Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

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Selected vehicle emission assessment issues in passenger transport services

Pryciński Piotr, Wawryszczuk Róża, Korzeb Jarosław, Pielecha Piotr, Murawski Jakub

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

14--22

EN

The paper presents an analytical method for determining the pollutant emission of transport modes, based on emission indicators for various vehicle types and statistical data. The method developed enables the determination of the emission of various vehicle types without the need to carry out tests on real vehicles. The purpose of this paper is to compare the vehicle emission results obtained using the developed analytical method with the real-world results obtained in RDE tests based on a case study, i.e. an analysis of the emission of passenger transport modes in Warsaw. The paper contains a summary of the results of measurements and calculations, as well as an analysis of potential areas of application for the developed analytical method.

2

Assessment of vehicle emissions at roundabouts: a comparative study of PEMS data and microscale emission model

Madziel Maksymilian, Campisi Tiziana

Archives of Transport

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2022

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Vol. 63, iss. 3

35--51

EN

Energy efficiency has a central role to play in achieving decarbonisation targets in the transport system by changing the demand for mobility (eg. by influencing on peoples behaviors) and improving the performance of the fleet. In recent years there has been an increase of use of private transport, partly due to the recent pandemic and the reduced choice of public transport. People's travel habits have changed in frequency and motivation due to the reduced number of seats on public transport, due to social distancing but also due to online education and teleworking. This increase of use private cars has led to an increase in environmental emissions as a result of the high proportion of vehicles with combustion engines in urban areas. The highest concentrations have been recorded at road intersections and in particular at roundabout configurations where there is a higher number of stop-and-go's overall. The increasing importance of air pollution from vehicle traffic has suggested that environmental considerations should be added to these aspects as a criterion for intersection design. Several studies in the literature analyze the environmental emissions generated by vehicle traffic using different methods such as on-site recording, mathematical modeling of dispersion phenomena, micro-simulation of vehicle traffic, use of appropriately equipped vehicles with sensors. This paper presents a comparison between the results obtained from the Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) and the results obtained from the VERSIT+ emission model. Specifically, using a Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) installed on a series of test cars, instantaneous CO2 and NOX emissions were measured on repeated trips along two-lane roundabout intersections. The study was carried out by examining a selected two-lane roundabout in the city of Rzeszow (Poland) using 9 different vehicles fueled by petrol, diesel, and LPG. The results show that the investigated VERSIT+ emission model used led to an inaccuracies in the calculation of CO2 and NOx emissions. Furthermore, current micro-scale emission models may not estimate emissions of harmful exhaust components with sufficient accuracy due to the specificities of roundabout driving. Therefore, there is a strong demand for the development of new emission models, adapted to the driving behavior of drivers appropriate for different infrastructure objects such as roundabouts.

3

Range extending of electric vehicles development of a low power 2-stroke boxer-engine

Haas Rainer

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

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2019

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z. 4/122

23--31

EN

The central problem with electrically powered vehicles is emission associated with today’s power generation. High battery weight leads to additional significant losses, so that it makes sense to limit the range of electric vehicles. At the same time, the ecological footprint is improved as a smaller amount of battery cells is required. Under the boundary conditions of improved range at lowest possible weight, a range extender with low power was designed, developed and implemented as a solution. The 2-cylinder 2-stroke engine has an output of 4 kW and is currently under further development at TH Köln. A suitable generator and converter will follow in the future.

DE

Das zentrale Problem bei elektrisch angetriebenen Fahrzeugen sind die mit der heutigen Stromerzeugung verbundenen Emissionen. Das hohe Batteriegewicht führt zu zusätzlichen signifikanten Verlusten durch Rollreibung, so dass es sinnvoll ist, die Reichweite von Elektrofahrzeugen zu begrenzen. Gleichzeitig wird so auch der ökologische Fußabdruck verbessert, da eine geringere Anzahl von Batteriezellen benötigt wird. Unter den Randbedingungen einer verbesserten Fahrzeugreichweite bei möglichst geringem Gewicht wurde ein Range Extender mit geringer Leistung konzipiert, entwickelt und aufgebaut. Der entstandene 2-Zylinder-2-Takt-Motor hat eine Leistung von 4 kW und wird derzeit an der TH Köln weiterentwickelt. Ein geeigneter Generator und ein Umrichter sollen in der Zukunft ebenfalls aufgebaut werden.

