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1

An Evaluation of Some Machine Learning Algorithms as Tools for Predicting Soil Characteristics Based on Their Spectral Response in the Vis‑NIR Range

Gruszczyński Stanisław

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 15, no. 1

63--95

EN

Using the Land Use and Coverage Frame Survey (LUCAS) database of European soil surface layer properties, statistical and machine learning predictive models for several key soil characteristics (clay content, pH in CaCl2 , concentration of organic carbon, calcium carbonates and nitrogen and exchange cations capacity) were compared on the basis of processing their spectral responses in the visible (Vis) and near infrared (NIR) parts. Standard methods of relationship modeling were used: stepwise regression, partial least squares regression and linear regression with input data obtained from principal components analysis. Using the inputs extracted by statistical algorithms various machine learning algorithms were used in the modeling. The usefulness of the models was analyzed by comparison with the values of the determination coefficients, the root mean square error and the distribution of residual values. The mean square error of estimation in the cross validation procedure for the stack mod el using the multilayer perceptron and the distributed random forest were as follows: for clay content – ca. 4.5%; for pH – ca. 0.35; for SOC – ca. 7.5 g/kg (0.75% by weight); for CaCO3 content – ca. 19 g/kg; for N content – ca. 0.50 g/kg; and for CEC – ca. 3.5 cmol(+)/kg.

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Seasonal Changes of Soil Nitrogen Mineralization Along Restoration Gradient of Sandy Grassland, Northern China

Lv Peng, Zuo Xiaoan, Sun Shanshan, Zhang Jing, Zhao Shenglong, Hu Ya

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2020

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Vol. 68, nr 4

283--295

EN

Soil nitrogen mineralization strongly affects N availability, thus impacting the primary productivity in ecosystems. The seasonal environmental changes affect soil mineralization in restored sandy grasslands such as a studied mobile dune (MD), a semi-fixed dune (SFD), a fixed dune (FD) and a grassland (G). During the growing season, we examined the association of soil N mineralization rate with vegetation characteristics, soil properties and climatic factors through the multivariate stepwise regression model. The vegetation cover, species diversity, above- and belowground biomass, soil carbon, nitrogen, soil water content (SWC), pH, electrical conductivity, very fine sand, clay and silt fractions increased during sandy grassland restoration. The NH4+-N concentration in MD and SFD was higher than that in FD and G, while NO3--N and inorganic N concentration showed a reverse trend. The NH4+N, NO3--N and inorganic N concentrations in MD, SFD and FD reached to the highest values in June, while in G they were highest in May. The net mineralization and nitrification rates increased with sandy grassland restoration; both of these rates were much greater in June than in other months at all sites. Regression analysis showed that the NO3--N concentration, SWC, pH of the soil and precipitation could explain 75% of the total variation in net nitrification rate, and the NO3--N concentration and precipitation could explain 59% of the total variation in the net mineralization rate. These results illustrate that the sandy grassland restoration can enhance the soil N availability, with soil N mineralization mainly determined by the changes of the NO3--N concentration and precipitation.

3

The influence of habitat conditions on developing and floristic character of Arrhenatheretum elatioris community syntaxons in the Flinta valley (Central Poland)

Kaczmarek Z., Gajewski P., Grzelak M., Gaweł A., Barszczewski J.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 63, nr 2

101--105

EN

Differentiation of habitat conditions results in the development of areas of ryegrass grasslands of significant floristic variation and provides a basis for the distinction of lower phytosociological units. The paper contains a floristic characteristic of Arrhenatheretum elatioris syntaxons regarding their habitats. The aim of the study was a detailed characteristic of habitats including their phytosociological as well as soil properties. The analysis of 44 phytosociological relevés of ryegrass grasslands areas enabled a comparison of their botanical and phytosociological structures as well as of their floristic diversity. Three subassociations were found in it: Arrhenatheretum elatioris typicum, Arrhenatheretum elatioris ranunculetosum repentis and Arrhenatheretum elatioris dactylidosum glomeratae. Furthermore, the paper contains a detailed description and interpretation of soil conditions. Two soil profiles were performed in mucky soils (Mollic Gleysols). In the samples collected from various genetic horizons, such properties were marked: pH, the content of carbon and total nitrogen, calcination loss, texture, soil density and particle density, total and drainage porosity, hygroscopic moisture and maximum hygroscopic capacity, potential of water bonding in soil and its total and readily available waters, total retention and filtration ratio. The examined soils were rich in organic matter and light texture of mineral endopedones which determined their high total porosity. Drainage porosity and filtration ratio were balanced and high, which gave good conditions for natural drainage. Water capacities, at each water bonding potential, were of similar characteristics to soils of similar texture.

