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1

Electric vehicle charging management system in the industrial zone

Bena Lubomir, Tailor Rikin, Medved Dusan, Mazur Damian

Archives of Electrical Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 73, nr 2

433--450

EN

The transportation sector is undergoing a profound transformation, shifting from fossil fuel reliance to electric and hybrid semi-electric alternatives. In response, European countries are implementing novel concepts like electrified highways for trucks and buses, bridging the gap between traditional and electric mobility. This paper centers on the management of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure within industrial zones, crucial nodes for charging networks due to their concentrated economic activity and vehicular movement. The study delves into optimal strategies for deploying charging stations in these zones, considering factors such as station placement, capacity planning, and integration with smart grids to ensure efficient and accessible EV charging. Moreover, the research extends its focus to the integration of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) technologies, illustrating their potential within industrial zones. In our research, we have developed algorithms tailored for the infrastructure of industrial zones, focusing on the integration of storage systems and the charging and discharging dynamics of electric vehicles (EVs). Our case study, supported by numerical simulations, illustrates the outcomes of a 24-hour timeframe, where 126 vehicles were charged, and 134 were discharged. The results provide a comprehensive view of how the grid-maintained balance throughout these operations, ensuring that industrial facilities received the required power to fulfill their operational demands.

2

80 lat gdyńskiej komunikacji trolejbusowej

Bielski Piotr, Józefowicz Mariusz, Wyszomirski Olgierd

Transport Miejski i Regionalny

|

2023

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nr 7

2--30

PL

W 2023 roku przypada 80. rocznica uruchomienia komunikacji trolejbusowej w Gdyni. Niespełna cztery lata po Gdyni, trolejbusy rozpoczęły również obsługę Sopotu. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie rozwoju gdyńskiej komunikacji trolejbusowej od momentu powstania do roku jubileuszu jej osiemdziesięciolecia. Opisano rozwój infrastruktury, linii komunikacyjnych i taboru. W części dotyczącej infrastruktury skoncentrowano się głównie na sieci trakcyjnej w przekroju poszczególnych dziesięcioleci różniących się intensywnością jej rozwoju. Z kolei w przypadku linii komunikacyjnych za punkt odniesienia przyjęto podział minionych 80 lat na kilka okresów różniących się intensywnością rozwoju. Natomiast w zakresie taboru wyszczególnione zostały i następnie opisane poszczególne marki pojazdów eksploatowanych w analizowanym okresie. Analiza historii gdyńskiej komunikacji trolejbusowej pokazała, że jej rozwój uzależniony był zarówno od polityki transportowej władz publicznych, jak i zmieniających się w miarę upływu czasu uwarunkowań technicznych, eksploatacyjnych, ekonomicznych i finansowych. Przełomowe znaczenie dla jej rozwoju miały jednak względy energetyczne i ekologiczne oraz zmiany konstrukcyjne, prowadzące do nadania współczesnym trolejbusom cech elektrobusów, przez zapewnienie im dodatkowego napędu bateryjnego, uniezależniającego je w coraz większym stopniu od sieci trakcyjnej.

EN

The year 2023 marks the 80th anniversary of the launch of trolleybus transport in Gdynia. Less than four years after Gdynia, trolleybuses also began operating in Sopot. The aim of the article is to present the development of Gdynia’s trolleybus transport from its beginning to the year of its 80th anniversary. This development has been described in terms of infrastructure, lines and vehicles. The considerations on infrastructure focused mainly on the catenary network in the cross-section of individual decades, which differ in the intensity of its development. In turn, in the case of lines, the division of the past 80 years into several periods differing in the intensity of their development was adopted as a reference point. As fars as the rolling stock is concerned, individual brands of vehicles used in the analyzed period were listed and described. The development of Gdynia’s trolleybus transport turned out to be dependent on both the transport policy of public authorities and the changing technical, operational, economic and financial conditions over time. However, the breakthrough for its development was due to energy and ecological factors, as well as construction changes that gave modern trolleybuses the features of electric buses by providing them with an additional battery drive, making them increasingly independent of the catenary.

