This article describes an apparatus for testing viscoplastic metallic alloys in tension at temperatures up to 400ºC. Its distinctive feature is a two-shelled furnace which encompasses the test-piece. The extensometer is attached to the shoulders of the specimen and remains outside the oven, so that it works at room temperature. The strain εrs in the reduced section inside the tight fitting oven is calculated with the help of a finite element software from the strain εext given by the extensometer. In the elastic range, the set-up was used for the measurement of Young’s moduli. In the plastic and viscoplastic ranges, it was used to draw work-hardening curves and to perform relaxation tests representative of in-service conditions. In this later case, a method to derive the strain rate sensitivity from the decrease with time of the registered stress is presented. The furnace can be easily machined in a mechanical workshop for all shapes and dimensions of test-pieces, so that it can be adapted to various studies of the workability of metallic alloys, especially those which necessitate a rapid rise and precise maintenance in temperature.
This paper deals with the numerical simulation of an instability phenomenon called Lueders bands with two regularized material models: viscoplasticity and gradient-enhanced plasticity. The models are based on large strain kinematics and temperature-dependence is incorporated. The Huber–Mises–Hencky yield condition and multi-branch hardening are employed. After a brief presentation of the constitutive description, test computations are performed using AceGen and AceFEM symbolic packages for Wolfram Mathematica. The first benchmark is a rectangular tensile plate in plane strain isothermal conditions. For the viscoplastic model, simulation results for different values of viscosity, loading duration and enforced displacement are compared. For the gradient model different internal lengths are used. Mesh sensitivity of the results and the influence of boundary conditions are also examined. Next to the Lueders-type response to a softening-hardening yield strength function, an additional softening stage leading to failure is also considered. The second example concerns a bone-shape sample under tension, for which, next to mesh sensitivity and the effect of regularization, the influence of heat conduction on simulation results is evaluated.
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This paper focuses on a comparison of two regularized continuum models for concrete in the simulations of selected benchmarks of response to impact loading. Their overview is performed in the context of application in dynamics. The first one is the Hoffman viscoplastic consistency model, where the strain rate activates regularization. The second model is derived from the scalar damage theory enhanced by an averaging equation incorporating the Laplacian of an averaged strain measure. Both models are implemented in the FEAP package. The results of some standard wave propagation tests are discussed, considering discretization sensitivity and predicted failure modes. Three examples are pre- sented: the direct tension of a plain and reinforced concrete bar, the split test of a cylinder, and the four-point bending of a reinforced concrete beam. The ability of both models to simulate impact loading is assessed.
The numerical results of superplastic punchless deep drawing of the Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy were presented in this paper. The material behavior subjected to the forming process was characterized by deformation-microstructure constitutive equations including the grain growth. Superplastic stress-strain characteristics used in the numerical simulations were computed with the application of authorial program. The explicit integration scheme is used in solving differential equations. The numerical simulations of the super-elastic deep drawing were made with finite element method analysis. The von Mises stress distribution in the blow-forming process was obtained. The possible faults of extrusions caused by the improper load history as well as unsuitable pressure were also presented in this paper. The numerical simulations included in this research allow for the proper choice of material and drawing parameters which can help to optimize the superplastic forming process.
The research presented in this paper is focused on simulation of a propagative instability called Lueders bands using large strain plasticity with Huber-Mises-Hencky yield function. Two types of regularization are used: gradient-enhanced plasticity and viscoplasticity. Regularization is needed to avoid mesh sensitivity associated with the classical continuum description. A special sample is used to study Lueders band propagation in shear, its shape is motivated by experiments. The gradient-enhanced model used in computation provides a more reliable regularization than the viscoplastic model.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano symulacje numeryczne propagujących się pasm lokalizacji odkształcenia nazywanych pasmami Luedersa wykorzystując model dużych deformacji z funkcją plastyczności Hubera-Mises-Hencky'ego. Użyto dwóch typów regularyzacji, gradientowej plastyczności oraz lepkoplastyczności. Regularyzacja jest niezbędna celem uniknięcia zależności wyników od gęstości siatki elementów skończonych. Do przeprowadzania obliczeń w warunkach czystego ścinania została użyta specjalna próbka, której kształt motywowany jest eksperymentami. Model gradientowy wykazał lepsze możliwości regularyzacyjne niż model lepkoplastyczny.
