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1

Volcanism and sedimentation in the Paleogene Alpine peripheral basins: how did Alps look like?

Di Capua Andrea

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

18--18

EN

All the Paleogene represents a key period in the growth of the Alpine belt and the development of surrounding sedimentary basins. Nevertheless, one of the most intriguing timelapse is represented by 10 Ma, between ca. 40 and ca. 30 Ma, when the growing belt hosted volcanic complexes that lead to the accumulation of volcanogenic sequences within the Northern Alpine and the Southern Alpine foreland basins. Such sequences present peculiar characteristics that varies depending on the period and depocenter where they where accumulated. In addition, they represent the fundamental clue to reconstruct how the volcanic arc developed, which kind of volcanic activity characterized it, where the volcanoes were located and to speculate about how magmatism was produced before coming to the surface. Volcanic sequences are, in fact, extremely rare and confined to the west of the chain, disarticulated from the source-to-sink systems that supplied detritus to the depocenters, together with dikes crosscutting the southern part of the belt, so less is the geodynamic information gain from them. The present talk will review a decade of investigation carried out on stratigraphic, petrographic and geochemical data on the different volcanogenic sequences, trying to reconstruct the relationship between putative volcanic centers and the basins, as well as to understand the nature of the Paleocene volcanic arc/arcs. All the considered sequences are characterized by large amounts of volcanogenic detritus, and sometimes they rarely preserve pyroclastic deposits. Occasionally, such sequences are also mixed with non-volcanic detritus, a component useful in tracing provenance of sediments and giving clues about palaeoenvironments constituting the growing belt. Although beyond of being exhaustive, the present communication represents a first attempt in marking fundamental temporal and palaeogeographic steps in the evolution of a volcanic arc through several millions of years on one of the most fascinating orogenic belt.

2

Analysis of recent airborne gravity and magnetic data for the interpretation of basement structures underneath the south–western Benue trough using source edge detector filters

Abdullahi Mukaila, Kumar Raj, Idi Bello Yusuf, Singh Upendra Kumar, Abba Adamu Usman

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 4

1595--1606

EN

We present the detail basement and trends of geological structures associated with the Mesozoic-Cenozoic volcanism in the south–western region of the Nigerian Benue trough using recent gravity and magnetic anomalies of the region. The analysis aimed at recognizing and mapping the basement structure that controlled the distribution and source host of hydrocarbon and other economic mineral resources in the region. The structural recognition and mapping is done on the basis of the utilization of the Tilt Angle (TA) and Total Horizontal Derivative of the Tilt Angle (THDTA) of gravity and magnetic data. From these techniques, we have been able to identify and mapped out those edges of anomalous sources due to the gravity and magnetic data that are in association with the basement geological structures of the area. Based on the mapped structural trends, it is observed that the basement structures derived from both the gravity and magnetic anomalies correlated well with the zones of volcanic rocks around Gboko and area between Lefin and Oturkpo. The two locations are sitting over gravity and magnetic highs suggesting high density and susceptibility material below the subsurface. The Euler deconvolution method suggested depths between 1 and 5 km from both gravity and magnetic data. Deeper basement of anomalous sources are suggested between 3 and 5 km. The 1 km depth interprets the regions of basement highs or corresponding to intrusive zones.

3

Georóżnorodność nowozelandzkiej Wyspy Północnej na przykładzie wybranych stanowisk turystycznych

Rychel Joanna, Karasiewicz Tomasz, Woronko Barbara

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2020

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Vol. 68, nr 6

500--510

EN

Geodiversity of New Zealand’s North Island is closly associated with its geological evolution that left numerous attractive geosites and influenced the biodiversity of this area. Its location in the collision zone of the Australian and Pacific lithospheric plates resulted in many exogenous processes, e.g. volcanism, earth quake or geysers. The meridional location of New Zealand has an impact on climate and weather conditions. Many endemic species of flora and fauna have survived here. The landscape diversity of New Zealand’s islands is a great scenery for many films, e.g.The piano, The Last Samurai, The Chronicles of Narnia, The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit. Volcanoes in the north and mountain glaciers in the south make visitors feel as if they have moved to a wonderful, unknown fairy-tale world.

4

Geopark Bakony : Balaton na Węgrzech

Migoń P., Pijet-Migoń E.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 5

276--283

EN

Two UNESCO Global Geoparks were established in Hungary. This paper presents the Bakony - Balaton Geopark, located in the western part of the country, predominantly within the Transdanubian Range. It includes uplands and low-elevation mountains of North Bakony, South Bakony, Balaton Uplands and Keszthely Mountains, with basins situated in between, as well as Lake Balaton itself. Geologically, the dominant part of the territory is underlain by Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, mainly limestones and dolomites. Other significant rock formations are Eocene limestones, Mio-Pliocene sediments of the Pannonian Sea and end-Neogene basalts. Karst phenomena, residual volcanic hills, fossil sinter cones and river gorges are the most characteristic geomorphological features of the Geopark. Forty-five geosites have been recognized in the Geopark, although access facilities and interpretative content the Geopark is also rich in cultural heritage and its southern part counts as the major tourist

5

Anomalous Upper Devonian mercury enrichments : comparison of Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) analytical data

Racki G., Rakociński M., Marynowski L.