4

Źródła smogu zimowego oraz możliwości ograniczenia jego intensywności

Bagieński Zbigniew

Rynek Energii

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2019

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Nr 2

75--87

PL

W artykule przedstawiono czynniki wpływające na jakość powietrza, szczególnie czynniki antropogeniczne mające wpływ na powstawanie i utrzymywanie się smogu na terenach aglomeracji miejskich. Zwrócono uwagę na znaczenie struktury urbanistycznej miejscowości oraz warunków gospodarczo – społecznych. Zasadniczą część pracy stanowi analiza czynników wpływających na wielkość emisji ze źródeł stacjonarnych i mobilnych oraz warunków technicznych emisji, które decydują o jej uciążliwości. Przedstawiono także propozycje działań koniecznych dla ograniczenia negatywnego oddziaływania źródeł smogu, przyjmując za kryterium efektywność tych działań.

EN

The paper presents factors that affect air quality and particularly anthropogenic factors affecting the emergence and persistence of smog in urban agglomeration. Drew attention to the importance of the urban structure and of the economic and social conditions. An essential part of the work, is the analysis of the factors affecting emissions from stationary and mobile sources and the conditions of emission that decides about its harmfulness. The proposals for necessary action to reduce the negative impact of the smog sources are also describes.

5

Exposure to Aerosols Particles on an Urban Road

Piotrowicz Adam, Polednik Bernard

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 5

27--34

EN

Traffic-related emissions, apart from emissions from fuel combustion for heating purposes, significantly deteriorate air quality in cities. The above mainly concerns areas located close to busy traffic routes. According to epidemiological studies, traffic-related emissions have an adverse health effect. This specifically affects commuters (drivers and car passengers) as well as pedestrians. The aim of this study was to determine the variations of particle number and mass concentrations along a busy road in Lublin, Poland and their impact on the particle exposure for commuters and pedestrians. On-route and fixed-site measurements were performed in the summer (June) with a focus on peak and off-peak traffic hours and road sections with low and high traffic intensity. During peak hours, the average number concentration of ultrafine particles (PN0.1) in the road section near 4-way traffic intersections (TIs) was about 2 times higher than during off-peak hours. The average mass concentration of fine particles (PM2.5) was also approximately twice as high than in off-peak hours. Similar relations were found for other measured aerosol particles as well as with respect to particle exposure. The obtained results indicate the need for further extended research on traffic-related emissions and exposure and the ways of limiting them.

6

Traffic-related particle emissions and exposure on an urban road

Połednik B., Piotrowicz A., Pawłowski L., Guz Ł.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2018

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Vol. 44, no. 2

83--93

EN

Extensive aerosol particle concentrations are one of the factors contributing to poor air quality in cities. The aim of this study is to assess particle number and mass concentrations on a road in Lublin, Poland, in peak and off-peak traffic hours and its impact on the particle exposure for commuters and pedestrians. Mobile monitoring and fixed-site measurements on the sidewalk along the established 2.1 km long route were conducted with the use of Mobile Air Pollution Analytic Laboratory equipped, among other things, with instruments measuring the real-time number and mass concentrations of particles with size range from 10 nm to 32 μm. The highest average concentrations of ultrafine particle number PN0.1 (25.4 ±11×103 pt/cm3; mean ± standard deviation), total particle number PN (29.2 ±12×103 pt/cm3) as well as mass concentrations of PM2.5 (29.1 ±7.6 μg/m3) and PM10 (45.4 ±10.3 μg/m3) were obtained in peak traffic hours for the part of the route with the most intensive traffic. The average particle number concentrations for the entire route and the part of route with the most intensive traffic in peak times were found to be about 3 to 4 times higher than in off-peak times. The average particle mass concentrations were about twice as high. Furthermore, the average values of the examined particle number and mass concentrations were higher for the on-road measurements than for fixed-site measurements. Moreover, a greater percentage of ultrafine particles was observed during mobile monitoring than in the fixed-site measurement points. It was established that a greater number and mass of particles, irrespectively of their size range, is deposited in the respiratory tract of commuters and pedestrians in peak hours than in off-peak hours. In peak times the average particle doses received by commuters and pedestrians equaled 4.8 ±2.4×109 pt/h or 29.6 ±10.7 μg/h (PM10) and 4.2 ±2.3×109 pt/h or 29.6 ±8.6 μg/h (PM10), respectively. Additionally, in both peak and off-peak hours greater particle doses were determined in the considered part of the route with the most intensive traffic; however, in off-peak traffic times pedestrians are more exposed to traffic-related pollutants than commuters. Overall, the obtained results reflect the importance of traffic-related particle emission measurements for exposure evaluations and the need of taking the actions aimed at decreasing it.

