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Guidelines for revitalization of rural areas based on landscape studies

Czałczyńska-Podolska Magdalena, Rzeszotarska-Pałka Magdalena

Technical Transactions

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2019

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Vol. 116, iss. 2

5--17

EN

The objective of the article is to present the possibility of using landscape studies in the development of guidelines for the revitalization of rural areas. Performing detailed analyses of the cultural and aesthetic values of the landscape has become the basis for formulating the directions for the development of the rural areas located in the vicinity of the town of Drawsko Pomorskie, that previously were part of state collective farms. Landscape studies included the identification and characterization of natural elements and cultural and aesthetic values of the area, based on the landscape audit methodology and commonly applied principles of valorization of cultural landscape. The analyses allowed us to identify areas that, due to a significant decline in the value of the landscape, caused mainly by the location of objects related to the former state farms, require the analysis of the legitimacy of their further protection within the “Pojezierze Drawskie” [hereinafter “Drawsko Lakeland”] Protected Landscape Area. As a result, it was possible to formulate new guidelines for the revitalization of the studied area.

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie możliwości wykorzystania studiów krajobrazowych w opracowaniu wytycznych do rewitalizacji obszarów wiejskich. Wykonanie szczegółowych analiz wartości kulturowo-estetycznych krajobrazu stało się podstawą dla sformułowania kierunku rozwoju popegeerowskich obszarów wiejskich zlokalizowanych w sąsiedztwie miasta Drawsko Pomorskie. Studia krajobrazowe objęły zidentyfikowanie i scharakteryzowanie elementów przyrodniczych i walorów kulturowo-estetycznych terenu na podstawie metodyki audytu krajobrazowego oraz powszechnie stosowanych zasad waloryzacji krajobrazu kulturowego. Przeprowadzone analizy pozwoliły na wskazanie obszarów, które ze względu na znaczny spadek wartości krajobrazu, spowodowany głównie usytuowaniem na ich terenie obiektów związanych z działalnością byłego PGR, wymagają analizy zasadności ich dalszej ochrony w ramach Obszaru Chronionego Krajobrazu „Pojezierze Drawskie”. W rezultacie możliwe było sformułowanie nowych wytycznych dla rewitalizacji badanego terenu.

2

Benches in the common space. statement of the issues of rural and urban public space furnishing

Skibińska M., Wieczorek M.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2017

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nr IV/3

1855--1866

EN

The aim of this article is to formulate guidelines for locating benches in rural public spaces. It is a summary of the results of a qualitative research involving 67 users of urban benches, conducted with the application of individual in-depth interviews, and the results of a literature review on the manner in which rural public spaces are equipped. The obtained results pertain to the use of benches in rural public spaces in the context of their integration and semantic potential (symbolic values). The conclusions are presented in the form of general guidelines. Public consultation should be an important element in deciding how to equip rural common space with benches. Local communities ought to be included in the decision-making process, from the stage of the assumptions of the design concepts to the stage of realization. It is advisable to adjust the form of benches, their number, orientation and location to the nature of public space and expectations of their future users. At the same time, the overall structure of public space and its main functions should be taken into account. Properly selected and placed benches can support the process of community structuring and may be a part of the equipment of public space which integrates the local community. Locating benches opposite each other or in the shape of the letter L or C promotes integration. Designing space according to the safe space standards can be a solution for sites conducive to drinking alcohol. Locating benches in the vicinity of streets, at the fence bypass, is a traditional way. Benches with atypical forms or functions located in common areas may contribute to the extraction or strengthening of the local identity.