3

Research of pollutant emissions from automotive internal combustion engines in conditions corresponding to the actual use of vehicles

Andrych-Zalewska Monika

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 2

64--70

EN

The subject of the article is the study of pollutant emissions from automotive combustion engines that operate in conditions corresponding to the actual use of vehicles. Includes information on the properties of exhaust gas parameters characterizing the following features: energy, economic, environmental impact and serviceability, additional and constant. Reference was also made to the possibility of determining driving tests on the basis of the similarity of the frequency characteristics of the speed processes in both driving tests and in the real use of vehicles. The article presents the results of research on pollutant emissions from a passenger car during the RDE test. The emission of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and carbon dioxide, as well as the number of particulate matter, were examined. The process of pollutant emission intensity and particle number intensity was presented. Tests were carried out on the statistical properties of the car speed, the intensity of pollutant emissions, and the intensity of the number of particulate matter. Correlation studies were carried out on the speed of the vehicle, the intensity of pollutant emissions, and the intensity of the number of particulate matter.

4

The application of the methodology to define terrain passability on a detailed level in various configurations

Dawid Wojciech, Pokonieczny Krzysztof, Wyszyński Marek

Aviation and Security Issues

|

2023

|

No. 1

331--352

EN

The article presents a complete methodology to determine terrain passability as well as its application based on various configurations of input data. The methodology was developed with the use of the methods that had been created by the authors in their previous research projects. The determination of terrain passability consists of two stages: The first stage involves conducting the analysis of micro-relief with the aim to identify impassable spots in the area, while the second stage consists in determining the route for a specific vehicle that will avoid the existing obstacles formed by the micro-relief. Both these analyses generate results based only on a detailed digital terrain model (with a resolution of 1 m) and the traction parameters of the vehicles for which terrain passability is determined. One of the processes that are part of this methodology is the generalisation of the digital terrain model, which significantly improves the efficiency of the performed calculations. Test results demonstrated that the presented methodology enables successful automated generation of passability maps for specific vehicles and the creation of routes for such vehicles. The routes differ depending on the type of vehicle, which results directly from the fact that vehicles have different traction parameters. Nevertheless, the test results were satisfactory and demonstrated that the developed methodology may be applied by bodies that are responsible for planning military operations or crisis management activities.

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano całościową metodykę wyznaczania przejezdności terenu, a także jej zastosowanie w oparciu o różne konfiguracje danych wejściowych. Do przygotowania metodyki wykorzystano metody, które zostały opracowane przez autorów we wcześniejszych badaniach. Wyznaczanie przejezdności terenu składa się z dwóch etapów: przeprowadzenie analizy mikrorzeźby, której celem jest wskazanie w terenie miejsc nieprzejezdnych, a także wyznaczenie trasy dla konkretnego pojazdu, która omijać będzie występujące w terenie przeszkody związane z mikrorzeźbą. Obie analizy do generowania wyników wykorzystują jedynie szczegółowy numeryczny model terenu (o rozdzielczości 1 m) oraz parametry trakcyjne pojazdów, dla których wyznaczana jest przejezdność terenu. Jednym z procesów wchodzących w skład metodyki jest uogólnienie numerycznego modelu terenu, które znacznie zwiększa wydajność prowadzonych obliczeń. Wyniki badań pokazały, że opracowana metodyka z powodzeniem automatycznie opracowuje mapy przejezdności dla konkretnych pojazdów, a także wyznacza dla nich trasy przejazdu. Są one inne dla różnych pojazdów, co wynika bezpośrednio z faktu, że posiadają one odmienne parametry trakcyjne. Niemniej jednak, zadowalające wyniki badań pokazały, że opracowana metodyka może być stosowana przez organy odpowiedzialne za planowanie operacji wojskowych czy zarządzania kryzysowego.