PL

Celem pracy było określenie stężenia liczbowego i masowego cząstek na wybranych ulicach Lublina w godzinach szczytu oraz poza szczytem, a także ocena narażenia kierowców i pieszych na ich oddziaływanie. W ramach badań przeprowadzono zarówno pomiary mobilne, jak i stacjonarne w określonych punktach pomiarowych na trasie o długości 2,1 km. Mierzono w czasie rzeczywistym między innymi stężenia liczbowe i masowe cząstek o rozmiarach w zakresie od 10 nm do 32 μm. Najwyższe średnie koncentracje ultradrobnych cząstek PN0.1 (25,4 ±11×103 #/cm3) oraz koncentracje całkowitej liczby cząstek PN (29,2 ±12×103 #/cm3), a także stężenia masowe PM2.5 (29,1 ±7,6 μg/m3) oraz PM10 (45,4 ±10,3 μg/m3) rejestrowano w godzinach szczytu na wydzielonym odcinku trasy o największej intensywności ruchu. Średnie koncentracje cząstek mierzone w godzinach szczytu dla całej trasy oraz dla wydzielonego odcinka były, w zależności od wielkości cząstek, ok. 3-4 razy większe w porównaniu do wyników pomiarów dla godzin pozaszczytowych. Z kolei średnie stężenia masowe cząstek były około dwa razy większe. Ponadto, większe średnie stężenia liczbowe i masowe cząstek odnotowano dla pomiarów mobilnych niż dla stacjonarnych. Wyznaczone dawki dotyczące liczby i masy cząstek deponowanych w drogach oddechowych kierowców w godzinach szczytu wynosiły odpowiednio 4,8 ±2,4×109 #/h i 29,6 ±10,7 μg/h (PM10). Zarówno dla godzin szczytu, jak i poza szczytem, większe dawki deponowanych cząstek uzyskano dla wydzielonego odcinka trasy o największej intensywności ruchu. Podsumowując, otrzymane wyniki wskazują na istotność pomiarów cząstek emitowanych ze źródeł komunikacyjnych, szczególnie w kontekście narażenia uczestników ruchu drogowego na te cząstki.

7

Impact of road geometry on vehicle energy consumption

Luin B., Petelin S.

Transport Problems

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2017

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T. 12, z. 2

77--87

EN

It has been shown that road geometry has a great impact on overall Energy consumption and emissions. Some roads connect traffic origins and destinations directly. On the other hand, some use winding, indirect routes. Indirect connections result in longer distances driven and increased fuel consumption. A similar effect is observed on congested roads and mountain roads with many changes in altitude. Therefore, we propose a framework to assess road networks based on energy consumption. This framework should take into consideration traffic volume, shares of vehicle classes, road geometry and energy needed for road operation and construction. It can be used to optimize energy consumption with efficient traffic management and to choose an optimum new road in the design phase. This is especially important as the Energy consumed by the vehicles soon supersedes the energy needed for road construction.

8

Efektywność środków uspokojenia ruchu w miastach w kontekście zanieczyszczenia środowiska

