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Highlighting Volcanic Outcrops by Mapping Geological Lineaments Using Satellite Data in the Saka Region, North-East Morocco

Elaaraj Abdallah, Lhachmi Ali, Tabyaoui Hassan, Alitane Abdennabi, El Yousfi Yassine

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

54--69

EN

The Saka region and its environs are situated in the northeastern part of Morocco. This study aimed to optimize automated lineament extraction based on the comparing of Landsat-8 optical satellite data with Sentinel-2B for enhanced analysis. The research delved into the structural lineaments within the Saka region, with the objective of advancing the understanding of lineament extraction techniques. Remote sensing techniques were employed to extract and map these lineaments Furthermore, the study sought to elucidate the distribution and genesis of volcanism in the Saka region and its surroundings in the context of geodynamics. The availability of optical and multispectral remote sensing datasets, including those from Landsat-8 OLI and Sentinel-2B, characterized by medium and high spatial resolutions, enhances the efficiency and simplicity of lineament mapping – an essential component of any structural geological investigation. However, due to the differences in spatial resolution and sensitivity to land cover, the outcomes from these diverse data sources were derived with varying resolutions display variability. The spatial resolution of the images significantly influences the precision and clarity of the retrieved lineaments. The findings underscore a strong correlation between lineament directions (primarily NE-SW, E-W, NW-SE) and faults, i.e., correspond to the distribution of volcanic outcrops in the Saka area and its vicinity. For validation purposes, the lineaments extracted through directional filtering were compared to the manually obtained lineaments, alongside lineaments digitized from the pre-existing neotectonic map (faults) as well as satellite images depicting lineaments in the study area. Density analysis was employed to investigate the correlation between the concentration of lineaments and the distribution of pre-existing faults. Additionally, the geological map was utilized to refine the correlation between density distribution and the spatial orientations of volcanic rock formations in the study area.

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Trachyte reservoir characteristics and favorable reservoir identification and prediction in the J34 block, Eastern Sag

Ma Chenglong, Wu Ying, Gu Tuan, Zhang Bin, Li Yu Gang, Zhang Ying Jie, Dong Wen Bo, Cui Jie

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 4

1635--1650

EN

Influenced by tectonic activities such as the Tan-Lu Fault and mantle uplift, frequent volcanic activity in the Eastern Sag of the Liaohe Basin has resulted in the widespread development of volcanic rocks, such as basalt and trachyte, in the third member of the Shahejie Formation. Exploration and development have confirmed the presence of large oil and gas displays in trachyte reservoirs. However, previous studies have focused on the whole Eastern Sag or the volcanic rocks in the north, middle, and south sections of the Eastern Sag, while the J34 block has rarely been examined. There are challenges associated with the exploration and development of the J34 block, such as difficulties with trachyte lithology identification, reservoir space identification, quantitative logging identification, and prediction of horizontal and vertical distribution of lithologic characteristics. Therefore, this study presents an investigation and analysis of the characteristics of trachyte reservoirs, and the identification and prediction of favorable reservoirs based on core data, core sampling analysis, well logging, seismic data, and development dynamic data. The results showed that the volcanic rocks in the study area mainly include three types of lithology: trachytic breccia, trachytic lava, and basaltic lava, with trachytic breccia being the most important and favorable reservoir lithology. The trachyte reservoir space is mainly fractured and vuggy, and the secondary reservoir space is often superimposed onto the primary reservoir space, which significantly increases reservoir performance. Using the logging response characteristics of different lithologies and optimizing sensitivity curves, the quantitative identification criteria of different types of volcanic rocks were established. At the same time, the distribution characteristics of favorable reservoirs were determined by reconstructed wave impedance inversion with sensitive parameters, which showed that favorable reservoirs are mainly distributed along faults. Further analysis of the controlling factors of trachyte reservoirs can effectively guide the oil and gas development in this block and provide a reference for the exploration and development of similar blocks.