5

Road freight transport driver fatique test: A pilot study

Poliak Miloš, Beňuš Ján, Hajduk Iwona Ewa, Demirci Ebru, Nica Elvira

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2023

|

Vol. 101, nr 3

67--85

EN

Road freight transport is one of the main modes of transporting goods in the European Union. This reality puts pressure on carriers to make every transport of goods fast, safe, cheap, and efficient. Based on these requirements, lorry drivers are often forced by their employers to break the current social legislation in the European Union and the rules of the road. Compared to the current social legislation in force in different parts of the world, the European Union rules on driving times, breaks and rest periods for drivers engaged in road haulage and passenger transport are the strictest. An important factor and reason of serious and fatal traffic accidents, extensive damage to goods or property in road freight transport is a driver. This article presents three different types of experiments that were carried out, and the results may help to improve the current situation. The main aim of this study was to verify whether the actual regulations are safe and suitable and compare the results of daily work of professional drivers in two different measurements. Last measurement was conducted with using Eye-tacking technology, which aimed to verify impact of experiences on the reaction times of drivers. The authors believe that the results of individual measurements can contribute to increasing safety in road freight transport with preparing future extended studies and proposing the possible changes of current regulation.

6

Identification of places with deteriorated air quality in city of Žilina in relation to road transport

Šarkan Branislav, Loman Michal, Harantová Veronika

Archiwum Motoryzacji

|

2023

|

Vol. 102, nr 4

68--90

EN

The aim of the research is to identify places with deteriorated air quality in the selected city. After an analytical analysis of the data, it is possible to propose steps that can be used to actively contribute to the reduction of air pollution, especially due to road traffic. Places where deteriorated air quality was identified were identified on the basis of practical measurements. Given that the measurement route was designed in a built-up area of the city with a large number of pedestrians, the research was primarily focused on the identification of particulate matters (PM) and the concentration of carbon monoxide CO. The measurements were performed repeatedly on a pre-defined route. The measurements were carried out repeatedly during the morning rush hour when traffic was congested on the roads. Based on the processing and evaluation of the measurements, the sections where increased values of individual emissions were recorded were determined. In this way, it is possible to precisely identify places where air quality deteriorates. The research conclusions provide support for planning the optimization of air quality management policies towards the creation of sustainable cities. The research results present the possibilities of identifying problematic sections from the point of view of emissions production. Critical places with regard to the production of emissions can be connected to places where a permanently increased movement of vehicles is observed.

7

Diagnostics of the drive shaft bearing based on vibrations in the high-frequency range as a part of the vehicle's self-diagnostic system

Nowakowski Tomasz, Komorski Pawel

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2022

|

Vol. 24, no. 1

70--79

EN

Currently, one of the trends in the automotive industry is to make vehicles as autonomous as possible. In particular, this concerns the implementation of complex and innovative selfdiagnostic systems for cars. This paper proposes a new diagnostic algorithm that evaluates the performance of the drive shaft bearings of a road vehicle during use. The diagnostic parameter was selected based on vibration measurements and machine learning analysis results. The analyses included the use of more than a dozen time domain features of vibration signal in different frequency ranges. Upper limit values and down limit values of the diagnostic parameter were determined, based on which the vehicle user will receive information about impending wear and total bearing damage. Additionally, statistical verification of the developed model and validation of the results were performed.

8

The vehicle driver safety prediction system

Haller Piotr, Wróbel Radosław, Sierzputowski Gustaw, Dimitrov Radostin, Mihaylow Veselin

Combustion Engines

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2022

|

R. 61, nr 3

11--17

EN

The article presents analysis of road crash accidents. It presents the evolution of safety systems, starting from a description of the currently used vehicle-based systems, with particular emphasis on the prediction of the driver falling asleep. The article also proposes a proprietary system of sleep prediction based on the face detection of drivers. The detection of facial landmarks is presented as a two-step process: an algorithm finds faces in general, and then needs to localize key facial structures within the face region of interest.

9

Effect of driving resistances on energy demand and exhaust emission in motor vehicles

Jaworski Artur, Lejda Kazimierz, Bilski Maciej

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 2

60--67

EN

Among the fundamental factors affecting the emissions of internal combustion engines is the resistance to motion acting on the car. This is an important factor to be taken into account when testing cars in conditions simulated on a chassis dynamometer. The dependence of the driving resistance function on vehicle speed is determined on the basis of various methods, the most frequently used of which is the so-called alternative method specified in procedures for the type approval of motor vehicles with respect to the emission of pollutants in exhaust gases. The values adopted in accordance with the alternative method differ from the actual resistance acting on the car in road conditions. This is one of the reasons why the emission of pollutants and the fuel consumption of an engine in real road conditions differs from the values given by the car manufacturer, including the emission limits specified in the standards. This paper presents an evaluation of the influence of driving resistance on the energy demand and emission of pollutants in the exhaust gases by sample passenger car with SI engine fuelled by petrol and LPG.