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In recent years, artificial neural networks have been proposed for engineering applications, such as predicting stresses and strains in structural elements. However, the question arises, how many complex influences can be included in an artificial neural network (ANN) and how accurate these predictions are in comparison to classical finite element solutions. A weakness of finite element predictions is that they can behave sensitive and unstable to changes in material parameters. An ANN does not need an underlying model with parameters and uses input variables, only. In the present study the stability of numerical results obtained by ANN and FEM are compared to each other for a problem in structural dynamics. The result gives new insight about the possibilities to predict accurately structural deformations by means of ANNs. As an example for highly complex geometrically and physically nonlinear structural deformations, the response of circular metal plates subjected to shock waves is investigated.
Flexible, slender structures like cables, hoses or wires can be described by the geometrically exact Cosserat rod theory. Due to their complex multilayer structure, consisting of various materials, viscoplastic behavior has to be expected for cables under load. Classical experiments like uniaxial tension, torsion or three-point bending already show that the behavior of e.g. electric cables is viscoplastic. A suitable constitutive law for the observed load case is crucial for a realistic simulation of the deformation of a component. Consequently, this contribution aims at a viscoplastic constitutive law formulated in the terms of sectional quantities of Cosserat rods. Since the loading of cables in applications is in most cases not represented by these mostly uniaxial classical experiments, but rather multiaxial, new experiments for cables have to be designed. They have to illustrate viscoplastic effects, enable access to (viscoplastic) material parameters and account for coupling effects between different deformation modes. This work focuses on the design of such experiments.
PL
Giętkie, smukłe struktury, takie jak kable, rury lub druty, mogą być opisane przez geometrycznie ścisłą teorię prętów Cosserata. Biorąc pod uwagę, że omawiane obiekty mają skomplikowaną, wielowarstwową strukturę i składają się z wielu różnych materiałów, można oczekiwać, że pod obciążeniem będą wykazywać właściwości lepkoplastyczne. Klasyczne eksperymenty, takie jak rozciąganie jednoosiowe, skręcanie lub zginanie trójpunktowe, pokazały, że np. kable zachowują się jak ciała lepkoplastyczne. Odpowiednie, konstytutywne prawo opisujące obserwowany przypadek obciążenia jest niezwykle istotne dla realistycznej symulacji odkształcenia takiego obiektu. Tak więc, celem pracy było znalezienie lepkoplastycznego konstytutywnego prawa sformułowanego z uwzględnieniem właściwości poszczególnych sekcji pręta Cosserata. Ponieważ klasyczne eksperymenty, w których głównie stosuje się obciążenie jednoosiowe, nie reprezentują właściwie zachowania kabli w zastosowaniach praktycznych, należy zaprojektować nowe eksperymenty, z obciążeniem wieloosiowym. Powinny one zilustrować efekty lepkoplastyczne, umożliwić identyfikację (lepkoplastycznych) parametrów materiału i wyjaśnić efekty sprzężeń pomiędzy różnymi trybami odkształceń. W pracy skoncentrowano się na projektowaniu takich eksperymentów.
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An upper bound solution for compression of viscous material between rotating plates is proposed. For many conventional constitutive equations its form has been given by Hill. In the case of viscous materials the main difficulty with the application of the upper bound theorem is that conventional friction laws are not compatible with the conditions used to prove it. A reduced version of the upper bound theorem that accounts for specific viscous constitutive equations and boundary conditions is adopted. In such a form, in contrast to the general case, the theorem determines an upper bound on the load required to deform the material. The dependence of the upper bound force based on a simple kinematically admissible velocity field on material and process parameters is illustrated. The solution is reduced to numerical integration and minimization of a function of one variable.