Geological Quarterly

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2018

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Vol. 62, No. 3

487--495

EN

Mercury geochemistry is emerging recently as a hot topic in chemostratigraphical and facies research, owing to the diagnostic character of Hg enrichments as a proxy of volcanic activity (crucial in the context of assumed causal links between volcanic cataclysms and mass extinctions). Thus, as a prerequisite to such far-reaching interpretations, reliable analytical determinations of Hg concentrations are necessary. In conventionally performed analyses in sedimentary geochemistry, Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is usually applied, as an analytical standard for trace elements, including Hg. However, with a detection limit (DL) of 10 ppb, such measured values have been questioned as a conclusive geochemical indicator of Hg anomalies, and, instead, far more accurate techniques, such as Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS; DL = 0.2 ppb), are requested. As a preliminary test of this view, we present comparative analysis of 91 samples from three sections encompassing the key Frasnian-Famennian and Famennian-Tournaisian boundary intervals in Morocco (Lahmida), Germany (Kahlleite) and Uzbekistan (Novchomok), for which Hg concentrations were determined by both methods in the same samples. Despite some differences, especially at low Hg concentrations, both analytical methods reveal the same 12 extraordinarily enriched samples in excess of 1 ppm (with one exception, the determination error is <20%), as well as similar overall chemostratigraphic patterns characterized by a few prominent Hg spikes, with a top value of 5.8 ppm. The Hg concentrations determined by ICP-MS and AAS are significantly correlated, as high as r = 0.98 (Novchomok), even if the first method reveals a general tendency toward slightly heightened values (by ~15 to 30% for medians). Therefore, ICP-MS results can conclusively be used in mercury chemostratigraphy in order to recognize extraordinary volcanic (or other) signals, at least in the Devonian geological record. False Hg anomalies were not generated by these conventional ICP-MS determinations.

6

Wulkanizm rejonu Auckland, Nowa Zelandia

Jarmołowicz-Szulc K., Kozłowska A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2016

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Vol. 64, nr 2

101--104

EN

New Zealand is situated on the tectonic line between the Indo-Australian and Pacific plates in the subduction zone. Auckland – the New Zealand’s largest city – lies in the Auckland Volcanic Field (AVF) in the North Island. Similarly to the other volcanic fields, the AVF is characterized by volcanism of alkali basalt composition and monogenic formation. The age of volcanism changes from late Miocene to recent times. The AVF comprises about 50 volcanic cones, the activity of which has been dated for the last 25 000 years. The volcanic eruptions displayed a differentiated character – from phreatomagmatic through the Stromboli and Hawaii types to the effusive volcanism.

7

Bentonit środkowokambryjski z otworu Borcz-1 z basenu bałtyckiego

Kowalska S., Zagórska U., Mikołajewski Z.

Nafta-Gaz

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2016

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R. 72, nr 12

1043--1048

PL

Nie odnotowano dotąd obecności śladów aktywności wulkanicznej w utworach kambryjskich występujących na obszarze polskiej części skłonu platformy wschodnioeuropejskiej. Dzięki nowym wierceniom prowadzonym przez PGNiG SA podczas poszukiwania gazu w pokładach łupków w otworze Borcz-1 udało się znaleźć cienką 3-centymetrową wkładkę bentonitową w obrębie utworów kambru środkowego. W prezentowanym artykule przedstawione zostaną pierwsze wyniki badań wykonanych w celu przeprowadzenia charakterystyki mineralogicznej powyższej skały. Analiza pierwiastków śladowych pozwoliła na określenie przybliżonego składu pierwotnego materiału wulkanicznego, wskazując na obojętny, trachyandezytowy charakter magmy macierzystej. Materiał wulkaniczny pochodził najprawdopodobniej z rejonu aktywnej krawędzi kontynentu.

EN

Traces of volcanic activity in the Cambrian rocks occurring within the Polish part of the East European Platform slope has not been recorded to date. Thanks to new shale gas exploration conducted by PGNiG SA a thin, 3 cm thick, bentonite layer was found within the Middle Cambrian strata in the Borcz-1 borehole. This article presents the first results of studies carried out, in order to perform mineralogical characteristics of the above rock. Analysis of trace elements composition, allowed us to determine the approximate initial composition of original volcanic material pointing to an intermediate, trachyandesitic parent magma. Volcanic material probably came from an active continental margin.

8

Palaeodose Underestimation Of Heated Quartz In Red-TL Dating Of Volcanic Contexts

Richter D., Klinger P., Zöller L.

Geochronometria

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2015

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Vol. 42, no.1

182--188

EN

Thermoluminescence (TL) dating is a valuable tool for chronometric dating of heated minerals and has been shown to agree very well with independent age control. Comparison with argon dating of samples from identical events, however, revealed age underestimations of volcanic eruptions dated by orange-red TL (R-TL) of quartz extracts from some xenolith samples, while good agreement was obtained for others. The underestimation is attributed to an apparent signal loss (“anomalous fading”) which was experimentally observed for some, but not all samples investigated. The presence of significant amounts of feldspar or tridymite, which could be related to the observations, is excluded by IRSL (Infrared Stimulated Luminescence) and XRD analysis. While the data is not entirely conclusive, it leads to the current working hypothesis that exposure to high temperatures might be responsible for an effect similar to the anomalous fading phenomena observed for some feldspar luminescence. It therefore appears to be prudent not to sample xenoliths from high temperature context, like basalt dykes in volcanic context.

9

Origin of marls from the Polish Outer Carpathians: lithological and sedimentological aspects

Górniak K.