PL

Zróżnicowanie warunków siedliskowych przyczynia się do wykształcania płatów łąk rajgrasowych o znacznym zróżnicowaniu florystycznym i daje podstawy do wyróżnienia niższych jednostek fitosocjologicznych. W pracy przedstawiono charakterystykę florystyczną syntaksonów zespołu Arrhenatheretum elatioris w zależności od siedliska. Celem pracy była szczegółowa charakterystyka siedlisk, uwzględniająca zarówno ich fitosocjologię, jak i właściwości glebowe. Analiza 44 zdjęć fitosocjologicznych płatów łąk rajgrasowych umożliwiła porównanie ich struktury botanicznej i fitosocjologicznej oraz różnorodności florystycznej. Oznaczono trzy subasociacje: Arrhenatheretum elatioris typicum, Arrhenatheretum elatioris ranunculetosum repentis, Arrhenatheretum elatioris dactylidosum glomeratae. Ponadto w pracy szczegółowo opisano i zinterpretowane warunki glebowe. Wykonano 2 profile glebowe w glebach murszowatych (Mollic Gleysols). W próbkach, pobranych z poszczególnych poziomów genetycznych, oznaczono takie właściwości jak: pH, zawartość węgla i azotu ogólnego, straty prażenia, uziarnienie, gęstość gleby oraz jej fazy stałej, porowatość całkowitą i drenażową, wilgotność higroskopową oraz maksymalną pojemność higroskopową, potencjał wiązania wody przez glebę oraz jej potencjalną i efektywną retencję użyteczną, retencję całkowitą, współczynnik filtracji. Gleby badanych siedlisk wykazywały dość niską zawartość materii organicznej oraz lekkie uziarnienie endopedonów. Układ tych właściwości, w znacznym stopniu, określał ich cechy funkcjonalne. Ich gęstość była niska, a porowatość całkowita wysoka. Poszczególne pojemności wodne były wysokie, jednakże znaczna część wody była trudno dostępna. Całkowite zdolności retencyjne ocenić można jako korzystne. Obserwowane w ostatniej dekadzie, niekorzystne warunki pogodowe oraz coraz intensywniejsza presja rolnicza, będą prawdopodobnie powodować ewolucję tych gleb w kierunku gleb mineralnych.

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Soil properties and dendrological parameters of trees after 20-year reforestation in the post fire area Potrzebowice (Middle Poland)

Bojarski K., Kaczmarek Z.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 63, nr 2

9--14

EN

The paper presents results of the research on the assessment of technical parameters of forest stands on a post-fire area which has been reclaimed for 20 years, based on various methods of soil preparation. An attempt was made to determine the potential influence of soil properties on them. The following variants were tested: digging furrows with a forest plough, shallow tillage with a disc plough, dimples dug with a shovel, natural succession, forest complex intact by fire (zero area). Planting was done with: Quercus rubra, Pinus sylvestris, Betula pendula, Quercus petraea, Larix decidua, Alnus incana. The examined area is dominated by Brunic arenosols and podzols. The following technical parameters were determined: height, diameter at breast height (DBH), relascopic number of trees and forest cover. Such properties were marked as: texture, solid phase density, soil density, porosity, moisture, pH, hydrolytic acidity, cation exchange capacity, the content of exchangeable cations and available forms, organic carbon and total nitrogen content. No relations were observed between the variations of soil properties and technical parameters of the investigated forest stands. It suggests that soil preparation methods were the most important factor which influenced the examined parameters. According to the obtained results, planting into dimples is a good method for post-fire soil preparation. It is difficult to determine unambiguously which reclamation method is the best for a post-fire area in order to obtain better technical parameters, however, the observations may be helpful in determining more effective ways of post-fire forest stands’ reconstruction.

PL

Praca zawiera wyniki badań dotyczące właściwości gleb na pożarzysku restytuowanym od 20. lat, w oparciu o różne sposoby przygotowania gleby oraz odmienne nasadzenia. Scharakteryzowano również podstawowe parametry dendrologiczne drzew, stanowiących odnowienia na poszczególnych – w różny sposób przygotowanych – płaszczyznach. Testowano następujące warianty: wyoranie bruzd pługiem dwuodkładnicowym, płytka orka pługiem talerzowym, jamki wykopane łopatą, sukcesja naturalna, kompleks leśny nienaruszony przez pożar (powierzchnia zerowa). Do nasadzeń użyto: Quercus rubra, Pinus sylvestris, Betula pendula, Quercus petraea, Larix decidua, Alnus incana. Określono następujące parametry techniczne: wysokość, pierśnicę, relaskopową liczbę drzew, zadrzewienie. Na badanym obszarze dominującymi typami gleb były gleby rdzawe oraz bielice. Oznaczono takie właściwości gleby, jak: skład granulometryczny, gęstość fazy stałej, gęstość gleby, porowatość, wilgotność, odczyn, kwasowość hydrolityczną, kationową pojemność sorpcyjną, zawartość wymiennych oraz przyswajalnych form, węgiel organiczny, azot ogólny. W odniesieniu do gleb siedliska leśnego, nienaruszonego przez pożar, w glebach reforestowanego obszaru, wystąpiło znaczne zmniejszenie się zawartości węgla organicznego oraz wzrost zawartości azotu ogólnego. Zawężeniu uległ stosunek C:N; nieznacznie podniosło się pH. Większość kationów wymiennych uległa wymyciu. Właściwości fizyczne gleb poszczególnych płaszczyzn badawczych były zróżnicowane w bardzo małym stopniu. Przeprowadzone badania wskazują, że dość dobrym sposobem przygotowania gleby popożarowej jest nasadzenie w jamki. Na obecnym etapie badań trudno jest jednoznacznie określić wybór najlepszej metody rekultywacji pożarzyska w celu osiągania lepszych parametrów technicznych, jednakże dokonane obserwacje mogą być pomocne w typowaniu efektywniejszych metod odbudowy drzewostanów dotkniętych klęską pożaru.

