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1

Novel supply chain concepts and optimization of virtual enterprises to reduce cost, increase productivity and boost competitiveness

Kovács G.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 6

973--980

EN

Global competition and increasingly complex networks of supply chains require new production philosophies, novel supply chain paradigms (Lean, Agile and Hybrid ones) and new organization and cooperation forms of companies in order to reduce cost, increase productivity and boost competitiveness. Therefore, members of an Agile supply chain form a virtual enterprise (VE) network, which stands for temporary cooperation of VE members (final assemblers, suppliers, service providers) in which the members share their skills, human and equipment resources as well as waste for more efficient operation. The goal of this study is VE optimization, which means forming optimum combinations of potential chain members. This innovative and original approach involves developing an optimization method and defining objective functions (total cost, total lead time) and design constraints (production and service capacities, inventories and members flexibility) for optimum formation of VEs. The focus of VE optimization is to manufacture and deliver final products to customers in the most time- and cost-effective manner, with the total cost and total lead time of the supply chain being minimized during the optimization. Unique optimization software has been developed based on this method. It can can be widely used for optimizing micro- and macro regional virtual networks.

2

Global economic changes, optimization of Virtual Enterprises : software development

Kovacs G.

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2017

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Vol. 15, No. 2

115--131

EN

Changing market environment, global competition, rapidly fluctuating customer demands and more complex global network of supply chains require new production conceptions (Pull, Lean) and technologies. Novel supply chain paradigms (1. Lean-, 2. Agile-, 3. Leagile Supply Chain) are forms in order to increase and maintain competitiveness of companies. New organization and cooperation forms are formed. The members of an Agile Supply Chain form Virtual Enterprise (VE) network, which supports the fast and flexible fulfilment of changing customers’ demands. The goal of the study is the VE network optimization, which means the formation of optimal combination of ideal chain’s members (production companies, service providers and customers). This study is original and unique, since an optimization method, objective functions (total cost and lead time) and design constraints have been elaborated. Based on the elaborated method an optimization software has been developed which can be widely used for optimization of micro- and macro regional networks.

PL

Zmiana otoczenia rynkowego, globalna konkurencja, gwałtowne wahania zapotrzebowania klientów i bardziej złożona globalna sieć łańcuchów dostaw wymagają nowych koncepcji produkcji (Pull, Lean) i technologii. Paradygmaty łańcucha dostaw (1. Lean-, 2. Agile-, 3. Leagile Supply Chain) są formami powstałymi w celu zwiększenia i utrzymania konkurencyjności firm. Powstają nowe formy organizacji i współpracy. Członkowie Łańcucha Agile Supply Chain tworzą sieć wirtualnego przedsiębiorstwa (Virtual Enterprise, VE), która zapewnia szybkie i elastyczne spełnianie zmieniających się wymagań klientów. Celem badania jest optymalizacja sieci VE, co oznacza tworzenie optymalnej kombinacji idealnych członków łańcucha (firm produkcyjnych, dostawców usług i klientów). Przedstawione badania są oryginalne i unikalne, ponieważ opracowano metodę optymalizacji, funkcje celu (całkowity koszt i czas realizacji) oraz ograniczenia projektowe. Na podstawie opracowanej metody opracowano oprogramowanie optymalizacyjne, które można szeroko wykorzystać do optymalizacji sieci mikro- i makroregionalnych.

3

Zastosowanie technologii holonowych w środowisku chmurowym przedsiębiorstwa

Ogrodowczyk B., Badurek J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Organizacja i Zarządzanie

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2016

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Nr 70

177--190

PL

Celem artykułu jest wskazanie możliwości stosowania technologii holonowych dla implementacji chmurowego przetwarzania danych (cloud computing, CC) oraz chmurowego wytwarzania (cloud manufacturing, CM) w przedsiębiorstwie wirtualnym. Przyjęto następujący schemat wywodu: wyszczególnienie cech wspólnych oraz wyróżniających, występujących pomiędzy chmurą obliczeniową a wytwarzaniem chmurowym przedsiębiorstwa wirtualnego, a następnie zbadanie możliwości implementacji holonowych w rozważanym zakresie z uwzględnieniem studium przypadku w praktyce przemysłowej.

EN

The purpose of this paper is indication of possibilities of usage holons systems in cloud computing and cloud manufacturing environment within boundaries of virtual enterprise. This paper bases on schema: indication common and different features occurring between cloud computing and cloud manufacturing in virtual enterprise, and research of possibility of implementation holons in virtual enterprise using case study from industry.