Mineralogia

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2011

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Vol. 42, iss. 4

165--297

EN

Outcrops of marls, occurring within the sandstone-shaly flysch deposits of the Polish part of Outer Carpathians, considered to be locus typicus of these rocks, were described, measured and sampled. Lithologic features of marls, representing 15 complexes of different age and occurring in 15 complexes of various tectonic units, are presented (Fig. 1, 2). The present studies were concerning Jurassic marls from the Silesian Unit (Goleszów Marls), Upper Cretaceous marls from the Skole and Sub-Silesian Units (Siliceous-Fucoid and Węgierka Marls and Węglowka, Frydek, Jasienica and Zegocina Marls respectively), and Eocene-Oligocene marls from the Magura, Fore-Magura and Skole Units (Łącko, Zembrzyce, Budzów, Leluchów and Niwa, as well as Grybów and Sub-Cergowa and Dynów Marls respectively). The former opinions on lithology, age, formal subdivision, sedimentation conditions and genesis of these rocks are discussed (Table 1, 2; Fig. 1). Detailed description of the above mentioned marl-bearing complexes are presented and for each of them the typical lithological features are determined (Tables 3 - 20). The results of profiling are presented against the background of geological studies of the Carpathian marls. The results of lithologic studies are compared to form a classification scheme and are used as the basis of distinguishing genetic types of marls. Moreover, the interpretation of the conditions of sedimentation of these rocks is presented.

10

Remarks on elements of Japanese landscape and their geotouristic attractiveness

Myga-Piątek U.

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2012

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nr 3-4

17--34

EN

For western tourists Japan is a mysterious country. That mystery was further increased by relatively long-lasting political isolationism, which consequently resulted in tourism isolationism. With tragic events - a 9-magnitude earthquake and a resulting gigantic tsunami, reaching 10 meters in height (11.03.2011) in the background, the author will analyze the geotourist potential of Japan. It can be predicted that, paradoxically, the strong earthquake and tsunami will soon result in an increased inflow of tourists. That might be related to the development of many new forms of geotourism, among which dark tourism became most and most popular. In this highly urbanized country, the geological heritage creates relict landscapes which could be referred to as quasi-natural. There are very interesting from a tourist point of view. The article was based on the author's own observations during her study trip around Japan in May, 2009. The journey around picturesque and to a great extent wild, as for Japan, spots of Shikoku and Honshu, inspired the author to present a few notes regarding the geotourist attractiveness of that country. This is an attempt to assess the environmental potential from the point of view of an European tourist.

PL

Dla zachodnich turystów Japonia jest bardzo tajemniczym krajem. Tajemniczość ta wynika z długotrwałego izolacjonizmu politycznego, pociągającego za sobą zjawisko izolacjonizmu turystycznego. Artykuł analizuje potencjał geoturystyczny Japonii na tle tragicznych w skutkach wydarzeń z 11 marca 2011 r. - trzęsienia ziemi o magnitudzie 9 i fali tsunami o wysokości 10 m. Można przypuszczać, że paradoksalnie silne trzęsienie i tsunami spowoduje w krótkim czasie zwiększony napływ turystów. Może to być skutkiem rozwoju wielu odmian geoturystyki oraz rosnącej popularności tzw. dark tourism. W wysoko zurbanizowanym kraju dziedzictwo geologiczne tworzy reliktowe krajobrazy o stosunkowo wysokim stopniu naturalności. Mogą one być bardzo atrakcyjne dla turystów. Artykuł powstał na bazie obserwacji poczynionych podczas objazdu Japonii w maju 2009 r. Podróż przez malownicze i w dużym stopniu dziewicze jak na Japonię miejsca na Honsiu i Sikoku zainspirowały autorkę do przedstawienia kilku uwag o atrakcyjności geoturystycznej Japonii. Jest to jednocześnie próba oceny potencjału środowiskowego Japonii z punktu widzenia europejskiego turysty.

11

Ambiguous geological position of Carboniferous rhyodacites in the Intra-Sudetic Basin (SW Poland) clarified by SHRIMP zircon ages

Kryza R., Awdankiewicz M.

Geological Quarterly

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2012

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Vol. 56, No 1

55-66

EN

Rhyodacite sheets (the Sady Górne Rhyodacites) in the lowermost part of the Permo-Carboniferous Intra-Sudetic Basin molasse fill have been mapped as intrusives but, later on, based on ambiguous field and petrographic evidence, reinterpreted as lower Carboniferous lavas and tuffs; if so, they would mark the earliest episode of late-orogenic volcanism in the Intra-Sudetic Basin and in the whole Sudetes region in SW Poland. However, re-examination of field relationships and new observations are consistent with an intrusive emplacement of the rhyodacites as conformable to semiconformable, simple to composite sheets. SHRIMP zircon study indicates that the rhyodacites contain rare inherited zircons of ca. 560 Ma, and ca. 470 Ma (or slightly older), and a main population of zircons with an average concordia age of 306.1 š2.8 Ma. This latter age documents the emplacement of the rhyodacites during a mid/late late Carboniferous (Westphalian) stage of volcanism in the Intra-Sudetic Basin in the Central European Variscides. This post-orogenic volcanism was possibly initiated several million years later than previously assumed, and could have comprised a few pulses over a relatively prolonged time span of millions of years.

12

Geologiczna wędrówka przez Orkady i Szetlandy

Latocha A.