5

Composition of soil solution after 10 years of PRP SOL fertilization based on the selected chemical properties

Spychalski W., Sulewska H., Ratajczak K., Kaczmarek T.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 62, nr 4

139--143

EN

The paper presents the results of the research on the effect of PRP SOL fertilization on the basic chemical properties of soil and composition of soil solution. The soil has been sampled from the level of humus of many years' experiment established on light soil using traditional fertilization (NPK) and PRP SOL fertilizer was used instead of PK fertilization. Nitrogen doses remained the same in both combinations. Collected samples for testing were taken from a depth of 0-20 cm using an automatic soil sampler. In the plots where PRP SOL fertilization was applied, a statistically significant decrease in the content of available forms of potassium and an increase in the amount of available magnesium forms were observed. There was no significant influence of factors used in the experiment on total organic carbon and nitrogen content. Long-term application of PRP SOL fertilization resulted in statistically significant differences in chemical composition of soil solutions. A significant decrease in the concentration of the following components was observed in these plots: K+, Na+, PO43-, NH4+ and the increase in pH value. Modification effect on soil solution chemistry was also caused by the species of cultivated plants.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące wpływu nawożenia PRP SOL na podstawowe właściwości chemiczne gleb oraz skład roztworu glebowego. Przedmiotem badań były próbki glebowe pobrane z poziomu próchnicznego wieloletniego doświadczenia założonego na glebie płowej, na której stosowane było nawożenie tradycyjne (NPK) oraz zamiast nawożenia PK stosowany był nawóz zwany PRP SOL. Dawki azotu pozostały w obu kombinacjach takie same. Próbki powierzchniowe - średnie do badań pobrano z głębokości 0-20 cm za pomocą automatycznego próbnika glebowego. Na poletkach, na których było stosowane nawożenie PRP SOL stwierdzono statystycznie istotny spadek zawartości przyswajalnych form potasu oraz wzrost ilości przyswajalnych form magnezu. Nie stwierdzono istotnego wpływu zastosowanych w doświadczeniu czynników na zawartość węgla organicznego oraz azotu ogółem. Wieloletnie stosowanie nawożenia PRP SOL spowodowało statystycznie istotne różnice w składzie chemicznym roztworów glebowych. Na tych poletkach stwierdzono istotny spadek stężenia następujących składników: K+, Na+, PO43-, NH4+ oraz wzrost wartości odczynu. Modyfikujący wpływ na chemizm roztworu glebowego wywierał także gatunek uprawianych roślin.

6

Badanie parametrów gleby z terenów przywodnych

Nesteruk O., Łabuz M., Wal A.

Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska

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2017

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T. 7, nr 2

70--73

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań próbek gleby z obszaru Podkarpacia pod kątem zawartości wybranych pierwiastków oraz jej składu procentowego. W badaniach wykorzystano zestawy testów kolorymetrycznych oraz spektrometr fluorescencji rentgenowskiej z dyspersją energii, ARL Quart’X EDXRF. Opisano metodologię pobierania próbek oraz stosowane metody badawcze.

EN

In the paper results of investigations of soil samples from Subcarpathian region for chosen elements and the percentage of appearance has been presented. In investigations the fast test method as well as energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer (ARL Quart’X) have been used. The methodology of samples collecting and the principle of the EDXRF operation have been described.

7

Technologia otrzymywania środków poprawiających właściwości gleby na bazie zwiercin, płuczek i osadów ściekowych

Gluzińska J., Rusek P., Paszek A., Turkowska M., Tomanek G., Borowik K.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2016

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T. 95, nr 6

1125--1128

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań nad możliwością wykorzystania odpadowych płuczek i zwiercin z procesu wydobywania gazu z łupków oraz osadów ściekowych do wytwarzania środków poprawiających właściwości gleby. Uzyskane dane doświadczalne pozwoliły na opracowanie technologii wytwarzania środków o projektowanych właściwościach poprawiających właściwości gleby.

EN

Spent drilling fluids and drill cuttings from the extn. of shale gas were mixed with waste residues, sewage sludges and burnt lime and used for prodn. of mixts. improving soil properties. The mixts. were studied for chem. compn. and then recommended for agricultural use.