PL
W artykule zaproponowano wykorzystanie metody górnej oceny do opisu ściskania lepkiego materiału pomiędzy obracającymi się płytami. Dla wielu konwencjonalnych równań konstytutywnych ich postać została przedstawiona przez Hill’a. W przypadku materiałów lepkich głównym problemem przy wykorzystaniu twierdzenia górnej granicy jest to, że klasyczne prawa tarcia nie są kompatybilne z warunkami stosowanymi do jego udowodnienia. Zastosowano uproszczoną wersję twierdzenia górnej granicy, uwzględniającą specyficzne równania konstytutywne materiałów lepkich oraz warunki brzegowe. W takiej postaci, w przeciwieństwie do przypadku ogólnego, twierdzenie określa górną granicę obciążenia wymaganą do odkształcenia materiału. Przedstawiono wpływ siły określonej za pomocą twierdzenia górnej granicy na podstawie kinematycznie dopuszczalnego pola prędkości na materiał i parametry procesu. Rozwiązanie zredukowano do całkowania numerycznego i minimalizacji funkcji jednej zmiennej.
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In this paper, authors reminisce on years of scientific cooperation and achievements on the personality of Piotr Perzyna and his Theory of Thermo-Viscoplasticity, which are displayed from remembrance. All the essence of latin words Master, Doctor, Docent, Professor are in some kind the reflection of the scientific history that has happened during the last 40 years. For every author the shift of 10 to 20 years shows that Piotr Perzyna served with his personality and knowledge for two to three different generations, working with authors as 20/30/50 years younger man. Now, one year after Piotr Perzyna passed away in 2013 (50 years after publishing the basic paper on Theory of Thermo-Viscoplasticity in 1963), the role he has played for authors has become much clearer and conspicuous as well as in a wider context. Like P iotr = P eter = P etrus = Kηϕας ´ Professor Perzyna is the rock on which we build. Let it remain not only in memory.
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The main purpose of this paper is the parameters identification of the Perzyna and the Chaboche models for the aluminum alloy at elevated temperature. The additional purpose is comparison of the results for these viscoplastic models. The results have been verified by the numerical simulation of the laboratory tests. The material parameters have been calculated on the basis of the uniaxial tension test. The determination of the Perzyna model’s parameters has been made on the basis of the ideas presented in papers of Perzyna [14–16, 18]. Then the parameters identification of the Chaboche model has been performed using concept presented in [2, 5, 6]. The elastic and inelastic properties have been estimated using the non-linear approximation by the least-squares method in Marquardt-Levenberg variant [12, 13]. The correctness assessment of the performed approximation has been verified by correlation and determination coefficients.
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This paper describes a procedure for the identification of material parameters for the elasto-viscoplastic Bodner-Partom model. A set of viscoplastic parameters is identified for AA2017 aluminium alloy. The evaluation of material parameters for the Bodner-Partom constitutive equations is carried out using tensile tests. Numerical simulations of material behaviour during constant strain-rate tests are compared with direct uniaxial tensile experiments. A review of the models applied to concisely describe aluminium alloy is also given.
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At room temperature, the tantalum is shown to exhibit a high and typical strain rate sensitivity. Various experimental tests including uniaxial tensile test in the three plane direction, relaxation and cyclic shear tests have been conducted at room temperature in order to study the mechanical behavior of tantalum. Based on this experimental data, an elasto-viscoplastic model is developped including the initial viscoplastic anisotropy as well as the isotropic ductile damage effects using an enhanced viscosity effect. Using the framework of the thermodynamics with state variables, an appropriate state and dissipation potentials are proposed to account for, the initial viscoplastic flow anisotropy, the mixed non linear isotropic and kinematic hardenings and the isotropic ductile damage effect. Specific developments are made to introduce different isotropic type hardenings thanks to a coupling between cumulative plastic strain and viscous or kinematic hardening effects. The proposed model, implemented into ABAQUS explicit via the user subroutine vumat, is used to simulate different experimental tests in order to determine the accurate values of the overall material parameters. The special treatment of the plane stress case is addressed and shown to describe the anisotropic behavior. Finally, some simple 2D and 3D simulations of deep drawing tests are carried out to validate the accuracy of the proposed model.