Geoturystyka

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2010

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nr 1

31-40

PL

W artykule przedstawiono główne rysy krajobrazu archipelagów Orkadów i Szetlandów w kontekście ich budowy geologicznej i rozwoju rzeźby. Wskazano miejsca, gdzie na powierzchni można obserwować skały i formy będące świadectwami kolejnych etapów złożonych dziejów geologicznych wysp, m. in. jedne z najstarszych skał na kontynencie europejskim (pozostałości kaledonidów), skały dawnego dna oceanicznego, intruzje granitowe i ślady dawnej aktywności wulkanicznej oraz formy rzeźby związane z tektoniką i działalnością lodowców. Omówiono także współczesne procesy rzeźbotwórcze, zachodzące w dynamicznie rozwijających się wybrzeżach klifowych, gdzie duże zróżnicowanie litologiczne osadów skutkuje bogactwem form rzeźby. Podkreślono także związek zróżnicowanej budowy geologicznej z rozwojem kulturowym i gospodarczym wysp (m. in. surowce skalne budujące zabytki neolityczne, eksploatacja ropy naftowej i kruszyw) oraz z przyrodą ożywioną (rezerwaty i ostoje ptasie w obrębie klifów).

EN

The main features of the landscape of the Orkney and the Shetland islands are presented in the article in the context of their geological and geomorphic development. The paper describes sites where rocks and landforms reflecting various stages of geological development appear at the surface. These include, among others, the oldest rocks on the European continent (remnants of the Caledonian orogen), rocks of an ancient ocean floor, granite intrusions, traces of former volcanic activity, landforms resulting from tectonics and glacial modelling. Also contemporary processes shaping the dynamic, rocky coastline are discussed, with attention paid to the influence of lithofacial variety of sediments on diversity of landforms within the cliffs and shore zone. The relationships between diversified geology, cultural and economic development of the islands and animate nature are mentioned, as well (eg., rocks used in the Neolithic buildings, oil and aggregate exploitation, nature resources and bird sanctuaries on the cliffs).

13

Proliferation of abnormal palynoflora during the end-Devonian biotic crisis

Filipiak P., Racki G.

Geological Quarterly

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2010

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Vol. 54, No 1

1-14

EN

The dispersed miospore assemblage of the Retispora lepidophyta-Verrucosisporites nitidus (LN) Zone from the Holy Cross Mountains(Poland) is marked by enrichment (above 4%) in abnormal spore morphotypes during a terrestrial flora turnover close to the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary, recorded just above the Hangenberg Black Shale level. Incomplete and complete tetrads represent mostly Vallatisporites spp., supplemented by Grandispora, Retusotriletes and Apiculiretusispora. Additional peculiar morphotypes, marked byanomalous overall shape and ornamentation, are interpreted as mutated varieties of Vallatisporites based on intermediate morphologicalstages, connecting them with this well known genus. This relatively high aberrant palynomorph frequency is accompanied by volcanicash intercalations, as well as by charcoal debris and polycyclic aromatic biomarkers indicative of forest wildfire. Thus, the anomalousspore morphology could reflect the mutagenic effect of regional acidification due to explosive volcanism. However, palynological literature data from NW France and Canada highlight the possibility of a supra-regional mutated miospore signal near the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary, and there is need for high-resolution studies of the LN Zone to examine this. The end-Permian scenario of abnormalfloral growth in immensely stressed habitats may therefore apply to other potentially volcanically-induced biotic turnovers.

14

Wybrane atrakcje geoturystyczne centralnej i południowej Mongolii

Machowiak K.

Geoturystyka

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2009

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nr 1-2

13-32

PL

Artykuł zawiera informacje na temat interesujących geologicznie miejsc w centralnej i południowej Mongolii. Zapoznaje z budową i historią geologiczną oraz przekazuje wiadomości na temat litologii, rzeźby terenu oraz klimatu i przyrody tego odległego kraju. Dostarcza także krótkich informacji na temat kultury, historii i zwyczajów mieszkańców.

EN

The paper provides information on geosites in central and southern Mongolia with an outline geological structure and history, remarks on Mongolian history, culture and every-day life as well as on lithology, relief, climate and wild nature of this remote country.

15

Ewolucja wulkanizmu kenozoicznego Przedgórza Rębiszowskiego (Dolny Śląsk) oraz jej wpływ na charakter petrograficzny i jakość surowca bazaltowego

Adamczyk Z.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Górnictwo / Politechnika Śląska