8

Selected monitoring properties of agricultural soil from the Imielin experimental site

Radziemska M., Fronczyk J., Lech M., Sieczka A., Lechowicz Z.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2016

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Vol. 25, No. 2

105--115

EN

The effects of two types of agricultural practice: (1) Variable Rate Application (VRA) and (2) uniform (UNI) N dose on selected chemical properties of soil were compared in a field fertilization experiment. Nitrogen, in doses 60 or 80 kgN.ha-1 (UNI), and 55-105 kgN.ha-1 (VRA) was applied to soil farmed with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The research was conducted in the 2012/2013 growing season in Poland on 22 ha of production fields located in the Imielin countryside (central Poland). The soil samples were taken from three depths: 0.0-0.3 m, 0.3-0.6 m, and 0.6-0.9 m, and the pH, HAC, TEB, CEC, and BS were determined. The application of the nitrogen fertilizer in the two types of agricultural practice - Variable Rate Application (VRA) and uniform (UNI) N dose modified the basic physical and chemical properties of soil. The highest values of pH and hydrolytic acidity were observed at the soil depth of 0.6-0.9 m after the first rate of nitrogen fertilizer was applied. Cation exchange capacity of soils collected after uniform nitrogen rates were characterized by values decreasing with the increasing depth of the soil profile.

PL

Wpływ dwóch rodzajów nawożenia (1) zmienną (VRA) i (2) stałą dawką azotu (UNI) na wybrane właściwości chemiczne gleb została określona w oparciu o doświadczenie polowe. Dawki azotu ilościach 60 i 80 kgN.ha-1 (UNI) i 55-105 kgN.ha-1 (VRA) były dodawane do gleby na której uprawiano pszenicę ozimą (Triticum aestivum L.). Badania przeprowadzono w sezonie wegetacyjnym 2012/2013 na 22 ha polu uprawnym zlokalizowanym w miejscowości Imielin (centralna Polska). Próbki gleb pobrano z trzech głębokości: 0,0-0,3 m, 0,3-0,6 m i 0,6-0,9 m i oznaczono w nich: ph, EC, Hh, S, T, V. Aplikacja nawozów azotowych w zmiennej (VRA) i stałej dawce (UNI) azotu modyfikowała podstawowe fizyko-chemiczne właściwości gleby. Najwyższymi wartościami pH i kwasowości hydrolitycznej charakteryzowała się gleba pochodząca z głębokości pomiarowej 0,6-0,9 m pobrana po pierwszej dawce wysiewu nawozów. Kationowa pojemność gleb pochodzących z poboru po drugiej dawce nawożenia stałą dawką azotu charakteryzowała się wzrostem swej wartości w miarę zwiększania się głębokości pomiarowej.

9

Earth observation and geospatial techniques for soil salinity and land capability assessment over Sundarban Bay of Bengal Coast, India

Das S., Choudhury M. R, Das S., Nagarajan M.

Geodesy and Cartography

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2016

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Vol. 65, no. 2

163--192

EN

To guarantee food security and job creation of small scale farmers to commercial farmers, unproductive farms in the South 24 PGS, West Bengal need land reform program to be restructured and evaluated for agricultural productivity. This study established a potential role of remote sensing and GIS for identification and mapping of salinity zone and spatial planning of agricultural land over the Basanti and Gosaba Islands(808.314sq. km) of South 24 PGS. District of West Bengal. The primary data i.e. soil pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Sodium Absorption ratio (SAR) were obtained from soil samples of various GCP (Ground Control Points) locations collected at 50 mts. intervals by handheld GPS from 0–100 cm depths. The secondary information is acquired from the remotely sensed satellite data (LANDSAT ETM+) in different time scale and digital elevation model. The collected field samples were tested in the laboratory and were validated with Remote Sensing based digital indices analysisover the temporal satellite data to assess the potential changes due to over salinization. Soil physical properties such as texture, structure, depth and drainage condition is stored as attributes in a geographical soil database and linked with the soil map units. The thematic maps are integrated with climatic and terrain conditions of the area to produce land capability maps for paddy. Finally, The weighted overlay analysis was performed to assign theweights according to the importance of parameters taken into account for salineareaidentification and mapping to segregate higher, moderate, lower salinity zonesover the study area.

10

Landscape Patch Pattern Effect on Relationships between Soil Properties and Earthworm Assemblages: A Comparison of two Farmlands of Different Spatial Structure

Regulska E., Kołaczkowska E.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 4

549--558

EN

Our survey was carried out in two study sites of approximately 3.3 ha each located in the Suwałki Lake District in NE Poland in the year 2008. Earthworms and soil samples were collected during two campaigns (spring and autumn) from 25 × 25 cm and 30 cm deep sampling points. The complex arable landscape (CAL) supported higher earthworm diversity, density and biomass than the similarly managed but homogeneous arable landscape (HAL). The spring and autumn earthworm sampling campaigns revealed very different patterns, and we conclude that autumn sampling is the most adequate for biomonitoring. On the other hand, the spring collections were significantly correlated to soil physical parameters, thus spring sampling is more suitable for studying such correlations. Significant correlations occurred almost exclusively for CAL and the soil parameters significantly relating with earthworm community were: soil moisture, nitrogen and organic carbon contents. The possible reason for it is the presence of numerous refuges for lumbricids offered by field margins, balks, woodlots and meadows in the CAL and lack of them in the HAL.