Ziółkowski R.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2016

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z. 63, nr 4

573--580

PL

Szacuje się, że krajach Unii Europejskiej (UE) około 20% emisji dwutlenku węgla (CO2) wydzielanego do powietrza pochodzi z różnorodnych form transportu. Ilość emisji CO2 pochodząca z transportu drogowego wzrosła w ciągu ostatnich 25 lat o około 23%. Transport drogowy jest jedyną gałęzią przemysłu w Unii Europejskiej, w której emisja gazów cieplarnianych ulega ciągłemu wzrostowi. W obszarach zurbanizowanych lekkie samochody ciężarowe, samochody dostawcze i osobowe są głównym źródłem zanieczyszczeń. Na poziom zanieczyszczenia dodatkowo wpływają liczne zatory tworzące się w miastach w godzinach szczytów komunikacyjnych oraz spowodowany tym brak płynności jazdy. Efektywne zarządzanie ruchem drogowym umożliwia poprawę warunków ruchowych w miastach. Wzrost efektywności postępuje wraz ze wzrostem kontrolowanego obszaru, jednak w krajach rozwijających się, do jakich zalicza się Polskę, z uwagi na koszty wdrażania zarządzanie ruchem sprowadza się do pojedynczych punktów lub wybranych ciągów ulicznych. W takich miejscach instaluje się przede wszystkim środki spowalniające ruch pomijając ich wpływ na sposób jazdy kierowców. Celem referatu jest analiza wpływu obecności wybranych środków uspokojenia ruchu na dynamikę jazdy kierowców oraz wielkość emisji spalin samochodowych w obszarze zabudowanym. W referacie przedstawiono wyniki badań prędkości chwilowych pojazdów w otoczeniu wybranych środków uspokojenia ruchu w Białymstoku. Badania skoncentrowano na zachowaniach kierowców i zmianach dynamicznych zarejestrowanych prędkości. Dynamikę zmian określono w oparciu o indywidualne profile prędkości. Uzyskane wartości przyspieszeń i opóźnień umożliwiły oszacowanie wpływu określonych środków uspokojenia ruchu na zanieczyszczenie środowiska.

EN

Times Road transport contributes about one-fifth of the EU's total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), the main greenhouse gas. CO2 emissions from road transport increased by nearly 23% between 1990 and 2010. Transport is the only major sector in the EU where greenhouse gas emissions are still rising. Light-duty vehicles – most commonly present on urban roads - are a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, producing around 15% of the EU's emissions of CO2. Road conditions preventing smooth and fluent driving further enhance emissions. Efficient speed management covering vast city areas is belied to improve travel conditions and lower emissions. In developing countries due to high cost implementation speed management focuses basically on a smaller scale and aims at how best to set and enforce speed limits where there are safety concerns. Speed management being a complex issue involves both engineering and behavioural factors. Implementation of engineering issues involving physical and non-physical measures generally ignores behavioural factors that emerge from impediments that drivers face on a roadway which in turn essentially contribute to driving maneuvers and level of emissions. The measurements of instantaneous speed in vicinity of speed management measures including chosen traffic calming measures and roundabouts were undertaken to develop the investigation. The paper presents the results of speed investigations conducted in urban areas under varied roadway geometry conditions in two Polish cities. The examination has focused on drivers’ behaviour and the dynamics of speed changes expressed by deceleration and acceleration values which have been evaluated on the basis of individual speed profiles. Data related to emissions were considered based on the literature.

9

Directions in vehicle efficiency and emissions

Johnson T. V., Joshi A.

Combustion Engines

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2016

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R. 55, nr 3

3--8

EN

This paper provides a general review of light-duty (LD) and heavy-duty (HD) regulations, engine technology, and key emission control strategies. The US is placing a stronger emphasis on laboratory emissions, and the LD regulations are about an order of magnitude tighter than Euro 6, but Europe is focusing on real-world reductions. The California HD low-NOx regulation is advancing and may be proposed in 2017/18 for implementation in 2023+. The second phase of US HD greenhouse gas regulations propose another 25-30% tightening beyond Phase 1, beginning in 2021. LD and HD engine technology continues showing marked improvements in engine efficiency. LD gasoline concepts are closing the gap with diesel. HD engines are demonstrating more than 50% BTE using methods that can reasonably be commercialized. LD and HD diesel NOx technology trends are also summarized. NOx storage catalysts and SCR combinations are the lead approach to meeting the LD regulations. Numerous advanced NOx technologies are being evaluated and some promise for meeting the California HD low NOx targets. Oxidation catalysts are improved for both diesel and methane oxidation applications. Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) are the lead approach to reducing particles from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. They reduce PAH emissions, and catalyzed versions can be designed for low back pressure. Regeneration largely occurs during hot decelerations.