3

Evaluation of changes in rural areas under the selected measures of the European Union’s common agricultural policy

Woch F., Jędrejek A.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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nr IV/4

1771--1788

EN

The current paper presents the results of evaluation of the influence of selected measures within Rural Development Programme (RDP), such as spatial development, afforestation, land consolidation, water management, village renewal and agri-environmental programmes on rural areas in Poland. The data used in the study cover the years 2004-2015, and were collected from the reports of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Polish Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture (ARMA), Polish Central Statistical Office (CSO), with special consideration given to normative acts concerning the Rural Development Plan 2007-2013 and 2014-2020, and the results of a study on different aspects of rural development conducted at the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute in Puławy (IUNG-PIB). Our study clearly shows that aforementioned measures differ significantly in terms of the level of implementation in Poland. Thus, the spatial development operation, one of the most important activities in relation to the sustainable development of rural areas, has not been introduced in RDP as s separately task. Additionally, the initiatives regarding water retention were also not fully implemented under the RDP 2007-2013 because of the shortage of time. The process of land consolidation has contributed only to very little change in land use, from about 1% in “classical” method to 4% in “complex” method of land consolidation in the total area. On the other hand, a decline in reforestation has been observed in comparison of RDP 2004-2006 and RDP 2007-2013, which is considered to be appropriate and should lead to the target rate of afforestation of approximately 33%. The village renewal measure was entirely introduced and has a very positive effect on the agricultural environment. Agri-environmental programme plays an important role for both ecological and economical aspects of the agricultural environment and its realization covers a very wide range of actions. In conclusion, all the analysed measures have a very positive effect on the agricultural environment. However, they should be implemented more quickly and comprehensively which should lead to a more sustainable development of rural areas in Poland.

4

Krajobraz żyjący - wstępny program partycypacji społecznej w odnowie wsi historycznej

Staniewska A.

Przestrzeń i Forma

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2015

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nr 24/2

191--210

PL

Odnowa wsi z zachowaniem cennego krajobrazu oraz zabytkowej zabudowy przy jednoczesnym ożywieniu ekonomicznym i społecznym może być kompleksową rewitalizacją. Studium przypadku dotyczy Starego Paczkowa – jednej z najpiękniejszych i najlepiej zachowanych historycznych wsi województwa opolskiego. Artykuł prezentuje istotne uwarunkowania (tj. tło historyczno-krajobrazowe) i dotyczy badań w toku: opisuje program oraz planowane metody partycypacji społecznej włączające mieszkańców w projekt rewitalizacji wsi.

EN

Revitalization may lead to village renewal through safeguarding and making use of historic landscape and buildings' values along with community social and economic revival. The article describes background of ongoing research and its programme and methods used to encourage civic involvement. Case study is Stary Paczków – one of the most beautiful and best preserved historic villages in Opolskie Voivodeship.

5

Fizjonomia krajobrazu wiejskiego jako efekt postaw kulturowych jego mieszkańców

Borkowski Z.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2006

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nr 3-4

17-24

EN

The physiognomy of rural landscape differs in time and through space. In a pristine landscape an order prevailed and a modern cultural landscape is not harmonious any more. Becoming conscious of the fact and providing for human needs caused reflection and an ability to define a list of rules of sustainable development. Some ideas about village renewal were realized in those days. They may be characterized by solidarity and humanous thinking which are essential in realizing humanous and spiritual values treated together. If solidarity and humanous thinking is not popular among people who live in a village it should be formed appropriately. A culture means making and a transformation of exemplars, values and models of actions having an affect on human behaviour. Culture affects a form of human living and a manner of existing. This definition of culture allows us to come to the conclusion defining principles of a rural landscape design. In the further part of research a method of hermeneutic explication was applied and it allowed us to explain the rules which are taken into consideration during village renewal while the material and ways of building the form of objects are chosen. The variability of cultural landscape may be explained by causative and proper reasoning. The cause of changing the landscape is truth, goodness and the beauty of a landscape. The physiognomy of a landscape testifies to a degree of maturity and culture of people living in such a landscape.