10

The Prospect of Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to Maintain an Appropriate Level of Ecological Safety

Parczewski Rafał

Przegląd Nauk o Obronności

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2021

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R. 6, Nr 12

20--27

EN

Objectives: Possibilities of using drones in the ecological safety system. Methods: The main purpose of the research conducted in the form of a questionnaire was to get the respondents' opinions on the usefulness of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) to support the performance of official tasks. (The method of a diagnostic survey with the use of a questionnaire). Results: The collected research material showed that the UAVs are useful to carrying out tasks related to environmental protection. The main recommendations for usefulness of drones in the surveyed group of respondents from individual forest districts were as follows: 1) performing tasks related to fire protection; 2) making cartographic materials, inventory of damages caused by abiotic and biotic factors; 3) used to fight forest pests 4) missing persons searching; 5) detection of illegal dumps; 6) animals inventory; 7) water courses beaver dams monitoring; 8) forest health condition assessment and monitoring; 9) the possibility of quick localization of fires in hard-to-reach places; 10) UAV equipped with thermal camera would help in monitoring (animals tracking); 11) tourist traffic monitoring. Conclusions: The collected research material shows that UAVs should be used by services and state authorities that perform tasks related to environmental protection. The results of the surveyed group of UAV operators show that drones would be useful in "tracking" illegal garbage dumps. Public services and bodies should use UAVs to monitor illegal garbage dumps. According to the surveyed group, there should be higher fines for throwing waste (garbage) in prohibited areas.

11

Markowski model procesu eksploatacji samochodów z oczekiwaniem

Kruk Zygmunt

Journal of KONBiN

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2021

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Vol. 51, iss. 1

213--223

PL

Artykuł dotyczy modelowania eksploatacji samochodów z oczekiwaniem na użytkowanie. Taką specyficzną własnością charakteryzuje się proces eksploatacji samochodów systemie wojskowym. Przedstawiony model procesu eksploatacji samochodów z oczekiwaniem, przy zastosowaniu teorii łańcuchów Markowa zawiera istotne dla specyfiki eksploatacji pojazdów z oczekiwaniem wskaźniki i mierniki, tj. wadliwość napraw, intensywność napraw, intensywność użytkowania oraz intensywność uszkodzeń. Model ten pozwala na kwantyfikację wpływu wprowadzonych zmian w praktyce eksploatacyjnej lub wpływu zmian planowanych jako prognoza, co przedstawiono na przykładach.

EN

The article is dedicated to the modelling of operations & maintenance of vehicles scheduled to be operated. This specific feature is illustrative of the vehicle operation process in the military system. The presented model of the operation process of vehicles scheduled to be operated, using the Markov chain theory, contains indicators and measures essential for the vehicle operation, i.e. repair defectiveness, repair intensity, usage intensity and failure intensity. This model enables to quantify the impact of the introduced changes in operational practice or changes planned as a forecast, which is shown in the examples.

12

Multi-criteria decision-making on road transport vehicles by the AHP method

Baric Danijela, Zeljko Luka

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2021

|

Vol. 94, nr 4

17--26

EN

Decision-making processes require the selection of appropriate and choose the optimal solution for implementation. This means that different criteria and their sub-criteria evaluate various alternatives of possible solutions to determine the optimal solution. The research focuses on an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as one of the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods and its implementation to evaluate road transport vehicles. The AHP is one of the most used methods for evaluating projects in transport and traffic area. This paper presents a comprehensive review of studies on road transport vehicles evaluated by the AHP method. To gather research articles for the study, several databases such as Web of Science and Scopus were searched. The focus of the research is on road transport vehicles but the performance of the AHP method in the road sector, in general, is briefly reviewed. The results show that most of the studies use AHP for the evaluation of electric and autonomous vehicles. Finally, research results are discussed and recommendations for future research are proposed.