4

Co-ordination in the autonomous software agents’ systems

Madejski J.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 55, nr 1

74--79

EN

Purpose: Agents are designed to behave individually rational, which means that they should maximize their personal utility which is the way to make them less vulnerable to mean actions of others, yet they have to co-ordinate their actions to reach common goals, which is the purpose of this work. Design/methodology/approach: Agents can create and pursue their individual goals, behaving in a ‘selfish’ way to acquire the desired state of their world. To achieve that they may choose to adopt goals of other agents too, should this co-ordination be assessed as beneficial for them. Moreover, there is also a possibility to define the desired states of the agents in a way which will induce them to work together rather than try to operate individually. This may include their specialization, which forces in most cases sharing of their potential. This may be achieved by specialised design of agents being able to carry out elementary tasks. Such approach calls however, for design of a layer of supervisory agents which will be capable of realising what is the multi-agent overall system goal, setting up their teams from simple agents and committing to common sub-goals. All such systems may be efficiently developed only after careful study of the successfully operating systems in which humans are the agents, whose tasks may now be assigned to the software ones. These agents have to be coupled, as it also happens in their human counterparts. Findings: Development of the software agents’ co-operation framework based on review of publications covering both the fundamental considerations, as well as the latest developments. Research limitations/implications: Approach presented still needs careful testing and refinement of the co-ordination / negotiation rules. Originality/value: Co-ordination of agents to reach their common goal, satisfying also their individual utility.

5

Dynamic virtual organization inception and management supporting distributed industrial collaborations

Kitowski J., Kryza B.

Computer Methods in Materials Science

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2011

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Vol. 11, No. 4

514-523

EN

Virtual Organizations seem as a natural paradigm for the globalized and dynamic nature of modern business environments. In a truly globalized world organizations should be able to participate with other organizations that can provide the needed capabilities at optimal cost and quality. However, in order to foster the adoption of this concept, several missing gaps within the IT technology have to be addressed first. In this paper we present a framework supporting creation and management of dynamic virtual organizations in distributed IT environments. The framework, called FiVO (Framework for Intelligent Virtual Organizations) addresses all major issues related to VO lifecycle including partner discovery, contract negotiation, VO deployment and contract enforcement. In this paper we focus on analysis of feasibility of our solution for industrial applications.

PL

Organizacje Wirtualne wydają się być naturalnym paradygmatem w przyszłych zastosowaniach biznesowych, biorąc pod uwagę obecną globalną i dynamiczną naturę tych środowisk. W prawdziwie zglobalizowanym świecie, organizacje powinny być w stanie nawiązać współpracę z dowolną inną organizacją, która jest w stanie dostarczyć pożądaną usługę, pozwalając optymalizować jakość i koszt. Jednak aby umożliwić i rozpowszechnić tą ideę wiele istniejących braków w technologii informatycznej musi zostać rozwiązanych. W tym artykule prezentujemy system wspierający tworzenie i zarządzanie Organizacji Wirtualnych w rozproszonych systemach informatycznych. Nasze rozwiązanie, pod nazwą FiVO (ang. Framework for Intelligent Virtual Organizations), adresuje większość problemów związanych z cyklem życia Organizacji Wirtualnej takich jak wyszukiwanie partnerów, negocjacja kontraktu, uruchomienie Organizacji Wirtualnej oraz przestrzeganie reguł kontraktu przez partnerów. W tym artykule koncentrujemy się na przedstawieniu zintegrowanego systemu oraz analizie przydatności tego podejścia do przedsięwzięć przemysłowych.

6

Information technologies in the context of virtual organizations development

Kalinowska B.

Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems

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2008

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Vol. 2, No. 3

58-61

EN

The aim of this paper is to present the influence of information technologies (IT) on the organization structure, particularly in the context of virtual organizations’ (VO) development. The work describes examples and new models of virtual organizations. Subject connected with this type of organization is comparatively young and has appeared in the Internet era. Thanks to the development of communication technology enterprises can function in more elastic and competitive way: in innovative virtual forms. This new type of organizations will enlarge their market share. There are possibilities to reduce costs and be more competitive in the same time. Electronic and computer systems make the fundaments of the virtual organization management. Main activities of such organization are: information flow control, planning, production, service, distribution of products, and promotion. In the global economy virtual projects can be perceived as an optimal model of the organization activity. The new organizations are aiming to reinforce their competitive position, as well as to increase the profitability; they have also to take care of the smallest project details, the exact control of costs and optimisation of schedules. Virtual projects and organizations are still not well recognized. New researches should be taken up in this field.