11

Floral and habitat diversity of ecological grasslands in the Bystra Notec Valley

Gajewski P., Kaczmarek Z., Owczarzak W., Glina B., Grzelak M., Murawski M.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 60, nr 3

47--51

EN

The paper presents floral and soil diversity of selected soils of ecological grasslands in the Bystra Notec Valley. The state of vegetation cover was described on the basis of floral composition and such soil properties as the: content of organic matter, specific density, soil density, total porosity, maximal hygroscopic capacity, soil potential of water bonds, total and readily available water and reaction were analysed. The analysed soils showed high diversity in the scope of the examined properties. They resulted mostly from the content and state of transformation of organic matter. Meadow grasslands were diversified in terms of flora and natural qualities. They were dominated by species characteristic to Phragmitetea class. The highest floral diversity was observed on grasslands from Phalaridetum arundinaceae group H’=3,1of medium natural qualities. It depended mostly on current habitat and agricultural use.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono zróżnicowanie florystyczne i glebowe wybranych gleb ekologicznych użytków zielonych w Dolinie Środkowej Noteci. Scharakteryzowano stan pokrywy roślinnej na podstawie składu florystycznego oraz przeanalizowano takie właściwości gleb, jak: zawartość materii organicznej, gęstość fazy stałej, gęstość gleby, porowatość całkowita, maksymalna pojemność higroskopowa, potencjały wiązania wody przez glebę, potencjalna i efektywna retencja użyteczna oraz odczyn. Analizowane gleby wykazywały silne zróżnicowanie w obrębie badanych właściwości. Wynikały one głównie z zawartości i stopnia przeobrażenia materii organicznej. Zbiorowiska łąkowe wykazały zróżnicowanie florystyczne oraz zróżnicowanie walorów przyrodniczych. Dominowały na nich gatunki charakterystyczne dla klasy Phragmitetea. Najwyższa różnorodnością florystyczną charakteryzowały się łąki zespołu Phalaridetum arundinaceae H’=3,1, o średnio umiarkowanej wartości przyrodniczej. Uzależnione było to w głównej mierze od aktualnie panujących tam warunków siedliskowych i użytkowania.

12

A long-term influence of anthropogenic alkalization on molluscs biodiversity in an area affected by cement industry : Świętokrzyskie Mountains, South-Central Poland

Barga-Więcławska J. A., Świercz A.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2015

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Vol. 41, no. 4

49--61

EN

The presented paper reports data from malacological and pedological studies carried out at sites representing diverse biotopes (beech wood, coniferous forest, and meadow) located 2 km away from the Dyckerhoff Cement Plant in Sitkówka-Nowiny in 1992 and in 2008–2009. The studies aimed to determine physicochemical properties of soils exposed to cement and limestone dust emission and to identify composition of snail communities inhabiting three different biotopes in relation to physicochemical properties of soils, and to grasp the dynamics of the alkalization-dependent changes in physicochemical properties of soils and their impact on the composition and ecological structure of malacofauna.

PL

Prezentowana praca przedstawia wyniki wieloletnich badań malakologicznych i gleboznawczych, które zostały przeprowadzone w zróżnicowanych biotopach (las, bór, łąka) znajdujących się do 2 km od emitora pyłów, Cementowni Dyckerhoff Sitkówka-Nowiny w latach: 1992–1993 oraz 2008–2009. Celem pracy było przedstawienie zmian właściwości fizyczno-chemicznych gleb, przekształconych pod wpływem alkalizacji, które zadecydowały o składzie gatunkowym malakofauny bytującej w 3 różnych biotopach.

13

Zróżnicowanie właściwości gleb uprawnych oraz leśnych na erodowanych stokach

Wiśniewski P., Wojtasik M.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2014

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Nr 39

198--208

PL

Podstawowym sposobem ograniczania erozji gleb i gruntów jest zmiana ich użytkowania, na przykład z ornego na leśne. Szczególnie skuteczną funkcję ochronną pełnią – zgodnie z przyjętą w Polsce formułą prawną – lasy glebochronne. W pracy określono różnice w deformacji podstawowych właściwości gleb na powierzchniach stokowych w zależności od sposobu ich użytkowania oraz oceniono rolę lasów glebochronnych w ograniczaniu natężenia i skutków procesów erozyjnych. Wykonane przekroje niwelacyjno-glebowe oraz analizy pobranego z odkrywek materiału wykazały, że lasy glebochronne stanowią istotną ochronę przed degradacją pokrywy glebowej, ograniczając m.in. ubytki próchnicy oraz redukcję wierzchnich poziomów i warstw pedonów. Na stokach pod lasami glebochronnymi stwierdzono wyraźne zmiany uziarnienia i właściwości chemicznych gleb w stosunku do sąsiadujących z nimi stoków użytkowanych rolniczo.

EN

The basic method of reducing soil and land erosion is a change of land use, for example, from arable to forest. Particularly effective as a protective role – according to the Polish law – soil-protecting forests. The thesis presents differences in the deformation of the basic soil properties on moraine slopes, depending on land use. There has been presented the function and the efficiency of the soil-protecting forests in erosion control. The soil cross section transects and soil analysis displayed that soil-protecting forests are making an essential soil cover protection from degradation, inter alia, limiting the decrease of humus content, reduction of upper soil horizons and soil pedons layer. On the afforested slopes it was stated some clear changes of grain size and chemical properties of soils in relation to adjacent slopes agriculturally used.