13

Efficiency improvement of forest machinery exploitation

Grigorev Igor, Kunickaya Ol'ga, Prosuzhih Alexey, Kruchinin Igor, Shakirzyanov Dmitry, Shvetsova Viktoria, Markov Oleg, Egipko Sergey

Diagnostyka

|

2020

|

Vol. 21, No. 2

95--109

EN

The purpose of this work was to develop a model of the interaction process between the wheeled forwarder and the soil of the cutting area, which allows evaluating the influence of soil conditions, the parameters of the wheeled forwarder, as well as load and number of cycles of its application, on the indicators of resistance and adhesion of the forwarder to the traction surface. Modeling results for 3- and 4-axle forest machines with different load levels showed that for different soil categories, types of bodies, and tire sizes. The results of the approximation analysis enabled the derive of calculation formulas for estimating the propulsive coefficient and rut depth after the first passage depending on the values of load-bearing capacity, body load coefficient, wheel width, and soil deformation module. The proposed model can be used at laying down the skidding roads and its optimization not only in economic terms but also with respect to the environment as intensive harvesting operations lead to extensive soil destructions. The practical application of the results is expressed in increased performance capacities of wood skidding operations and minimization of costs for restoring the productivity of forest area.

14

Influence of basalt particles on tribological properties of polymeric composites intended for friction contacts in means of transport

Posmyk Andrzej, Myalski Jerzy

Composites Theory and Practice

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2020

|

R. 20, nr 1

3--6

EN

The article presents the basics of the production and the results of tribological tests of a composite with an epoxy resin matrix with increased elasticity (Havel LGH 288) containing basalt particles (BP) in the amount of 20, 30 and 40 wt.% as the reinforcing phase, for friction elements of technical means of transport. Comparative tests were performed on a T-01 tribological tester at ambient temperature with pressure p = 5 MPa and relative speed v = 1 m/s, friction distance s = 1000 m. The tester reproduces the brake pad/disc contact. As a result of the tests, it was found that the developed composite material can rubbing against GJL-250 cast iron used for brake discs. The coefficient of friction in the contact stabilizes after running-in of the contact regardless of the particle content (μ = 0.5). The wear of the composite brake pad decreases, and the wear of the cast iron disc increases along with the content of basalt particles. The reason for such tribological properties is the high hardness of the basalt. The basalt particles cutting the cast iron intensify its wear. Their surface after running-in increases the actual contact area, which reduces the coefficient of friction. The matrix wear debris is deposited on the surfaces of the basalt particles. The heat generated by friction causes a local temperature increase on the basalt particles coated with wear debris, which results in a decrease in the coefficient of friction to 0.5, regardless of the BP content.

PL

Przedstawiono podstawy wytwarzania i wyniki badań tribologicznych kompozytu przeznaczonego na elementy cierne technicznych środków transportu kompozytu z osnową z żywicy epoksydowej o podwyższonej elastyczności (Havel LGH 288) zawierającej jako fazę umacniającą cząstki bazaltowe (BP) w ilości 20, 30 i 40% wagowych. Wykonano badania porównawcze na testerze tribologicznym T-01 w temperaturze otoczenia przy nacisku p = 5 MPa i prędkości względnej v = 1.0m/s, droga tarcia s = 1000 m. Tester odtwarza pracę skojarzenia klocek hamulcowy/tarcza. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że opracowany materiał kompozytowy może współpracować z żeliwem GJL-250 stosowanym na tarcze hamulcowe. Współczynnik tarcia w skojarzeniu stabilizuje się po dotarciu skojarzenia niezależnie od zawartości cząstek (μ = 0.5). Zużycie kompozytowego klocka hamulcowego maleje, a tarczy żeliwnej rośnie wraz z zawartością cząstek bazaltowych. Przyczyną takich właściwości tribologicznych jest duża twardość bazaltu. Cząstki bazaltowe, skrawając żeliwo, intensyfikują jego zużycie. Ich powierzchnia po dotarciu zwiększa rzeczywistą powierzchnie styku, co zmniejsza współczynnik tarcia. Produkty zużycia osnowy są osadzane na powierzchniach cząstek bazaltu. Ciepło generowane tarciem powoduje lokalny wzrost temperatury na cząstkach bazaltu pokrytych produktami zużycia, co skutkuje spadkiem współczynnika tarcia do wartości 0,5 niezależnie od zawartości BP.