PL
W temperaturze pokojowej tantal wykazuje typową wysoką wrażliwość na prędkość odkształcenia. Szereg testów, w tym jednoosiowy test rozciągania, relaksacji i cykliczny test ścinania, zostało przeprowadzonych w temperaturze pokojowej w celu poznania mechanicznych własności tantalu. Bazując na otrzymanych danych eksperymentalnych opracowano sprężyste lepko plastyczny model uwzględniający początkową lepko plastyczną anizotropię jak również izotropowy efekt plastycznego pękania. Wykorzystując termodynamiczne podejście ze zmiennymi stanu zostały zaproponowane zmienne stanu i potencjały dyssypacyjne aby uwzględnić anizotropie w początkowym lepko plastyczny płynięciu, oraz aby połączyć nieliniowe izotropowe i kinematyczne modele umocnienia oraz efekty plastycznego pękania. Szczególny nacisk położono na opracowanie złożonych modeli umocnienia materiału. Opracowany model zaimplementowano w programie ABAQUS/EXPLICIT przez procedurę użytkownika Vumant. Model ten został wykorzystany do symulacji różnych testów w celu identyfikacji dokładnych wartości parametrów materiałowych. W pracy przedstawiono również wyniki prostych symulacji w 2D i 3D testów głębokiego tłoczenia przeprowadzone w celu weryfikacji poprawności proponowanego modelu.
W pracy podjęto próbę opisu nieliniowych zachowań specjalnych struktur granulowanych za pomocą lepkoplastycznych związków konstytutywnych zbudowanych dla metali. Specjalne struktury granulowane budowane są na bazie luźnego granulatu umieszczonego w szczelnej przestrzeni, w której w następnym etapie wytwarza się podciśnienie. Wartość zadanego podciśnienia wewnętrznego determinuje globalne właściwości fizyczne tak utworzonego konglomeratu. W procesie modelowania zastosowano prawo Chaboche’a oraz Bodnera-Partoma. Dokonano weryfikacji zidentyfikowanych modeli konstytutywnych z bezpośrednimi wynikami eksperymentalnymi.
EN
Presented work is the next stage of considerations related to innovative semi-intelligent structures composed on the basis of granular materials. Loose granular material is initially placed in a hermetic plastomers envelope, where in the next step so called “underpressure” is generated.
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This paper describes the material parameter determination procedure for the elasto-viscoplastic Bodner-Partom model. A set of viscoplastic parameters is determined for rubber-toughened propylene-ethylene copolymer, and is used to numerical simulations of the material behavior under different strain rate deformations. The evaluation of material parameters for Bodner-Partom constitutive equations is carried out using tensile tests.
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We consider a mathematical model, which describes the dynamic process of contact between a piezoelectric body and an electrically conductive foundation. The material's behavior is modeled with a nonlinear electro-viscoelastic constitutive law; the contact is frictionless and is described with the normal compliance condition and a regularized electrical conductivity condition. We state the variational formulation for the problem, and then we introduce a fully discrete scheme, based on the finite element method to approximate the spatial variable and the backward Euler scheme to discretize the time derivatives. We implement this scheme in a numerical code and, in order to verify its accuracy, we present numerical simulations in the study of a two-dimensional test problem.
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In the design of structural elements, which are used for protection against explosions, the damage evolution until failure has to be predicted in numerical simulations. However, in the literature a wide variety of damage models is available based on different approaches, e.g. phenomenological and micromechanical theories. Furthermore, the consequences of connections between new damage models and the constitutive equations accounting for elastic-viscoplasticity are unclear. The same problem occurs if structural theories, involving hypotheses, are combined with damage laws. In order to verify the calculated results, experiments with structures subjected to pressure waves are necessary. For this reason, an experimental validation method by means of shock tubes is used in the present study to verify the isotropic and anisotropic damage models. The measured deformations and experimentally observed failure modes can then be compared to the simulated results.