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Identification of volcanic lithofacies using box-counting method calculating fractal dimension of logging data

Mou Dan, Wang Zhuwen, Tan Xili, Shi Shaoyun

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 6

2647--2658

EN

Identification of volcanic lithofacies is critical for reservoir exploration and a major difficulty in China's Liaohe oil field. In this paper, we present a fractal analysis method for identifying volcanic facies by estimating the fractal dimension of logging data. The fractal properties of lithofacies logging curves are explored, as well as the categorization scheme of volcanic lithofacies in the eastern sag of the Liaohe basin. Five logging curves impacted by volcanic lithofacies from four wells in the Liaohe basin's eastern depression were chosen. The Box-counting dimension is used to develop a logging lithofacies identification criterion. Furthermore, we calculated the fractal dimension of logging curves using box-counting dimension methods.

4

Manganese oxides from Zalas, Kraków area, southern Poland

Polak M., Gołębiowska B., Rzepa G.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 1

120--121

EN

The Zalas quarry is located in the southern, marginal part of the Silesian-Cracovian Monocline. Permian rhyodacite laccolith has been exploited here for over 70 years. The intrusion was formed about 260–280 Ma during the Early Permian transtensional, sinistral tectonic regime predominating in central Europe at that time (Nawrocki et al. 2005). Permian volcanic rocks are overlain by a Middle–Upper Jurassic sedimentary sequence, built from sands and sandstones, substituted with the passing of time by limestones and sandy limestones rich in fossils (Matyszkiewicz et al. 2006). Quarrying operations carried out approximately 10 years ago uncovered a fault zone cutting the Middle Jurassic sandy limestones. Exposed breccias was locally encrusted by a hydrothermal mineralization forming thin veinlets cutting the limestone, or surrounding the breccia clasts. Primary mineralization contained small relics of pyrite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, galena, native bismuth and barite and was significantly replaced by supergene minerals e.g. Fe and Mn oxides, malachite, cuprite, Cu sulphates, iodargyrite, Bi oxychlorides and Na, K chlorides (Gołębiowska et al. 2006, 2010, 2015). The mineralization is most likely connected with rejuvenation of Early-Paleozoic fault zones during the Sava phase of the Alpine orogeny, and subsequent intensive weathering under semi-arid and arid climate in a period between the Oligocene and Middle Miocene (Gołębiowska et al. 2010). In the sandy limestone encrusted by the oxidized mineralization, very interesting Mn-oxides, enriched in numerous heavy metals were encountered. They filled small fractures and voids within the fault breccia. Among them, Tl-rich varieties have been recently reported. Extremely high thallium content, reaching 20.82 wt% Tl 2 O, makes the oxides unique on a world scale (Gołębiowska et al. 2015). In this paper we focused on the variable admixtures in Mn oxides from oxidation zone in Zalas; for this purpose, SEM-EDS and WDS analyses were carried out. Mn oxides in Zalas are accompanied by malachite, Fe oxides (goethite and hematite) and relics of primary mineralization (Matyszkiewicz et al. 2015). Mn and Fe oxides commonly form the yellowish to red-brownish or black tiny grains or cryptocrystalline aggregates with sizes up to a few millimetres across. Manganese oxides contain variable admixtures of Cu, Ca, Pb, Ba, Fe, Ni, Co and Tl. On the basis of chemical analyses, three major Mn oxide types have been distinguished: those enriched in (i) Ni and Co, (ii) Pb and (iii) Ba and Ca. Co-Ni-bearing Mn oxides, probably asbolane-type, contain 17.01–21.58 wt% CoO and 3.05–8.33 wt% NiO. These phases contain also admixtures of Cu (up to 10 wt% CuO) and Al (up to 7 wt% of Al 2 O 3 ), as well as traces of Fe, Ba, Zn, Mg and Tl (up to 0.5 wt%). Interestingly, in Mn oxides of this type, the admixtures of lead are absent. Pb-bearing Mn oxide, probably coronadite, contain up to 21.48 wt% PbO. In its composition various other elements were also noticed: up to 2 wt% CoO, 0.4 wt% NiO and very high concentrations of CuO up to 8 wt%, as well as up to 1 wt% BaO, FeO, CaO Tl 2 O, Al 2 O 3 and traces of Zn and Mg. Chemical mapping indicates that the Ba- or Ca-bearing Mn oxides occur only in marginal parts of zoned MnO 2 aggregates with almost pure MnO 2 in their cores. They contain 78–84 wt% MnO 2, 3–10 wt% BaO and 2.5–4.5 wt% CaO. High contents of Co, Ni, Pb, Cu and Tl in Mn oxides from Zalas indicate a direct link with the primary ore assemblage. High concentration of cobalt and nickel might suggest some connection with Co and Ni mineralization known from nearby Karniowice Travertine (Czerny 1992). Mineral association, as well as crystal morphologies and sizes could indicate hydrothermal origin of at least part of the Mn oxides. However, identification of the particular minerals as well as concluding on the details of their origin is quite difficult on this stage of research.

