono ocenę dokładności algorytmu służącego do lokalizacji węzłów bezprzewodowej sieci sensorowej wykorzystującego wartości mocy odbieranego sygnału radiowego (RSS - Received Signal Strength). Celem pracy było zbadanie, czy uzyskana dokładność jest wystarczająca do bezpiecznego nawigowania osoby niewidomej lub słabowidzącej w warunkach miejskich. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki symulacji oraz określono zakres stosowalności i ograniczenia badanego algorytmu.
EN
In the paper the accuracy of the RSS (Received Signal Strength) based algorithm for nodes localization in Wireless Sensor Networks is investigated. The aim of the works was to evaluate the usefulness of the algorithm for safe navigation of visually impaired persons in urban environment. In particular, the crosswalk to tram stop located between lines of the road was analysed. Simulation results as well as range of applicability and algorithm limitations are presented.
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