6

Drugie domy we współczesnej wsi francuskiej

Gonda-Soroczyńska E.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2006

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nr 3-4

80-87

EN

The French view their native villages and their problems in various ways. Up to 27% of people concludes that rural areas have a real power of attraction., and that they would like to live in a little village, especially at the seaside or in the mountains. Only 8% of people inhabiting villages would prefer to live in cities. Huge interest in villages is shown by people with high income and long work period, who would gladly change their present place of living. Such people first of all notice the benefits and quality of the surrounding, beautiful and natural landscape, quietness and other possibilities of leisure than in cities. There are also quite a few people in France who live simultaneously in a few places, especially because of the work they perform, seldom because of leisure reasons. In different regions of the country such a situation also varies. In France, more and more villages are of a typically character for inhibition. Up to 60% of houses are co called "second houses", where richer French spend their holidays and weekends. At the end of the 19th century in France cities were developing very rapidly. With intensive increase of population. Simultaneously a decline in villages was noticed and mass emigrations of village inhabitants which caused their depopulation. Increase of emigration from rural areas was called a rural exodus (excode rural). Presently the situation is undergoing a slow change. A slow rise of population can be noticed in some rural areas. The French build their second, new house which has only a habitable purpose. They often adapt deserted farms for habitable purposes or habitable and service ones. Economical crisis which last many years, the process of devastation of neglected buildings and infrastructure has created and still creates a great challenge for commune self-governments as far as village renewal is concerned. They have a great range of actions in creating the conditions which would provoke the return of people to the village. Presently the birth of the new tendency of returning to one's roots can be seen. And the slogan Ťvivre au paysť is very popular. It promotes life in small towns. Exposes the essence of closeness of interpersonal relations. Migration of people who retire after their professional activity has ended has become very popular among those who return to their place of birth. However economical and employment problems still exist at rural areas. A decrees of agriculture importance and competition in non-agricultural sectors can also be noticed. Many projects which aim at village renewal are carried out in France. These are projects leading most of all to building development and infrastructure renovation, protection of cultural heritage and tourism development. Actions to limit interference in local landscape and actions to protect the landscape are also targets of those projects.

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Tożsamość, trwałość, rozwój; Ochrona krajobrazu kulturowego w projektach odnowy wsi

Raszeja E.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2005

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nr 1-2

41--50

EN

When facing growing endangerment of cultural heritage and village landscape caused by modern tendencies and development processes, it is necessary to encircle with protection not only particular objects but also all spatial sets and landscape forms. These problems should be included into village renewal projects, and individual solutions have to be preceded by comprehensive examinations. In modern programs of village renewal the need to rebuild spatial identity, based on durable values preserved in the cultural landscape of a village, is underlined. The ability to read these values and to respect them is connected with it. The article presents three projects connected with widely understood village renewal. One of them is an Irish project, ranging from researches to records of cultural heritage in the Belcoo region, carried out mutually by scientists, artists and village inhabitants. Within its limits commodious archival material was gathered and the history of this region which had been recorded in archeological, architectonical and spatial heritage was recreated. The next example originates from the region of Sławno in Middle Pomerania, where complex researches (archeological, architectonical, scenic, biological) on cultural landscape have been run in the River Wieprza valley over last few years. It is a specific terrain due to its natural values, and also the stage of preservation of cultural landscape resources. It is characterized by cultural apposition - Slavic origin, medieval settlements based on German law and German influence in 19th and 20th century village building. The region of Nowy Tomyśl in Great Poland is an example of cultural landscape, created by colonization of 18th century Dutch settlers. In the place of stumped forest this homogeneous landscape structure was created which has lasted in an almost unchanged form until today. The research run at Pomerania and in Great Poland included identifica ion of cultural landscape resources, choice and character of the elements defining its specification, evaluation of the stage of preservation of characteristics and traditional forms and the study of landscape perception.

8

Przemiany wizerunku wsi opolskiej pod wpływem odnowy wsi

Niedźwiecka-Filipiak I.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2005

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nr 1-2

18--26

EN

Revitalization of rural areas, their efficient functioning together with preserving specific "country" character is a value appreciated in European Union countries. Very useful in those domains is the program of Village Renewal, which, through positive thinking of the parts participating in it, brings calculable effects such as increase in social and local activity, improvement of standard and quality of lives of village inhabitants, together with coincident preservation of the identity of the place, tradition and the landscape surrounding it. Opole villages have a very important characteristic, mostly they are of compact development which did not relent to dispersal during the centuries as it occurred in Lesser Poland area. Most of the elaborated villages did not submit to intensive development, hence well preserved, clear special sets and often undisturbed panoramas and entrances to the villages. Additional value is a characteristic yard development with well preserved architectonical details. It can constitute a base to determine directives constituting a base for protection of the identity of the place. The assignment of inhabitants is creating a new image of the village while saving those traditional elements.