7

European Industrial Cluster - Analysis and Recommendations

Potinecke T., Rogowski T., Waitzinger S.

Systems Science

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2007

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Vol. 33, no 1

91-102

EN

A method allowing assessing industrial networks holistically and thus allowing to select best practice examples is presented and applied to a European wide study of industrial networks and clusters. Applying this method to a specific local area can support decisions on which research and political directions should be pursued in order to propose solutions and approaches to support cooperation in industrial networks and clusters. This research is situated within the wider context of designing and managing large-scale multi-functional multi-agent Collaborative Demand & Supply Networks.

8

A multi-agent approach for production and logistic control of a virtual enterprise

Denkena B., Woelk P. O., Battino A.

Zarządzanie Przedsiębiorstwem

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2005

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Vol. 8, nr 1

2-8

PL

W dziedzinie produkcji ścisła współpraca pomiędzy różnymi przedsiębiorstwami stała się koniecznością w celu uzyskania konkurencyjności na globalnym rynku. Na przykładzie integracji biznesowej stworzonej przez Wirtualne Przedsiębiorstwo, wspólne działanie i koordynacja zasobów stwarzają złożone, trudne do rozwiązania problemy. Pomyślne rozwiązanie tych problemów polega na wdrożeniu wieloagentowych systemów. Ten rodzaj rozproszonej sztucznej inteligencji pozwala na osiągnięcie ulepszonej komunikacji w produkcji i sterowaniu logistycznym. Niniejsza praca koncentruje się na technologii agentów i na jej zastosowaniu w scenariuszu Wirtualnego Przedsiębiorstwa zgodnym z europejskim standardem projektu MaBE.

9

A cooperative model for implementing complex virtual enterprises

Drozdowski K., Jarzemski J., Krawczyk H., Melzer M., Smółka M., Wiszniewski B.

Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences

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2005

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Vol. 30, No. 1

39-48

EN

Authors strongly argue for the cooperative model of software development based on a virtual enterprise paradigm, where classic models such as waterfall or spiral may fail. Arguments have been supported with concrete evidence gathered during the recently concluded MEMORIAL IST-2001-33441 project funded by EU [1].

10

Przedsiębiorstwa wirtualne : prognozy rozwoju

Pokorska I.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Budownictwo

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2004

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Z. 10 (158)

165-168

11

Uwarunkowania projektowania procesów produkcyjnych w warunkach kooperacji

Moczała A.

Zarządzanie Przedsiębiorstwem

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2004

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Vol. 7, nr 2

46-54

EN

The paper presents problem of data flow in the cooperation of production process, The development of productivity demands facilitation of initiation, formation and enlarging the cooperation connections. This demands development of methods and data flow form as well as systems aided cooperation of production process. This paper addresses an issue of decision making support for small and medium size enterprises gathered in virtual enterprises. In the general frame the cooperation production process design consists of phase of looking cooperating enterprises. phase of looking enterprises which have free resources. phase of looking the best net of enterprises and phase of organization design cooperation production process. The phase of looking cooperating enterprises needs use of data base of enterprises. The proposed system compares data base with requirements. The next phase of looking between cooperating enterprises which have free resources may be solved by a heuristic method. The third phase of looking the best net of enterprises needs methods evaluating net of enterprises. Methods for evaluating the production processes design with the use of the utility function are presented in this work. During the evaluation process. three most important factors: time, cost and quality are taken into consideration. As these factors are equally important so a need to make the global evaluation and to use the utility function appears. Present tendencies in management engineering make necessity to conduct parallel the design tasks with prepared system ERP for cooperation. The proposed system demands additional change date of production process with other cooperating enterprises.

12

Komputerowo wspomagane planowanie realizacji zlecenia w przedsiębiorstwie wirtualnym

Pisz I.