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2008

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z. 282

1-244

PL

W pracy przedstawiono szczegółowe wyniki badań ewolucji wulkanizmu kenozoicznego na Przedgórzu Rębiszowskim (Dolny Śląsk), która wpłynęła na obecny stan jakościowy surowca bazaltowego i produkowanych z niego kruszyw. Poznanie zmienności jakości kopaliny w złożu stwarza możliwość selektywnego składowania urobku, dzięki czemu wzrośnie jakość kruszyw oraz nastąpi rozszerzenie możliwości użytkowania surowca bazaltowego. Możliwe jest to tylko w przypadku prześledzenia procesów geologicznych, kształtujących ostateczną jakość surowcowa. Dla tych celów istotne jest rozpoznanie poszczególnych etapów ewolucji kenozoicznego wulkanizmu, które pozwoli prognozować jakość i przydatność surowca z poszczególnych złóż i ich partii. Do rozpoznania ewolucji wulkanizmu wykorzystano wskaźniki i dowody geologiczne (w tym petrograficzne), chemiczne i mineralne. Ujawniły one związek ewolucji z własnościami technicznymi i petrurgicznymi bazaltów. Głównymi celami pracy są: poznanie przebiegu i produktów ewolucji wulkanizmu kenozoicznego w obszarze Przedgórza Rębiszowskiego, uzyskanie naukowych podstaw do rozpoznania zmienności jakości kopaliny bazaltowej w złożu, wykazanie przydatności niektórych bazaltów do innych kierunków użytkowania niż produkcja kruszyw. Kenozoiczny wulkanizm Przedgórza Rębiszowskiego ewoluował, a jego konsekwencją jest występowanie w tym obszarze różnych odmian petrograficznych bazaltoidów (nefelinity, bazanity, doleryty nefelinowe i tefryty) oraz zmienność jakości surowca bazaltowego w złożach i wystąpieniach skałkowych. Dzięki tej zmienności wśród bazaltoidów wyróżniono typ A (bazaltoid świeży) i typ B (bazaltoid przeobrażony). Wskaźniki i dowody petrograficzne i geologiczne ujawniają, że skały wulkaniczne Przedgórza Rębiszowskiego występują jako zespół skał powiązanych sposobem i miejscem powstawania, tworzący serię petrograficzną. Magma, z której tworzyły się skały wulkaniczne tego obszaru, miała charakter nefelinitowy, z której formowały się głównie nefelinity. Odmiany petrograficzne bazaltoidów powstawały w wyniku dyferencjacji magmy w obrębie skorupy ziemskiej i związane są z warunkami jej krystalizacji. Na Przedgórzu Rębiszowskim istniały dwa epizody ekstruzywne związane z tworzeniem się skał piroklastycznych, po osadzeniu których utworzyła się pokrywa nefelinitowa Łysej Góry i pokrywa bazanitowa Kłopotna, a także dajki dolerytów nefelinowych i tefrytów. Pokrywa nefelinitów Łysej Góry została oderwana od części kominowej nefelinitów Góry Hucianka i przemieszczona po nieskonsolidowanym, ilastym podłożu, w wyniku grawitacyjnego ruchu masowego. Skutkiem tego przemieszczenia jest obecna lokalizacja pokrywy, złożony system zdeformowania utworów ilastych, poszerzenie szczelin uskokowych i ciosowych oraz wypełnienie ich utworami ilastymi. Zróżnicowanie składu chemicznego bazaltoidów zauważa się pomiędzy poszczególnymi złożami i wystąpieniami, a nawet w obrębie jednego złoża. Wskaźniki chemiczne dostarczyły dowodów na obecność stref kominowych w nefelinitach Góry Hucianka, Starego Łomu i bazanitach Kłopotna. W pracy wskazano na możliwość rozdzielenia bazaltoidów typu A i typu B spośród ich odmian petrograficznych (np. nefelinity, bazanity) przy użyciu wskaźnika alkalicznego (Na20 i K2O) i wskaźnika strat prażenia. Wskaźniki te nie są jednak przydatne dla rozróżnienia typów A i B z pominięciem odmian petrograficznych (wskaźniki te mogą być stosowane jedynie dla danego złoża). Wskaźniki chemiczne ujawniają ewolucję magmy w kierunku bazaltów alkalicznych kontynentalnych, ubogich w krzemionkę, z tworzeniem dwóch lub trzech serii, które mogą się tworzyć podczas przerwania wznoszenia się magmy przy dużym ciśnieniu. Wskaźniki i dowody mineralne wykazały, że początek krystalizacji prakryształów augitu zachodził przy ciśnieniu od ok.l 1 do ok. 13 kbar, co odpowiada głębokości ok. 40 km. Udziały nefelinu z analcymem, zeolitów (które są m.in. wynikiem przeobrażeń szkliwa wulkanicznego) i szkliwa wulkanicznego mogą służyć jako wskaźniki charakteryzujące jakość surowca bazaltowego. Na podstawie generacji mineralnych, których geneza jest wynikiem różnych warunków krystalizacji, wyróżniono następujące etapy ewolucji wulkanizmu kenozoicznego w badanym obszarze: - etap generowania magmy, utworzenia ogniska magmowego, wznoszenia magmy ku powierzchni terenu z epizodami ekstruzywnymi i wylewem lawy, - etap procesów pomagmowych (hydrotermalnych i pneumatolitycznych), - etap procesów hipergenicznych, - etap metamorfizmu kontaktowego, - etap tektoniczny (cios termiczny, słupy bazaltowe, przemieszczenie pokrywy nefelinitów Łysej Góry). Skutkiem ewolucji wulkanizmu kenozoicznego jest również występowanie skał w formie pokryw lawowych, dajek, kominów i skał okruchowych o charakterze piroklastycznym oraz ich przeobrażenie. Skutki te wynikają głównie z dyferencjacji magmy, sposobu wydostawania się magmy na powierzchnię terenu, warunków krystalizacji składników, intensywności przebiegu procesów pomagmowych i hipergenicznych oraz intensywności metamorfizmu kontaktowego i tektoniki. Zmienność jakości surowca bazaltowego wykazuje ścisły związek z ewolucją wulkanizmu tego obszaru. Wskazują na to zróżnicowane wyniki badań własności technicznych poszczególnych odmian petrograficznych bazaltoidów, a także typów A i B bazaltoidów. Zauważa się związek niektórych własności technicznych ze strukturą, ilościowym składem mineralnym i składem chemicznym bazaltoidów, np. wzrost wytrzymałości na ściskanie skał ze wzrostem udziału szkliwa wulkanicznego oraz SiC>2 i spadek wytrzymałości na ściskanie ze wzrostem udziału prakryształów, głównie przeobrażonego oliwinu oraz Na20. Zauważono spadek ścieralności ze wzrostem ilości prakryształów, kryształów augitu ciasta skalnego i nefelinu i jej wzrost ze wzrostem udziału minerałów nieprzeźroczystych i szkliwa wulkanicznego, Obecności licznych spękań ciosowych i licznie występujących żyłek zeolitów sprzyja w pozyskiwaniu urobku w postaci bloków skalnych niewielkich rozmiarów. Zmienność jakości surowca, kształtowana w poszczególnych etapach ewolucji wulkanizmu Przedgórza Rębiszowskiego, wskazuje, iż, obok obecnie produkowanych różnych kruszyw, może on być stosowany w hutnictwie skalnym z uwagi na korzystne cechy petrurgiczne.