9

Possibilities of rural settlements restoration in the programme of the village renewal in Slovakia

Krsáková A.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2005

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nr 1-2

51--55

PL

Na Słowacji program odnowy wsi jest bardzo znany, popularny i jest jednym z narzędzi przyczyniających się do rozwoju terenów wiejskich. Bazuje on na stronie materialnej i duchowej życia na wsi. Punktem startowym programu jest wzrost aktywności mieszkańców - na poziomie indywidualnym, jak i również społecznym. Głównym celem programu odnowy wsi jest zachowanie wsi i jej charakteru z jednoczesnym podniesieniem standardu i ochroną cech szczególnych oraz tożsamości. Na polu środowiska materialnego program jest szczególnie skierowany na planowanie i rozwiązania architektoniczne z poszanowaniem zaniedbanych, niedocenionych starych domów, czy całych kompleksów przestrzeni publicznej. Do przeprowadzenia analiz i planów rozwoju wsi i środowiska w programie odnowy wsi używa się wielu interaktywnych metod i form opracowań przy współudziale jak największej części społeczeństwa i ekspertów. Przy kreowaniu nowej architektury ważne jest aby odpowiednio wkomponować ją w otoczenie przy użyciu tradycyjnych detali i lokalnego materiału budowlanego.

10

Odnowa wsi jako środowisko zachowania i zgodnego z dziedzictwem kulturowym kształtowania krajobrazu wiejskiego

Wilczyński R.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2005

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nr 1-2

10--17

EN

The renewal of the village is an innovational concept of development of rural areas which occurred in German speaking countries at the turn of 70s and 80s as a reaction to the then increasing crisis in rural areas. The basis for this current of rural area development is belief that modernization of villages according to urban pattern and agriculture based on industrial production methods do not solve village problems but on the contrary deepen them. There is a future in front of it if its specific is considered in the approach to the development. It determines competition growth and successful chances in market conditions. Renewal of the village became a way of transforming an agricultural village into a post-agricultural one, with full preservation and development of its current values. The village remained itself keeping its attractiveness avoiding the "pseudo-city" syndrome which touched Polish villages in the way which makes achieving conditions of stable development difficult. In Poland renewal of villages is known thanks to the Opole program of Village Renewal (accessed by more than 300 soletstvoes), which was initiated in 1997. It is the biggest and the longest active regional program of local societies activation. As the first in the country it introduced the rule of grounding village development on a strategy drawn up by soletstvo (village renewal program). As a result of promotional actions of the region the expression of renewal became known throughout the country. It is possible to define a model of the progress of the village renewal process - from the initiating moment to the state when the village gains a stable bases of its development. Four phases where allocated: initial, starting, advanced and panoptical. Each of them has a characteristic, separate set of characteristics (states), each following phase is more capacious as to the matter and complexity of achievable states, and is, at the same time, longer and requiring exponential increase in costs. For village societies, the presented model has a value of general instruction on how to lead the village renewal in a most efficient way and in accordance with the logic of the process and what quality targets should be taken in the said moment of village renewal process advancement.

11

Odnowa wsi i marketing miejsca - stymulatory współczesnego funkcjonowania wsi

Oleszek J.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2005

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nr 1-2

98--104

EN

Nowadays, while economical transformation is ongoing the image of the village is being changed. Factors that form conditions and quality of life should be transformed. The tool that enables realization is village renewal. This system is defined as a region's modernization and revitalization campaign. The issue of former consideration was mainly of a technical and formal aspect. Thus the main question of the taken analysis is the level of adaptation of "maturity" of the region to renewal process. The object of analyze is as follows: level of identification of inhabitants with a village with the site, degree of social integration, and social involvement in villages' problems. The variables function's dependence was specified and the range of continuity of function was identified - it is being interpreted as a point where actions of modernization of current tendency of the village development should be taken. It was proven that the set of actions should be a system that is known as a region's marketing.