Zarządzanie Przedsiębiorstwem

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2004

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Vol. 7, nr 1

35-44

EN

In recent years the market conditions have been changing. The customers demand more specialized products. The enterprises have to tailor their offers according to individual customer wishes. In order to decrease complexity and increase flexibility enterprises employ the core competence strategy. It means that they concentrate on what they can do best, they specialize in certain areas. They joint their core competencies in a value chain to exploit fast changing opportunities. The set of core enterprises built the virtual enterprise that the form of this organization is temporary. The stakeholders of the contract-order are in alliance/consortium, they share costs and skills in delivering process of the goods to the market. In order to decide whether a new work order can be executed in a given production system - in the structure of the potential virtual enterprise the producer capabilities and the customer needs have to be taken into account. This paper addresses an issue of decision-making support for small and medium size enterprises gathered in virtual enterprise. The objective is to find a computationally effective method of planning the production flows in a virtual enterprise. The considered problem regards of finding a feasible schedule that follows the constraints imposed by duration order and price given by customer and by the time-constrained resources availability. In other words it is looking for the answer whether a given work order can be accepted for processing in virtual enterprise. The following problem can be now formulated. Consider a manufacturing system providing a given production capability while processing some other work orders. That means that only a part of the production capability (specified by in the time-restricted resources availability) is available for use in the system. Given work order is represented by an activity-on-node network where the nodes and the arcs represent the activities and precedence relations, respectively. The work order is specified by project duration deadline, which is equivalent to a presumed completion time as well as a total selling price. Each activity may be executed in one out of the set of system resources. Also, each activity may not be pre-empted and the mode once selected may not be changed. Considering a time horizon that is an upper bound on the project's makespan, there is an available amount of units of renewable resource in period considered. The cost of using the unit of the resource is specified in the map of accessible of renewable resources. The problem considered regards of finding of a makespan - feasible schedule that follows the constraints imposed by the precedence relations and by the time-constrained resources availability. The objective is to find an answer for the following question: whether there exist a potential virtual enterprise which is able to do the work order in agreement with enterprise technical capacities and the client s requirements? In order to cope with this problem authors proposed a heuristic method. The method bases on the branch and bound scheme. The searching procedure is driven by an upper bound evaluation policy. In order to avoid costly exhaustive enumeration of possible schedules the cases explored are limited first of all to the ones possessing the lowest margins of cost and time. In other words first of all the cases those could lead to an unfeasible schedule are considered. Of course, the proposed way the eases are explored can be treated as searching aimed at proving that a feasible schedule docs not exist. The proposed method includes four resources allocation heuristics. The heuristics are based on estimation the value of resource capability and the average of the resource cost usage in the given period. The heuristics proposed are following: - the smallest resource capability heuristic, - the biggest resource capability heuristic, - the smallest average resource cost heuristic, - the biggest average resource cost heuristic. The presented method has been implemented in a software package Simulator of Virtual Project. The package permits to respond to a question whether a given work order can be completed for processing in a virtual enterprise? A positive response for the question provide a feasible schedule as Gantt's chart and report of the project cost. The package permits the user to investigate the effect of a new work order in a given manufacturing system. The user can find the answer whether a given work order can be accepted for processing in a given structure of a virtual enterprise. The method proposed can be useful for the project-driven production flow management in small and medium size enterprises and for prototyping of the virtual enterprise structure. It provides a good platform for consistency checking between the work order requirements (client requirements) and enterprise capabilities offered (a virtual enterprise or a single enterprise).

13

Process management in scattered, multi-location companies

Cholewa M.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Technologii Maszyn i Automatyzacji Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Konferencje

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2004

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Vol. 85, nr 42

75-80

EN

This paper presents some aspects of cooperation and business process integration in extended business environment. There is given an example of efficient utilisation of the latest information solutions (Internet technologies) to support management of business processes. There is also presented a system solution- PROEDIM designed for work in extended nets of business relations, collaboration within the confines of virtual enterprises and management of scattered, multi-location companies.

14

Modelowanie procesów dystrybucji w języku Mozart

Bzdyra K., Tomczuk I., Banaszak Z.

Inżynieria Maszyn

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2003

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R. 8, z. 2

68-75

PL

W pracy przedstawiono użycie programowania z ograniczeniami, do modelowania procesów dystrybucji. Wykorzystany został język programowania z ograniczeniami Mozart. Rozważany problem sprowadza się do odpowiedzi na pytanie czy dana struktura systemu transportowego wystarcza do realizacji planowanego portfela zleceń, tak w zakresie terminowości, jaki i wolumenu dostaw. Wśród rozwiązań dopuszczalnych poszukiwane jest rozwiązanie charakteryzujące się najniższym kosztem realizacji.

EN

In the paper, was showed usage of Constraint Programming to solve the transportation problem. The process of search of solution it was divide on two stages. In the first the routes of realization of tasks was searched. In the second, to every task the resources (trucks) was assigned. The task is in the demand with the smallest cost of realization. The system of distribution, was modelled in Mozart programming language.

15

Clusters vs. virtual enterprises

Banyai T.

Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering

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2002

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Vol. 6, nr 2

17-24

EN

Within the frame of this paper the author will summarise the most important forms of industrial cooperation. Some of them is characterised as virtual cooperation form. These virtual cooperation forms can realise either global or local (regional) networking. The target of the research work is lo compare the global and local virtual cooperation forms (as virtual enterprises and regional clusters) from the point of view logistics. Because of their relevance the design and control strategies of logistics of these cooperation forms will be described and accordance with them the main logistical tasks will be defined to take into consideration during the planning and control process.

16

Zarządzanie projektem w warunkach wirtualizacji przedsiębiorstwa

Kłos S.

Inżynieria Maszyn

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2002

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R. 7, z. 4

40-48

PL

W artykule przedstawiono model przedsiębiorstwa wirtualnego oraz sformułowano problem związany z zarządzaniem projektem w warunkach wirtualizacji przedsiębiorstwa. W zaprezentowanym modelu uwzględniono zmienność dostępności i kosztów wykorzystania zasobów w czasie. Przedstawiono przykład realizacji projektu w przedsiębiorstwie wirtualnym oraz metodykę czasowo-kosztowej oceny realizowalności projektu w warunkach wirtualizacji przedsiębiorstwa.

EN

In the article a technique of project management in a virtual enterprise is presented that enable to estimate costs and terms of the project completion. The operations of the project are realized on the base of resources that are variable, it means the costs and accessibility to the resources is changed in the time. The project is realized on the base of resources of set of geographical distributed firms that take a part in the virtual enterprise. The presented procedure take into account the costs and operation times of the logistic processes. The illustrative example is presented.

17

Wariantowanie struktur przedsiębiorstw wirtualnych

Pisz I., Banaszak Z. A.

Inżynieria Maszyn

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2002

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R. 7, z. 4

49-61

PL

Dynamiczny rozwój przedsiębiorstw wirtualnych wymusza rozwój nowych metod organizacji i planowania produkcji. Konsekwentnie, przedmiotem pracy są zagadnienia prototypowania struktur przepływu produkcji dla potrzeb bilansowania wymagań stawianych przez zleceniodawcę z możliwościami (dostępnymi zdolnościami produkcyjnymi) producenta. Rozważany problem decyzyjny sprowadza się w szczególności do poszukiwania odpowiedzi na pytanie czy ograniczenia (np. kosztowe i czasowe) wykonania zlecenia nie zostaną przekroczone przy jego realizacji w przedsiębiorstwie o ograniczonych zasobach, dostęp do których jest limitowany w czasie. Przykładem takiego problemu jest zadanie wyznaczania dopuszczalnego harmonogramu przepływu produkcji. Przedstawione w pracy podejście do jego rozwiązania, ilustruje jednocześnie (na przykładzie MS Project 2000) możliwości i ograniczenia dostępnych pakietów planowania produkcji.

EN

The paper addresses an issue of virtual enterprises prototyping. In order to provide a quick response in a dynamic marketplace the enterprise-spanning workflow and time-restricted resources availability has to be matched with requirements imposed by a given production order. Searching for the feasible solution poses in fact a complex decision making problem that belongs to a class of project scheduling one. Concluding results are summarized within a work order prototyping scheme illustrated on example of a project scheduling with software package MS Project 2000. The future research is to work out the algorithm for searching the feasible schedule in MS Project's environment.

18

Marketing w przedsiębiorstwie XXI wieku, czyli marketing wirtualny

Baruk A.

Zarządzanie Produkcją

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1999

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Vol. 2, nr 1-2

4-8

EN

Definition of virtual organization is given in the paper. The origin of this idea is presented and main features of enterprise of this kind are mentioned too. One of the most important attributes of virtual organization is applying the rules of virtual marketing, which also are discussed with details. In the next part of the paper virtual marketing instruments are characterized in opposition to traditional marketing-mix. The idea of virtual organization is the answer to more and more turbulent environment and growing complication of inside Structures and processes creating organizational individuality of enterprise. In the same time was formulated conception of virtual marketing which rules are based on two very important theory: process management and manager knowledge management. The main instruments of virtual marketing are: - virtual products (or non- materials products), - virtual megastrategies, - processes created the virtual value chain, - manager knowledge. Consuments are treated as the most important resources which determines the long period development of the virtual organization. Competitive advantage can be obtained by firm in result applying rules of virtual marketing. It must be said that Polish enterprises are not ready to run their activity in this way, because many of them are oriented on sale or on production and do not realize even the traditional marketing orientation.