EN

The thesis contains detailed results of the research on evolution of Cenozoic volcanism in the Pogórze Rębiszowskie (The Lower Silesia region, south-western Poland). This evolution has had basic impact on the present quality of raw basaltic material and the quality of produced aggregates. Gradual deterioration of rock quality in the deposits spotted during exploitation may often result in production of batches, which are non uniform with regard to technical properties of the aggregates. Hence, the knowledge of quality changes within the rock mass enables optimum management and handling of the extracted rocks, resulting in most effective utilisation of the obtained raw material and production of high quality aggregates. This may be possible only on the basis of research over geological processes, which led to creation of the final quality of the raw material. It seems that, the most significant importance has recognition of particular phases of Cenozoic volcanism, what will be the basis for forecasting of the raw material quality within the particular deposits and their parts. For recognition of evolution of volcanism suitable geological (including petrographic), chemical and mineral indices and prooves were utilised. They have revealed a relation between technical and petrurgical properties of the basalts. Identification of the particular stages of volcanism, which occurred in the Pogórze Rębiszowskie region made it possible to forecast rock quality distribution in the deposits and, in consequence, enables optimum deposits management and obtaining raw material of high quality. Evolution of Cenozoic volcanism in the Pogórze Rębiszowskie region resulted in formation of different types of basaltiodes of varying quality and suitability of extracted raw materials. The basic goals of this thesis were: - recognition of the process and the products of evolution of Cenozoic volcanism in the Pogórze Rębiszowskie region, - achievement of scientific basis for identification of varying quality of basaltic raw material within the deposits, - indication of other ways of basalt rock utilisation than aggregate production. Cenozoic volcanism in the Pogórze Rębiszowskie region underwent evolution and resulted in formation of different petrographic types of basaltoides (nephelinites, basanites, nephelinite dolerites and tephrites) and varying quality of the basaltic raw material in the particular deposits and surface rock occurences. As a result of this variability, two types of basaltoides have been distinguished: the basaltoid type A (fresh basaltoid) and the basaltoid type B (transformed basaltoid). Petrographic and geological prooves and indices revealed, that volcanic rocks in the Pogórze Rębiszowskie region present a set of rocks related to each other by process and place of their formation and thus, creating a petrographic series. Magma, which was the material for the volcanic rocks of this area, showed nephelinitic character and produced nephelinites as main rocks. Other petrographic types of basaltoides were created as a result of differentiation of magma in the Earth crust zone and varying conditions of its crystallization. In the Pogórze Rębiszowskie region there occured two extrusion episodes resulting in formation of pyroclastic rocks and, after their deposition, creation of nephelinitic cover of the Łysa Góra and basanitic cover of Kłopotno as well as formation of dykes of dolerites, nephelinites and tephrites. The nephelinite cover of the Łysa Góra was detached from the chimney zone of nephelinites of the Góra Hucianka and then, shifted down on the unconsolidated clayey ground as a result of gravitational mass movement. Apparent results of this shift are: present location of the nephelinite rock cover, complex deformation of the clayey deposits, widening of tectonic fault and cleavage gaps, which are filled with cleyey material. Differentiation in chemical composition of the basaltoides can be seen between the particular deposits and occurences, and even within a single deposits. The determined chemical indices gave prooves for the presence of the chimney volcanic zones in the nephelinites of the Góra Hucianka, the Stary Łom as well as in basanites of the Kłopotno. Variability in elemental content of particular petrographic types of basaltoides can be distinguished, such as: - lower contents of Co and Ni and higher amounts of Pb in nephelinites, when compared to other basaltoide types, - lower contents of Cr, Ga, Sn, V and higher amounts of Bi in basanites, when compared to the remaining types of basaltoides, - increased amount of MgO in basaltoides results in increased concentration of Cr, Co, Rb, Zr, Nb, Ni, La and Ce and drop in concentration of Mo, Sc, Hf, Ta, Th, Pr, Gd, Tb and Ho. In the thesis, there has been pointed out a possibility to differentiate basaltoides types A and B among the petrographic types of volcanic rocks (nephelinites, basanites). This can be done on the basis of alkalinity index (Na20 and K20) and ignition loss index. However, these indices are not useful for differentiation of A and B types with no reference to petrographic types (or they can be applied for a particular deposits only). There has also been ascertained domination of Na20 over K2O contents in the rocks and their correlation with the amount of P2O5. Chemical indices reveal evolution of magma towards continental, low silica containing-alkali basalts, with formation of two or three series, which might have been formed during stops in magma ascent and at high pressure. Mineral indices and prooves revealed, that primary crystals of augite start to crystallize at the approximate pressure range between 11 and 13 kbar, which refer to the depths of around 40 km. The results of detailed mineralogical research also prove the processes of transformation of primary minerals or their re-crystallization as an effect of post-magmatic, metamorphic and hypergenic processes. The contents of nepheline and analcime, as well as presence of zeolites (being result of volcanic glass transformation) and volcanic glass contents may be used as indicators of a quality of basaltic raw material. On the basis of the described mineral generations originating from different conditions of crystallization the following evolution stages have been distinguished for Cenozoic volcanism in the area under research: - magma generation stage, creation of magmatic centre, ascent of the magma towards the Earth surface with extrusion episodes and lava outflow, - stage of activity of post-magmatic (hydrothermal, pneumatolitic) processes, - stage of activity of hypergenic processes, - stage of contact metamorphism, - stage of tectonic activity (thermal cleavage, formation of basaltic pillars, shift of nephelinite cover of the Łysa Góra). The results of evolution of Cenozoic volcanism in the Pogórze Rębiszowskie region, apart from the formation of petrographic types of basaltoides, were: - occurrence of the volcanic rocks in form of lava covers, dykes and chimneys, presence of clastic rocks of pyroclastic character; - transformation products of the above rock material, which made it possible to differentiate from type A (fresh rock) and type B (transformed rock). The above results are related to the magma differentiation, the ways of magma release on the Earth's surface, conditions of crystallization of magma components, intensity of postmagmatic and hypergenic processes, intensity of contact metamorphism and tectonic activity. Variable quality of the basaltic raw material stays in close relation with the evolution of the volcanism in the area under research. This fact has been indicated on the basis of technical properties testing results obtained for particular petrographic types of basaltoides (e.g. variable absorbability and Deval drum grindability) and for type A or type B basaltoides (e.g. higher compression strength, lower aggregate stamping coefficient value, lower Boehme wheel or Deval drum grindability for basaltoides type A). The relations have been observed between certain technical properties and the rock texture, quantitative mineral composition (conditions of mineral compounds formation) and chemical composition (magma differentiation) of the basaltoides. Compression strength of the rocks increases with higher volcanic glass content and SiC>2 content. The compression strength will decrease with the higher primary crystals content mainly transformed olivine crystals and Na20. Drop in compression strength after 25 freezing cycles has also been noted with the increase of primary crystals (mostly - transformed olivine crystals). Absorbability was growing with increasing contents of zeolites and transformed olivine, but decreasing with higher contents of augite. It has been noted that grindability values are lower when there are more primary crystals, rock mass augite crystals and nepheline in the rock. Grindability is higher when the contents of non transparent minerals and volcanic glass is high. Presence of numerous cleavage cracks and large number of zeolite veins helps obtaining tiny blocks during rock extraction process. Variability in the quality of rocky raw material, which was modified during particular stages of volcanism evolution in the Pogórze Rębiszowskie region determins broader range of the material application. Apart from the rock aggregate production, the raw material can also be utilised in hot-melt processing, thanks to its useful petrurgical properties, such as: low melting point, no mineral relicts present after melting, low melting interval, low primary crystals contents. The raw material coming from certain parts of the deposits will require correcting of its composition with the material of higher acidic oxides contents, hence, it is recommended to create possibilities for obtaining the raw material of the averaged quality.