14

Wpływ międzyplonów oraz różnych technologii uprawy roli na plonowanie kukurydzy

Biskupski A., Sekutowski T R, Włodek S, Smagacz J, Owsiak Z

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2014

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Nr 38

7--16

PL

Badania prowadzono w latach 2008–2010 na polach Stacji Doświadczalnej IUNG w Jelczu Laskowicach. Doświadczenia dwuczynnikowe zakładano na glebie płowej wytworzonej z piasku gliniastego mocnego pylastego, metodą losowanych podbloków w czterech powtórzeniach. Czynnikami doświadczenia były międzyplony (gorczyca i łubin), oraz sposoby uprawy roli (tradycyjna, uproszczona i zerowa). Przedplonem była pszenica ozima, natomiast rośliną następczą – kukurydza. Wskaźnik powierzchni liścia (LAI) oraz średni kąt nachylenia liścia (MTA) określono wykonując pomiary miernikiem LAI-2000 firmy LI-COR (USA) w fazie początku kwitnienia w czterech powtórzeniach. Celem badań było uzyskanie informacji, które z zastosowanych systemów uprawy roli i międzyplonów wpłyną korzystnie na plonowanie, wybrane wskaźniki architektury łanu (wysokość roślin, LAI, MTA) oraz stopień zachwaszczenia kukurydzy uprawianej na ziarno. Plon ziarna kukurydzy na uprawie uproszczonej i zerowej był niższy jak na uprawie tradycyjnej. Najwyższy wskaźnik LAI kukurydzy po obu przedplonach stwierdzono po zastosowaniu uprawy tradycyjnej, najniższy zaś po uprawie zerowej. Wysokość roślin kukurydzy była największa po uprawie tradycyjnej. Międzyplonem mającym pozytywny wpływ na wysokość kukurydzy była gorczyca. Stosowanie uproszczeń uprawowych spowodowało wzrost zachwaszczenia ogólnego w porównaniu do uprawy tradycyjnej. Ponadto stwierdzono kompensację 3 gatunków chwastów takich jak: Echinochloa crus-galli, Geranium pusillum i Chenopodium album. Największą liczbę chwastów na jednostce powierzchni stwierdzono w doświadczeniu z uprawa zerową.

EN

The research was carried out in the years 2008–2010 in the fields of the Experimental Station IUNG at Jelcz-Laskowice. Two-factorial experiments were laid out on the grey-brown podzolic soil formed out of loamy sand silt by the method of randomized subblocks in four replications. The experimental factors were intercrops (mustard and lupine) and tillage system (traditional, simplified and zero). Winter wheat was the forecrop and maize the sequent plant. Leaf area index (LAI) and mean tip angle (MTA) were determined in the stage of early flowering with use of a LAI-2000 meter (LI-COR, USA) in four replications. The research was carried out to find out which tillage system and intercrop would positively influence the yielding, selected indices of canopy architecture (height of plants, LAI, MTA) and the amount of weeds in maize grown for grain. The yield of maize grain grown in simplified and zero tillage appeared to be lower than that obtained in traditional tillage. The highest LAI index of maize grown after both forecrops was found with traditional tillage, while the lowest with zero one. The highest maize plants were those in conventional tillage. The intercrop which appeared to have the most favourable effect on the height of maize was mustard. Reduced tillage systems increased total weed infestation in comparison to conventional tillage. Compensation of Echinochloa crus-galli, Geranium pusillum and Chenopodium album was noticed. The greatest number of weeds per unit area was found in the experiment after no-tillage system.

15

Loesses near Kraków in light of geological-engineering research

Borecka A., Olek B.

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2013

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Vol. 35, nr 1

41--58

EN

This work is only a preliminary study on the evaluation of geological engineering properties of loess area of Kraków. It has been expanded to include field tests (CPTU, DMT), which is an alternative to expensive and time-consuming laboratory tests. The field tests allow enough detail to track the variability of physical and mechanical properties of soils, but in many cases, provide too much information, because their interpretation is often based only on a qualitative analysis. Laboratory and field tests are complementary and should be continued in order to determine best the correlation between the measured values of the resistance probes (CPTU, DMT) and the results obtained from laboratory tests. This will provide new calculation formulas for the evaluation of geotechnical parameters of loess in situ.

16

Wpływ rolniczego użytkowania na wybrane właściwości gleby rozwijającej się z gruntów pogórniczych KWB Konin

Otremba K., Gilewska M., Owczarzak W.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 2