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Wykorzystanie skały wulkanicznej w budownictwie

Przerada I., Zawada A.

Materiały Ceramiczne

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2012

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T. 64, nr 3

374-377

PL

Skała wulkaniczna stanowi doskonały surowiec, który nie wymaga znaczących modyfikacji. Zastosowana do wytwarzania bloków kominowych sprawia, że charakteryzują się one dobrymi parametrami izolacyjnymi oraz wysoką odpornością na działanie kwasów. W pracy zbadano skład fazowy i mikrostrukturę naturalnej skały wulkanicznej pochodzącej z wciąż czynnego wulkanu Stromboli oraz bloku kominowego, zawierającego w swym składzie skałę wulkaniczną pochodzącą z Irlandii. Uzyskane wyniki analizy porównawczej wykazały, że w badanych skałach wulkanicznych występują różnice w składzie fazowym.

EN

Volcanic rock is an excellent resource that does not require significant modification. Used for the production of chimney blocks, it makes them to have good insulating characteristics and high resistance to acids. The study investigated the phase composition and microstructure of both natural volcanic rock derived from the still active volcano of Stromboli and a chimney block, which contained in its composition a volcanic rock that originated from Ireland. Phase compositions of the volcanic rock and the building material used in the chimney systems were different.

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Wytrzymałość na rozciąganie betonów zwykłych i wysokiej wytrzymałości z kruszywami ze skał magmowych i osadowych

Piasta W., Budzyński W., Góra J.

Przegląd Budowlany

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2011

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R. 82, nr 10

62-66

PL

Na podstawie wyników badań własnych oraz analizy wariancji stwierdzono znaczący wpływ rodzaju kruszywa grubego na wytrzymałość na rozciąganie i ściskanie betonów zwykłych i wysokiej wytrzymałości. Najniższe wytrzymałości na rozciąganie uzyskano w betonach zwykłych i wysokiej wytrzymałości z kruszywem granitowym, natomiast betony z kruszywem dolomitowym charakteryzowały się największymi wartościami. Wykazano całkowitą przydatność kruszywa dolomitowego do zastosowań w betonach wysokiej wytrzymałości. W przypadku betonów zwykłych stwierdzono przeszacowanie normowych wartości wytrzymałości na rozciąganie.

EN

On the basis of own experimental results and analysis of variance, the significant effect of coarse aggregate on tensile and compressive strength of normal concretes and high strength concretes (HSC) has been stated. The tensile strength of HSC and normal concretes made of granite aggregate has been significantly the lowest, however the effect of dolomite aggregate on concrete strength is opposite. The dolomite aggregate affects a significant increase in both compressive strength and tensile strengths and its suitability for HSCs is totally confirmed. Codes' values of tensile strength of normal concretes are overestimated.