10

Evaluation of the usefulness of spider webs as an air quality monitoring tool for heavy metals

Rybak J., Spówka I., Zwoździak A., Fortuna M., Trzepla-Nabagło K.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2015

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Vol. 22, nr 3

389--400

EN

The study aims at evaluating whether webs reflect the level of air pollution measured with conventional methods. Webs of species Malthonica silvestris (l. KOCH, 1872) (Araneae: Agelenidae) were sampled. Samples were analyzed for heavy metals (Pb, Zn) content. According webs analyses and classic measurements three traffic-oriented sites in Wroclaw (South-West Poland) showed significantly higher mean concentrations of heavy metals than two other sites situated in quieter, low traffic areas. A very strong significant positive correlation was revealed among average concentrations of Zn and Pb associated with fine particulate matter of atmospheric aerosol (PM1) and webs. We also observed a very strong significant positive correlation among Zn and Pb concentrations on webs and PM2.5. Any significant correlation among PM-emission fractions 2.5 and 10 and associated heavy metals and dust deposited on spider webs was not observed. Although spider webs proved useful indicators of environmental pollution the obtained results suggest that this tool should be used to evaluate the emission of heavy metals in the similar way as other bioindicators such as mosses and lichens are commonly used. The measured concentrations on webs do not reflect results obtained with classic methods. We conclude that spider webs are good for bioindication of road traffic emissions, they could be even more reliable compared to use of some other bioindicators whose activity is often limited by the lack of water and sun.

PL

Celem badań była ocena efektywności sieci pajęczych jako narzędzia do indykacji zanieczyszczeń komunikacyjnych powietrza atmosferycznego. Wykorzystano sieci gatunku Malthonica silvestris (l. KOCH, 1872) należącego do rodziny Agelenidae. Pajęczyny oceniono pod kątem zawartości dwóch metali ciężkich (ołów i cynk) związanych z emisjami pochodzącymi z komunikacji drogowej. Otrzymane wyniki zestawiono z pomiarami wykonanymi metodami klasycznymi oceny jakości powietrza atmosferycznego (impaktory). Wysokie stężenia obydwu badanych metali odnotowano na trzech stanowiskach badawczych zlokalizowanych w miejscach o wysokim natężeniu ruchu kołowego we Wrocławiu, z kolei na obszarach o mniejszym natężeniu ruchu odnotowano niższe i statystycznie istotne wartości tych metali. Takie same wyniki otrzymano przy zastosowaniu obydwu metod (sieci pajęczych i metody klasycznej). Jednakże, silne pozytywne korelacje obserwowano jedynie w przypadku ołowiu i cynku związanych z frakcją pyłu drobnego PM1 i tych samych metali zidentyfikowanych na sieciach pajęczych. Stwierdzono także silną dodatnią korelację w przypadku stężeń Zn i Pb odnotowanych na sieciach pajęczych i frakcją pyły mierzonego metodą klasyczną PM2.5 (ale nie metalami!). Ponadto, nie zaobserwowano żadnych istotnych statystycznie korelacji między stężaniami metali i frakcjami pyłu mierzonymi obiema metodami. Co więcej, wyniki analizy wariancji wskazują na brak homogeniczności oraz istnienie różnic istotnych statystycznie między stężaniami metali zarejestrowanymi na sieciach i za pomocą metody klasycznej. Jako że stwierdzone korelacje można uznać za przypadkowe, nie rekomenduje się wykorzystania sieci zamiennie z metodą klasyczną oceny jakości powietrza atmosferycznego. Jednakże, tak jak inne bioindykatory, sieci stanowią doskonałe narzędzie do monitoringu powietrza ze względu na łatwość poboru próbek, możliwość oceny zanieczyszczeń długoterminowych, dostępność. Brak zależności od światła i dostępność przez cały rok czyni je narzędziami znacznie bardziej przydatnymi do bioindykacji niż obecnie powszechnie wykorzystywane mchy, rośliny czy porosty.

11

Evaluation of policies to reduce transportation pollution using system dynamics

Manohar G., Devi S. P., Rao K. S.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 40, nr 4

143--153

EN

Pollution caused by road transportation is the major factor affecting human health and adversely affecting the global warming. In the study, a system dynamics model has been applied to forecast vehicle emissions from road transport to evaluate policies in the transportation management. The proposed model was applied to evaluate and compare three transportation policy scenarios including road expansion, public transit incentive and enforcement of quality norms for vehicles. The pollution emission data is taken in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The pollution in the study area will increase substantially if no management plans are implemented. The impact of population increase on transportation pollution has also been considered. It was found that among the proposed policies, implementation of the transit incentive policy to adopt public transports and the implementation of Bharat Stage IV norms for vehicles proved to be efficient in reducing the transport pollution to a great extent.