16

Prawo rotacji sejsmicznej jako element systemu ostrzegania o erupcji Wezuwiusza

Adamczewski Z., Larsen L.

Przegląd Geodezyjny

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2007

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R. 79, nr 12

14-15

PL

Ostatnia erupcja Wezuwiusza wystąpiła 63 lata temu. Od ponad 400 lat, maksymalny odstęp czasu między erupcjami tego wulkanu nie przekroczył 57 lat. Wulkanolodzy przewidują silny kataklizm. W tej pracy podano daty możliwych erupcji, przewidywane na podstawie prawa rotacji sejsmicznej.

EN

The last eruption of Mount Vesuvius took place 63 years ago. Far more than 400 years the maximum elapsed time between eruptions of this volcano has not exceeded 57 years. Volcanologists predict the next event will be cataclysmic. In this work possible eruption dates are presented, predicted on the basis of the law of seismic rotation.

17

Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous volcanism in the Ukrainian part of the Carpathians

Krobicki M., Golonka J., Malata E., Oszczypko N., Słaby E., Słomka T.

Volumina Jurassica

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2006

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Vol. 4, no. 1

52-53

EN

Today the Ukrainian Mesozoic volcanic rocks are located in the relatively small area. They are concentrated near the Rachiv Massif and Chivchin Ridge, generally in the front of the Rahiv and Maramuresh (=Marmaros) nappes (Outer Flysch Carpathians) and in the Pieniny Klippen Belt. Several outcrops in these regions were studied in details by present authors. Rachiv nappe contains basaltic flows with numerous pillow lava horizons, ophicalcite(?) and with lava breccias on the top of volcanic sequence (Trostianets stream), as well as basaltic and tuffitic breccias (Lemskij stream). Maramuresh nappe contains andesites, basalts and tuffitic breccias often associated with light-grey micritic and coral limestones of Âtramberk-type facies (Kamennyj Potok stream). Most spectacular region of distribution of magmatic rocks belongs to Maramuresh unit and is located between Margetul, Radomir and Kwasnyj streams. These rocks are represented mainly by massive and pillow basalts, basaltic and tuffitic breccias and diabases as well as porphyritic conglomeratic/breccias. Usually they build huge klippes up to 50 meters and more. The contacts between huge pillow basaltic flows and surrounding deposits are usually covered by debris or vegetation but in Margetul stream the relationship between pillow lavas and pelagic, micritic limestones with cherts (Cieszyn Limestone Formation type) is very well visible. In the lower part of section small lenses of basaltic rocks occur within these limestones and basaltlimestone ratio increases upwards. Latest Jurassic - earliest Cretaceous age of these limestones was established helping to determine crucial age of a magmatic event to understand most important wide geodynamic processes. The basaltic rocks with pillow lavas are exposed in Veliky Kamenets quarry within Ukrainian part of the Pieniny Klippen Belt. These basalts cover the Middle Jurassic - lowermost Creataceous carbonate sequence, the contact is sharp and basaltic dykes also penetrate underlying Calpionella limestones. Above these basalts, there are younger limestones rich both in ammonites and benthic fauna (brachiopods, bivalves and crinoids) and they are overlain by 1 meters thick tuffites. The youngest deposits in the Veliky Kamenets section are yellowish limestone breccias showing presence of abundant Berriasian calpionellids. Sedimentological features of this breccia indicate submarine erosion connected with synsedimentary movements of the sea bottom causing redeposition of older rocks - in this case Calpionella limestones and basaltic fragments. These sediments correspond very well with Walentowa Breccia Member of the Dursztyn Limestone Formation which originated after strong Neo-Cimmerian uplift of the Czorsztyn Ridge. Additionally, in Vulhovchik stream, just below Veliky Kamenets hill, Jurassic/Cretaceous trachydolerites occur. These magmatic events correspond very well with major plate reorganization, which happened during the Tithonian time within western Tethyan Ocean. In the same time the Outer Carpathian rifts were developed with the extensional type of volcanism (teschenites) and the Silesian Basin originated as a result of such rifting process. The presumable triple-junction zone comprises the Rahiv-Sinaia zone (first arm), Silesian (second one) and its extension into the Pieniny Klippen Belt/Magura Basin (third arm). The origin of this triple junction is perhaps related to the opening of the Central Atlantic-Ligurian-Penninic oceanic system.