15

Struktura wiekowa samochodów osobowych poruszających się po drogach wybranego obszaru województwa śląskiego

Miros Michał

Aparatura Badawcza i Dydaktyczna

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2020

|

T. 25, nr 1

39--46

PL

W artykule przeanalizowano roczniki, wskazania liczników oraz marki samochodów w grupie 2625 samochodów, które od początku 2020 roku poddane zostały badaniom technicznym. Uzyskane wyniki odniesiono do wartości średnich dla całej Polski.

EN

Age, meter readings and car brands in a group of 2625 cars have been analyzed in article. Analyzed cars that have been subjected to technical tests since the beginning of 2020. The obtained results were referred to the average values for the whole of Poland.

16

Przyczynek do dyskusji o przyszłości napędów elektrycznych w pojazdach samochodowych

Idzior Marek, Kornaszewski Martin

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

|

2019

|

z. 125

27--36

PL

W publikacji zawarto uwagi o przyszłości napędów pojazdów samochodowych. Przedstawiono istotę rozwoju napędów elektrycznych oraz specyfikę konstrukcji pojazdów z tymi napędami. Zainteresowanie pojazdami napędzanych silnikami elektrycznymi, mimo niekwestionowanej długotrwałej hegemonii pojazdów o silniku spalinowym, jest coraz większe. Wynika to z rosnącej świadomości społecznej w kwestiach kurczących się zasobów paliw kopalnianych i zanieczyszczenia środowiska powodowanego przez silniki spalinowe. Rozwój elektrotechniki związany z komputeryzacją daje projektantom samochodów szerokie pole do rozwijania koncepcji silnika elektrycznego. Przy równoczesnym popycie rynkowym na pojazdy o możliwie niskiej emisji spalin, pojazdy elektryczne znalazły zainteresowanie na rynku komercyjnym, a wartość tej branży oraz udział procentowy w rynku motoryzacyjnym stopniowo wzrasta.

EN

The publication contains comments about the future of vehicle drives. The essence of the development of electric drives and the specificity of the construction of electric vehicles are presented. The interest in vehicles powered by electric motors, despite the unquestionable long-term hegemony of vehicles with an internal combustion engine, is growing. This is due to the growing public awareness about the issues of shrinking fossil fuel resources and environmental pollution caused by internal combustion engines. The development of electrotechnics related to computerization gives car designers a wide field to develop the concept of an electric motor. With simultaneous market demand for vehicles with the lowest possible emissions, electric vehicles have found interest in the commercial market, and the value of this industry and the percentage share in the automotive market is gradually increasing.

17

Numerical investigation of the drag force reduction for homogeneous column of vehicles

Hamiga Władysław, Ciesielka Wojciech

New Trends in Production Engineering

|

2019

|

Vol. 2, Iss. 1

524--531

EN

This paper presents simulation studies on the aerodynamics of vehicles moving in an organized column. The object of research is a column that consist of three vehicles of the same type (homogeneous column). In this research geometry of Ford Transit was used. As a part of the studies, the air drag forces acting on individual vehicles were calculated. The results are presented in dimensionless drag coefficient. The influence of the distance between cars on the generated force was also determined. In the first stage of the work, a numerical model was developed based on the Ahmed body reference structure. The calculations were carried out for 9 different velocities. The obtained results of the drag coefficient were compared with the work of other authors. The applied turbulence model and parameters of the boundary layer were used to create a numerical model of a moving column of vehicles. Mesh independence for numerical model of van was verified. The Finite Volume Method was implemented in the ANSYS Fluent program and used for the calculations. The use of supercomputers was necessary due to the large size of the grid.