1738--1758

EN

An attempt was made in this investigation to determine the impact of the following four systems of soil agricultural use: not subjected to any reclamation treatment, fodder-cereal reclamation treatment, rape-cereal reclamation treatment and the so-called “conservation” treatment (permanent lucerne) on the properties of soils developing from post-mining grounds. A particular attention was paid to the properties of the humus layer of the developing soils, among them, their texture which belongs to the most important soil diagnostic features. Experiments were carried out in 2010 on the experimental field of the Department of Soil Science and Reclamation of the University of Life Sciences in Poznań. A combination without mineral fertilisation (0NPK) was established on each of the analysed use systems. In the case of the fodder-cereal and rape-cereal systems, additionally, two levels of mineral fertilisation: 1NPK – in rape-cereal system (rape: 200 kg N, 70 kg PO5, 90 kg K2O; wheat: 160 kg N, 40 kg P2O5, 80 kg K2O) and in fodder- cereal (lucerne: 170 kg N, 60 kg P2O5, 150 kg K2O; wheat: 160 kg N, 40 kg P2O5, 80 kg K2O) and 2NPK were applied. The control was post-mining ground which was not subjected to any reclamation treatment. The evaluation of changes in the selected, most important soil structure parameters was based on the original methodological solution elaborated at the Department of Soil Science and Reclamation of the University of Life Sciences in Poznań in which the basic element is a regular soil aggregate of 1 cm3 volume. The following parameters were determined for such aggregates cut out from two depths of the humus layer (7 and 15 cm): dynamic water resistance (SW), static water resistance (SW), secondary aggregation after dynamic and static water action, time of capillary rise (TKMIN), capillary minimal (VKMIN) and maximal (VKMAX) water capacity and compression strength (Rc). The above-mentioned properties were determined in 5 replications. Using methods commonly employed in soil science, the following parameters were determined: texture composition, solid phase density, bulk density and porosity, hygroscopic capacity and maximal hygroscopic capacity as well as soil reaction and carbonate, carbon and nitrogen contents. Reclamation treatments applied in the course of the past 32 years and soil-forming processes taking place under their influence led to distinct changes in the morphological structure of the examined profiles, primarily, in their surface layer. The smallest morphological changes were observed in the profile sampled from the plot with long-term lucerne cultivation (so-called “conservation”). The profiles representing the fodder-cereal use system exhibited a more advanced stadium of soil-forming processes. Their humus layer was more distinctive, with dark colour, its thickness ranged from 20 to 28 cm corresponding to the depth of the performed ploughing. Identical features and better homogeneity were observed in the case of the humus horizon developed in the rape-cereal system of agricultural use, although certain differences were recorded in profile morphology depending on the level of the applied mineral fertilisation (1NPK and 2NPK). Post-mining ground which was not subjected to any reclamation treatment was found to contain the smallest quantities of organic material – carbon and nitrogen (2.65-2.84 g kg-1). The amount of oxidisable carbon in the fodder-cereal system of agricultural use was 2.5 to 3 times higher (6.45-8.82 g kg -1) than in the untreated post-mining ground irrespective of the level of mineral fertilisation. On the other hand, the amount of carbon was more varied in the rape-cereal system of use. In the case of absence of fertilisation (0NPK), this quantity was by about 50% higher in comparison with the post-mining ground and amounted to 3.1 g.kg-1. Elevated fertilisation with 1NPK and 2NPK doses increased levels of carbon to values similar as in the fodder-cereal system. The highest quantity of carbon of about 12 g.kg-1 was recorded in the humus horizon developed on the surface representing permanent lucerne (so-called “conservation”). A distinct variability was also observed in the physical properties of soils from the examined systems of agricultural use. Untreated post-mining grounds were characterised by high bulk density (1.97–2.02 Mg m-3) and, consequently, by low general porosity (23.6 to 25.3%). In the fodder-cereal use system, soil density was found to be by about 0.30 Mg m-3 lower and porosity – by about 10% higher. In the case of the rape-cereal system of agricultural use, soil density was only by about 0.1 Mg m-3 higher and general porosity – by about 5% lower in comparison with the fodder-cereal system. Bulk density and general porosity in the so-called “conservation” system of use amounted to 1.35–1.51 Mg m-3 and 42.8–48.9%, respectively, in other words, exhibited the most advantageous values of these features from the point of view of agricultural usage. Recapitulating, it should be emphasised that widely distinguished two soil-forming factors, namely: time and human activity begin to play a dominant role in the formation of soils, especially in areas which undergo large industrial geomechanical transformations mainly as a result of open-cast mining of different minerals.

17

Impact of alien tree species Quercus rubra L. on understorey habitat and flora: a study of the Silesian Upland (Southern Poland)

Chmura D.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 3

431--442

EN

One hundred and one stands of non-native red oak Quercus rubra L. were examined across various forest types with the objective to relate the influence of environmental variables on the abundance of this species and to characterise its impact on the species richness and proportion of functional groups of native plant species. Amongst randomly selected stands more than 50% were self-regenerating ones, i.e. seedlings were present. The cover of Q. rubra seedlings was positively correlated with light intensity (rs = 0.38, P <0.05) and negatively with the content of nitrogen (rs = –0.20, P <0.05) and loss on ignition (rs = 0.20, P <0.05) in soil. The cover of mature trees was positively correlated with the value of pH (rs = 0.22, P <0.05). Separate correlations with DCA scores of phytosociological relevés and the cover of red oak in each layer showed that the species influenced the floristic composition of forest vegetation. The cover of mature trees of red oak negatively affected both the number of understorey species (rs = –0.39, P <0.01) and the cover of shrubs (rs = –0.21, P <0.05) and herbaceous species (rs = –0.22, P <0.05). Q. rubra in the form of a mature tree had a negative influence on the cover of barochores, endozoochores and species of Grime’s CSR strategy. The cover of red oak’s seedlings was negatively correlated with the cover of annual species (rs = –0.21, P <0.05). Saplings of Q. rubra had a negative influence on the cover of dyszoochores (rs = –0.21, P <0.05) and was positively correlated with competitors (rs = 0.31, P <0.01), megaphanerophytes (rs = 0.27, P <0.05) and therophytes (rs = 0.25, P <0.05). The study showed that Q. rubra is a competitive species both as a mature tree and in the form of seedlings or small saplings and thus it can contribute to the reduction of biodiversity in forest communities.