In most cases, adiabatic plastic heating is evaluated using the inelastic heat fraction coefficient, also known as Taylor-Quinney coefficient, which is usually assumed to be constant. From the thermodynamic viewpoint, this method consists in neglecting (or including some part of) various thermomechanical couplings in the heat equation. Nevertheless this coarse method can lead to over-estimation of the temperature rise. In this paper, adiabatic shear banding incipience is considered in the context of thermal instability. It is shown that the accuracy in the prediction of favourable conditions for the onset of this plastic localization is strongly dependent on the technique retained for evaluating the plasticity induced heating. This paper aims at showing the influence of various levels of simplification of the thermal equation on the critical conditions at localization onset, the latter being obtained from a criterion based on the linear perturbation method.
PL
Adiabatyczne ogrzewanie w stanie plastycznym jest w większości przypadków opisywane za pomocą ułamkowego ciepła zwanego współczynnikiem Taylora-Quinney'a, zwykle przyjmowanego jako parametr o stałej wartości. Opis taki, z punktu widzenia termodynamiki, zasadza się na pomijaniu (lub uwzględnianiu jedynie pewnej części) sprzężeń termomechanicznych w równaniu definiującym bilans cieplny. Taki zgrubny opis może prowadzić do przeszacowania wzrostu temperatury w obliczeniach dotyczących plastycznego ogrzewania. W pracy przedstawiono proces adiabatycznego formowania pasm ścinania wynikający z termicznej niestabilności. Pokazano, że dokładność w przewidywaniu korzystnych czynników dla inicjacji procesu lokalizacji odkształceń plastycznych silnie zależy od metody szacowania ciepła powstającego wskutek uplastycznienia. Celem rozważań jest pokazanie wpływu różnego stopnia uproszczeń przyjętych w równaniu bilansu cieplnego na warunki odpowiadające za pojawienie się lokalizacji odkształceń plastycznych. Te ostatnie wyznaczono za pomocą kryterium opartego na liniowej metodzie perturbacyjnej.
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Damage constitutive equations are formulated to model the evolution of grain boundary and plasticity-induced damage for free-cutting steels under hot forming conditions. During high temperature, high strain rate deformation, material degradation has characteristics of both creep damage at grain boundaries, and ductile damage surrounding hard inclusions. This has been experimentally observed and is reported in the companion paper. This paper describes the development of unified viscoplastic-damage constitutive equations, in which the nucleation and growth of both damage types are considered independently. The effects of deformation rate, temperature, and material microstructure on damage evolution are modelled. The proposed damage evolution equations are combined with a viscoplastic constitutive equation set, enabling the evolution of dislocation hardening, recovery, recrystallisation, grain size, and damage to be modelled. This set of unified, mechanism-based, viscoplastic damage constitutive equations is determined from experimental data of a freemachining steel for the temperature range 1173- 1373 K. The fitted model is then used to predict damage and failure features of the same material tested using a set of interrupted constant strain rate tests. Close agreement between the predicted and experimental results is obtained for all the cases studied.
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The presentation is focused on the analysis of biophysical properties of cerebral aneurysms, diagnosed and delineated in living human individuals. An aneurysm is a bulging out of a part of the wall of a blood vessel. The aim of our research was to delineate flow patterns inside the aneurysm and its parent artery, to estimate stresses at critical points of the aneurysm wall, to model the haemodynamic effect of different surgical and endovascular tools in order to define the optimal one in a particular case, and to estimate the likelihood of a later aneurysm rupture. For this reason we carried out a lot of different laboratory tests to analyse the mechanical parameters of the aneurysm wall. We made a comparative study of some material models reported in the literature to describe the mechanical response of arteries. These are models for incompressible materials. For this reason we perform uniaxial and biaxial measurements to have appropriate parameters for the models of underlying material.
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A brief review of the damage mechanics literature is given. As this area of scientific research is very modern, the authors have restricted themselves to about 100 most impor-tant books and papers. Basic equations to introduce the isotropic model in the framework of thermodynamics are given in a form easily applicable in numerical symulations.
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