18

Nowe znaki graficzne na urządzeniach dystrybucyjnych paliw silnikowych i pojazdach

Pałuchowska Martynika, Błaszkiewicz Zofia

Nafta-Gaz

|

2019

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R. 75, nr 10

649--655

PL

W artykule podano genezę i sposób wprowadzania oraz wygląd obowiązkowego oznakowania paliw na urządzeniach dystrybucyjnych, pojazdach i w instrukcjach obsługi. Podstawą tych działań jest wdrażanie do porządku prawnego państw członkowskich UE dyrektywy 2014/94/UE w sprawie rozwoju infrastruktury paliw alternatywnych. Wdrożenie tej dyrektywy, poza zapewnieniem rozwoju infrastruktury dla tych paliw, ma zapewnić także właściwą, jasną i spójną informację dla klientów odnośnie do kompatybilności ich pojazdu z właściwym materiałem pędnym (paliwa ciekłe, gazowe, energia elektryczna). Według dyrektywy do paliw alternatywnych zalicza się energię elektryczną, wodór, biopaliwa, paliwa syntetyczne i parafinowe, gaz ziemny, w tym biometan, sprężony gaz ziemny – CNG, skroplony gaz ziemny – LNG oraz gaz płynny LPG. W dalszej części artykułu poinformowano o poszczególnych rodzajach paliw silnikowych o znormalizowanej jakości obecnych na rynku europejskim, które podlegają nowemu obligatoryjnemu oznakowaniu. Przytoczono aktualne wydania europejskich norm określających jakość tych rodzajów paliw silnikowych, zawierające odwołanie do normy europejskiej EN 16942:2016-11. Norma ta została opracowana przez Europejski Komitet Normalizacyjny (CEN) jako wsparcie wdrażania dyrektywy 2014/94/UE. Prace nad projektem normy rozpoczęły się w sierpniu 2015 r. Został powołany Komitet Techniczny CEN/TC 441 Fuel Labelling. Zakres prac obejmował opracowanie projektu normy zapewniającej zharmonizowany identyfikator dystrybuowanych paliw ciekłych i gazowych. Podczas prac CEN współpracował z Komisją Europejską oraz zainteresowanymi stronami (między innymi: producentami paliw, pojazdów, urządzeń dystrybucyjnych, władzami publicznymi, przedstawicielami konsumentów). W celu możliwie jednoczesnego wdrożenia postanowień dyrektywy na podstawie EN 16942:2016 we wszystkich krajach europejskich instytucje europejskie zorganizowały warsztaty na temat nowego oznakowania. Wdrożenie postanowień dyrektywy do porządku prawnego Polski nastąpiło poprzez przygotowanie i publikację Ustawy z dnia 11 stycznia 2018 r. o elektromobilności i paliwach alternatywnych. Do zbioru Polskich Norm norma europejska została włączona jako PN-EN 16942:2016-11. W artykule przytoczono zapisy tej normy, określającej sposób znakowania poszczególnych rodzajów paliw. Ponadto podano przykłady umieszczania nowego oznakowania zarówno na dystrybutorach paliw, pistoletach wydawczych, jaki i korkach wlewu paliwa w pojazdach oraz w instrukcjach obsługi pojazdów.

EN

The article describes the genesis and the method of introducing as well as the appearance of mandatory fuel labelling on distribution devices, vehicles and in manuals. The basis thereof is the implementation of Directive 2014/94/EC on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure. The implementation of this directive, apart from ensuring the development of the infrastructure for these fuels, is also intended to provide appropriate, clear and consistent information to customers regarding the compatibility of their vehicle with the relevant propellant (liquid fuels, gas, electricity). According to the directive, alternative fuels include electricity, hydrogen, biofuels, synthetic and paraffin fuels, natural gas, including biomethane, compressed natural gas – CNG, liquefied natural gas – LNG and LPG. The article also contains information about different types of motor fuels present on the European market, which are subject to a new mandatory labeling. The current editions of European standards defining the quality of these types of motor fuels, which refer to EN 16942: 2016-11 Standard, have been cited. This standard was developed by CEN to support the implementation of Directive 2014/94/EC. Work on developing a draft standard began in August 2015. The CEN/TC441 Fuel Labelling Technical Committee was established. The scope of work included the development of a draft standard providing a harmonized identifier of distributed liquid and gas fuels. During the work, CEN cooperated with the EC and interested parties (including producers of fuels, vehicles, distribution devices, public authorities, consumer representatives). In order to implement the provisions of the directive based on EN 16942:2016 in all European countries as simultaneously as possible , the European institutions organized workshops on the new labelling. The provisions of the directive were implemented into the Polish legal system through publication of the Act dated January 11, 2018 on Electromobility and Alternative Fuels. Meanwhile, the European Standard was incorporated into the collection of Polish Standards as PN-EN 16942: 2016-11. The article cites the PN-EN 16942:2016-11 Standard, which defines the method of different types of fuels labelling. Moreover, examples of placing new labelling on distribution dispenser, nozzle, filler cap and in manuals are presented.