18

Determining the relation between soil properties and spatial variability of Nitraria schoberi Linn. using geostatistical analysis: a case study in Meighan Playa in Iran

Tilaki G. A. D., Kamarei R., Vafakhah M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 1

93--104

EN

This study is an assessment of the relation of the spatial variability of Nitraria schoberi Linn. to the soil properties conducted by using geo-statistical analysis. In an area of 140 ha a regular network from a semi-arid region of Meighan Playa in central Iran was selected. The results showed that statistically most of the variables fit spherical, exponential and Gaussian models. The lowest and the highest coefficients of variation were found with the soil pH (27%) and the density (66%) of Nitraria schoberi, respectively. The semi-variogram analysis showed that the effective range fluctuated from 150 m for silt to 2563.43 m for the acidity of the soil. The electronic conductivity and soil texture showed more spatial dependency than the organic matter.

19

Dynamics of sandy desertification and detection of sandy land/steppe boundary : vegetation and soil properties

Xu D., Xu X., Xie Y., Wang K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 2

251-263

EN

Desertification is one of the most serious environmental problems on a global scale. China suffers from desertification over large areas. Landscape boundaries profoundly influence the structure and function of landscapes, and influence ecological processes both locally and over large scales. Data on soil properties and vegetation collected on three 110 km parallel transects across sandy land-steppe transition zone in Yanchi county, Ningxia region, northwestern China, were used to analyze changes along the sandy land/steppe boundary by using the Moving Split Window (MSW), to determine desertification dynamics, and to explore changes of vegetation and soil properties among different desertification degree. Combining the dissimilarity profiles of soil particle size with importance value (IV) of vegetation, four boundaries were detected along transects. According to the four boundaries, we divided the whole sandy land/steppe ecotone area into five desertification categories: potential desertification (PD), light desertification (LD), medium desertification (MD), severe desertification (SD) and extreme desertification (ED). Sand fractions increased, while silt and clay fractions, soil organic C, total N and available N decreased and exhibited clear gradient changes from the potential desertification land to the extreme desertification land. All areas we studied have been desertificated at different degree based upon soil particle compositions at different depths. With the aggravation of sandy desertification, the steppe species dominating in the potential desertification land gradually gave place to arid and sand tolerant perennials and therophytes and eventually to psammophyte annuals and shrubs in the extreme desertification land.

20

Ocena systemów uprawy w aspekcie zużycia paliwa, plonowania roślin i właściwości gleby

Cudzik A., Białczyk W., Czarnecki J., Brennensthul M., Kaus A.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2012

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R. 16, nr 2, t. 2

17-27

PL

Celem pracy była ocena systemów uprawy pszenicy ozimej pod kątem zużycia paliwa, wielkości plonu oraz właściwości gleby. Badania przeprowadzono w uprawie pszenicy ozimej realizowanej systemami tradycyjnym, bezorkowym oraz w warunkach siewu bezpośredniego. Analizowano zabiegi wykonywane w ramach uprawy odmiennymi technologiami. Pomiar zużycia paliwa odbywał się z wykorzystaniem Systemu Zarządzania Flotą Fleet Management. Wilgotność i zwięzłość gleby mierzono Penetrologgerem, a zawartość CO2 w glebie ręcznym miernikiem wyposażonym w specjalną sondę. Badania wykazały, że stosowanie uproszczeń uprawowych skutkuje znacznym ograniczeniem zużycia paliwa i niestety przyczynia się do zmniejszenia plonu ziarna. Stwierdzono zróżnicowanie pomiędzy uprawami w wartościach analizowanych właściwości gleby, przy czym największe rozbieżności wystąpiły po jesiennych zabiegach uprawowych. Po zimie oraz w dalszym okresie wegetacji różnice te uległy znacznemu zmniejszeniu.

EN

The purpose of the work was to estimate systems for winter wheat cultivation in relation to fuel consumption, crop seize and soil properties. Research was carried out for winter wheat crop carried out with traditional non-plough systems in direct sieving conditions. Operations carried out for cultivation performed with different technologies were analysed. Measurement of fuel consumption was carried out with the use of Fleet Management System. Humidity and compactness of soil was measured by Penetrologger and CO2 content in soil with the use of a hand measure equipped with a special sonde. The research proved that using cultivation simplifications results in a considerable limitation of fuel consumption and unfortunately results in the decrease of seed crop. Differences between cultivations in the analysed values of soil properties were reported, whereas the biggest discrepancies occurred after autumn cultivating operations. After winter and during a further vegetation period, these differences decreased significantly.