12

Zintegrowany system zarządzania zasobami przestrzeni przyrodniczej, jako metoda odnowy wsi, na przykładzie Rezerwatu Biosfery "Polesie Zachodnie"

Chmielewski T. J., Domagała R.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2004

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nr 3-4

60-66

EN

West Polesie Biosphere Reserve was established in April 2002 in an area of 139 000 ha in Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie Lake District in Lublin Voivodeship. Poleski National Park is in the centre of the Reserve, in its western part - the Landscape Park of Łęczyńskie Lake District, and in the east - Sobibor Landscape Park. The main characteristic feature of the Reserve is the fine-mosaic ecological structure of the landscape with numerous lakes, peat bogs, meadows and forests in depressions and patches of fields on higlands of limestone substratum. From the 1950's to the 1980's the area of Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie Lake District was subjected to large scale draining. 61.2 per cent of all marshy grounds were drained. Seven out of sixty- eight lakes have dried up. From the mid-70's the remaining lakes of the Disctrict have been affected by rapidly spreading recreational development of the land. By the end of the 20th century the majority of the lakes made available for recreation had had their tourist carrying capacity exceeded, and, in several cases, it was over fourfold. To prevent degradation of nature, tourist and aesthetic values of the region a number of protective measures have been taken. Initially, in the 60's and 70's, they took the form of conventional local conservation (creation of nature reserves), then, in the 80's, nearly the whole area of Łęczyńsko Włodawskie Lake District was recognised as a part of the regional "Ecological System of Protected Areas". Granting the status of Biosphere Reserves to the whole region by UNESCO has started a new chapter in natural resources management. It is oriented towards revival of degraded areas with simultaneous revitalization of rural settlement, as well as development of agricultural production in harmony with nature. Natural resources management system of the Biosphere Reserve involves four interrelated subsystems: diagnostic, planning, decision-making and control. Both the cooperation of nature protection service with local governments and a holistic approach to all of the components of the landscape are of special importance for these actions. This paper presents the chosen methods and techniques of natural space resources management of the Reserve, which constitute the above mentioned system. Furthermore, it describes the effects of their application.

13

Program Odnowy Wsi w opracowaniach Akademii Rolniczej we Wrocławiu

Niedźwiecka-Filipiak I.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2003

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nr 1-2

45-53

EN

There are many endangerments for traditional countryside landscape and the most important one is ill-considered chaotic actions of individuals not taking into consideration the character of the whole place. Each change to building cubage, overhauls, rebuilding, window or roofing replacement or erecting new objects can change irreversibly the character of the place and its expression. If the inhabitants who pursue what is new, different and modern in their understanding forget the identity of the place in which they are to live, in no time their traditional appearance and the character of the place is obliterated. One of the solutions to the described problems is creating a program "Countryside Regeneration" which takes into account needs in the line of improving life standards as well as problems connected with preservation of the cultural heritage of the country. The program is successfully carried out in the region of Opolskie province. In 2001 the Marshal Office of Opolskie province established a cooperation with the Institute of Building and Architecture at Agriculture Academy of Wrocław. The most important part of the cooperation is documenting architectural and landscape advantages of the countryside, counselling and designing country space carried out under the banner of "Let's Take Care of our Landscape". A pilot case study regarded Piliszcz village and was presented at the 1st Polish Congress of Countryside Regeneration. The next step in extension of that cooperation is introducing a subject area connected with villages participating in the program of countryside regeneration into the area of project and planning exercises during the winter term in the 3rd year of study. The main aim of case studies is helping the inhabitants of the villages to discover the individual characteristics of the place which distinguishes it from others and which can be an inspiration for further actions connected with the landscape and architectural changes of various places.