19

Analiza natężenia ruchu drogowego na wybranym skrzyżowaniu bez sygnalizacji świetlnej

Popardowski Ernest

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2019

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R. 20, nr 1-2

403--407

PL

W pracy przedstawiono pomiary natężenia ruchu drogowego wykonane na skrzyżowaniu ulic Zwierzynieckiej, Powiśle oraz Retoryka w Krakowie. Badania bazowały na obserwacjach natężenia potoków ruchu, z uwzględnieniem struktury rodzajowej i kierunkowej, w pięcio-minutowych interwałach czasowych. Posłużono się metodyką zgodną z Instrukcją obliczania przepustowości skrzyżowań bez sygnalizacji świetlnej Generalnej Dyrekcji Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad. Natężenie ruchu dla całego skrzyżowania było stosunkowo równomierne, ze współczynnikiem zmienności na poziomie 9,07%. Najwyższe odnotowane natężenie występuje między 20 a 25 minutą pomiarów i wynosi 129,85 E/5min, z kolei najniższe to 96,2 E/5min, zaobserwowane w trakcie ósmego w kolejności interwału pomiarowego. Zdecydowanie największy odsetek w strukturze rodzajowej (około 88%) stanowią pojazdy osobowe. Udział pojazdów ciężkich w ruchu wynosi 12,35 %.

EN

The study presents contains traffic volume measurements performed at the crossroads of Zwierzyniecka, Powisle and Retoryka streets in Krakow. The research was based on the observations of passing vehicles and including the vehicle kind and directional structure, in five-minute time intervals. The methodology was used in accordance with the Instruction for calculating intersection capacity without traffic lights of the General Directorate of National Roads and Motorways. The traffic volume for the whole crossroads was relatively even, with a coefficient of variation of 9.07%. The highest record traffic volume occurs between 20 and 25 minutes of measurements and amounts to 129.85 E / 5min, while the lowest is 96.2 E/ 5min, observed during the eighth measurement interval. The largest percentage in the generic structure (around 88%) are passenger cars. The share of heavy vehicles in traffic is 12.35%.

20

Routing of Vehicles from Depot in Two-Level Supply Chain with a Meta-Heuristic Algorithm

Hosseini Zahra Sadat, Kamali Iman

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2019

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Vol. 13, no 2

38--45

EN

The present study aimed at routing vehicles from a depot in two-level supply chain with a meta-heuristic algorithm. This study is an analytical type of research. The issue of routing which includes time, travel duration dependent on the day, has first been introduced by Mandraki and Duskin. They proposed the issue of time-dependent Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP), such that their simplified issue was a VRP issue and service should be provided to all customers, and each customer should only be visited by one vehicle. Mathematical modeling was used as a research tool, and in the examined problem, there are a number of demand points with simultaneous delivery and return. This demand should pass the depot which should be selected from among candid points, and it should be determined that the construction of depot in each of these locations has a specific fixed cost. In order to send service from depot to the demand points, vehicles with special carrying capacity, fixed using costs, and overhead carrying costs. Given that solving the problem is time-consuming, the MOPSO meta-heuristic algorithm was used in order to solve the problem. The obtained results were fully presented, and in different repetitions it was observed that the second vehicle has the highest load carrying.