18

Czeski Raj - nowy europejski geopark

Migoń P., Pijet-Migoń E.

Geoturystyka

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2006

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nr 4

21-32

PL

W artykule przedstawiono najważniejsze obiekty przyrody nieożywionej Czeskiego Raju w północnych Czechach, wchodzącego w skład powołanego w 2005 r. geoparku "Czeski Raj ", stanowiące o jego wybitnej atrakcyjności dla geoturystyki. Opisano skalne miasta, rozczłonkowane płaskowyże, kuesty i grzbiety wertykalne, które rozwinęły się na wychodniach kredowych skał osadowych, głównie piaskowców. Zwrócono uwagę na powszechność form skalnych różnej wielkości, będących wynikiem współdziałania wietrzenia, ruchów masowych i erozji, oraz lokalne występowanie skał wulkanicznych wieku neogeńskiego, tworzących neki. W końcowej części artykułu omówiono historię ochrony przyrody i turystyczną dostępność regionu.

EN

The paper presents the most important abiotic nature sites in the Bohemian Paradise (Cesky Raj) area in the northern part of Czech Republic. It is apart of a geopark "Bohemian Paradise" established in 2005, decisive for its outstanding attractiveness for geotourism. Rock cities, dissected plateaux, cuesta and hogback ridges developed in the Cretaceous sedimentary rocks, mainly sandstones, are described. The common occurrence is emphasized of rock outcrops of various size, resulting from combined action of weathering, mass movement and erosion, including locally present necks of Neogene volcanics. The closing part of the paper includes an account of the history of landscape protection and current tourist accessibility.

19

Atrakcje geoturystyczne Nowej Zelandii

Latocha A.

Geoturystyka

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2006

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nr 3

3-14

PL

Artykuł prezentuje wybrane atrakcje geoturystyczne Nowej Zelandii. Są one podstawą do omówienia głównych aspektów budowy geologicznej oraz procesów rzeźbotwórczych, przeszłych i współczesnych, kształtujących krajobraz tego kraju. Zaprezentowano zarówno zjawiska wielkoskalowe - wulkaniczne i geotermalne procesy i formy Wyspy Północnej, charakterystykę genezy oraz współczesnej morfodynamiki Alp Południowych, współczesne i plejstoceńskie przekształcenia rzeźby w wyniku zlodowaceń, jak i zjawiska w skali lokalnej - formy krasowe i selektywne wietrzenie w Skałach Naleśnikowych oraz występowanie septarii - wielkich konkrecji - Głazy Moeraki.

EN

The article presents selected geotourist attractions of New Zealand. They form a basis to discuss the main geological features and past and present morphological processes shaping New Zealand's landscape. Large-scale phenomena are presented, such a volcanic and geothermal processes and landforms of the North Island, genesis and morphodynamics of the Southern Alps, present and Pleistocene landscape changes due to glaciations, as well as phenomena of local-scale, such as karst and selective weathering of the Pancake Rocks and occurrence of large septarian concretions, the Moeraki Boulders.

20

Two models of parameterized convection for medium-sized icy satellites of Saturn

Czechowski L.

Acta Geophysica

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2006

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Vol. 54, no. 3

280-302

EN

A parameterized theory of convection is developed for 6 medium-size icy satellites (MIS) of Saturn. It is an extension of the research concerning the Mimas -Enceladus paradox. Two parameterizations of dimensionless temperature are used in the model and a new constrain for tidal heating is included. It is found that the basic results of the model are independent of particulars of the parameterizations. The new constrain considerably reduces the space of possible values of the material parameter of satellites but the two basic conclusions are unchanged, i.e.: (a) the thermal state of the considered MIS can be explained in the frame of the uniform model that includes radiogenic and tidal heating; (b) the theory indicates that endogenic activity of some MIS was (or is) a result of a specific ‘excited’, high temperature state of a given satellite. The theory could be also used for estimation of tidal heating.