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1

Spatial structure of natural landscapes within the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone

Fedoniuk Tetiana P., Pyvovar Petro V., Skydan Oleh V., Melnychuk Taras V., Topolnytskyi Pavlo P.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 60

79--90

EN

The article demonstrates the results of a study of the landscape structure of the Chornobyl Radiation and Ecological Biosphere Reserve (Ukr.: Chornobylskyi radiatsiino-ekolohichnyi biosfernyi zapovidnyk - ChREBR). Because of radioactive pollution, a sharp drop in human activity, and the granting of the territory the status of a protected object, the process of area rewilding took on certain characteristics and led to the return of ecosystems’ natural processes. The studies cover a 7-year period from 2016 to 2022, i.e., from the moment this territory was granted protected status. That territory was abandoned by people more than 37 years ago and the former rural and urban landscapes have either already been transformed or are in the process of being transformed into natural ones. The scale of forest massifs has changed during the previous seven years, which has caused increased pasture overgrowth. huge forest massifs have been lost because of enormous forest fires and floods, particularly along the Pripet and Uzh rivers. Semi-natural successions occur in the gardens, and wooden homes are almost extinct. From orbit, a number of communities no longer resemble settlements. They are cloaked in bushes and trees instead. For places that have been ploughed, the same holds true. The last seven years show that change is happening more slowly than in the decades before. The pattern of natural processes in ecosystems, including periodic fires, the blocking of reclamation channels, and other factors, is the primary driver of changes in the composition of the land cover.

2

A study of vegetation cover dynamics using landsat images: case of the beni haroun watershed (Algeria)

Roukia Namous, Abdelaziz Louamri, Khallef Boubaker

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2023

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no. 4

315--328

EN

Conducting a diachronic study of vegetation cover helps to assess its transformations over a period of time, allowing for a comprehensive assessment of the factors influencing these transformations. The purpose of this research is to analyze the vegetation cover spatio-temporal changes within Beni Haroun watershed, located in the northeast region of Algeria. Based on remote sensing data, two satellite images for the years 2009 and 2020 from Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS were downloaded. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index was employed to remotely detect and monitor the changes of the vegetation cover. It was calculated for both chosen dates, and the results were classified into four classes (no vegetation, sparse vegetation, moderate vegetation, dense vegetation), each representing a different vegetation density. The obtained maps showed a regression of the vegetation cover. The NDVI values have decreased from 0.77 in 2009 to 0.58 in 2020. Spatial patterns in the classified NDVI maps illustrated reduced vegetation cover demonstrated by an expansion of the no vegetation class: 35,3479 ha in 2009 and 56,7916 ha in 2020. The final map of the change detection depicted a predominance of the negative change throughout Beni Haroun watershed, in consequence of various controlling factors, including climate and human interventions.

3

Assessment of soil erosion models for predicting soil loss in cracked vegetated compacted surface layer

Bora Manash Jyoti, Bordoloi Sanandam, Pekkat Sreeja, Garg Ankit, Sekharan Sreedeep, Rakesh Ravi Ranjan

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 1

333--347

EN

Rainfall-induced progressive soil erosion of compacted surface layer (SL) impedes the functioning of cover system (CS) of landfills with high expected design life (≈ 100 years). The existing soil erosion models are not tested extensively for compacted soil with cracks and vegetation. This study evaluated the efficacy of three popular soil erosion models for estimating the soil loss of compacted SL of CS, which is useful for annual maintenance. The interactive effect of rainfall, vegetation and desiccation cracks on erosion of compacted surface layer was investigated under the influence of both natural and simulated rainfall events for one year. Among all, the Morgan, Morgan and Finney (MMF) model was found to be effective in predicting soil erosion of compacted SL. However, the MMF model overestimated soil erosion when the vegetation cover exceeded 60%. The soil loss estimated from Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) models was poor for high rainfall intensity (100 mm/h). The RUSLE and WEPP model overestimated the soil erosion for low vegetation cover (≤3%) and underestimated for vegetation area>3%. The mechanism of root reinforcement, strength due to root water uptake-induced soil suction and its effect on soil loss mitigation could not be adequately captured by the existing models for compacted SL. Further studies are needed to improve the existing erosion models for incorporating the effects of desiccation and vegetation on soil loss from the compacted SL.

4

Study of Climate Impact on Vegetation Cover in Kherson Oblast (Ukraine) Using Normalized Difference and Enhanced Vegetation Indices

Lykhovyd Pavlo

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 6

126--135

EN

Remote sensing is a convenient tool for the study of vegetation cover conditions and dynamics using normalized difference and enhanced vegetation indices. Determination of the connection between weather and vegetation indices plays an important role in better understanding peculiarities of ecosystems reaction to changing climate conditions. The study devoted to the evaluation of annual and long-term dynamics under vegetation cover conditions, and its reaction to the climate factor, was performed through the establishment of the link between remote sensing information (smoothed time series data on normalized and enhanced vegetation indices) and results of on-land hydrometeorological observations for air temperature and precipitation amounts in Kherson oblast of Ukraine during the period from 2012 to 2019 by the means of linear regression analysis of the data. The values of the studied vegetation indices (Terrain MODIS NDVI and MODIS EVI 250 m smoothed time series) were calculated and generalized by the means of GDAL raster analysis toolkit in QGIS 3.10. Statistical data processing was performed using BioStat v7 software. It was found that there is a strong tendency towards the enhancement of vegetation in the region year by year. Climate has strong effect on the vegetation, and the main input belongs to air temperature, while precipitation amounts cannot be considered as a driving force of changes in the growth of vegetation. Enhanced vegetation index seems to be more reliable for the estimation of vegetation cover conditions in comparison to normalized difference vegetation index.

5

Modeling the Hydrological Impacts of Vegetation Cover Changes in the Upper Oum Er-Rbia Watershed (Morocco)

Msaddek Mohamed, El Garouani Abdelkader, Kimbowa George

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 6

167--180

EN

In Morocco, the mountainous areas are often exposed to bulky and vicious flows of water and sediment. This process is exacerbated by the decrease in vegetation cover and the disruption in rainfall-runoff conditions that frequently cause significant flooding. By exploring the main hydrologic elements of these processes, it is possible to understand the behavior and hydrological response of watersheds and thus plan accordingly. In this study, the authors focused on determining the morphometric characteristics of the upper Oum Er-Rbia River basin (UOERRB by assessing/ evaluating the land use and land cover changes for a period of 32 years (1984-2016). Hydrologic Engineering Center’s Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) was applied to simulate four daily hydrological events. The concentration time was 7.7 hours. The four storm events examined to calibrate and validate the simulated outflow at the outlet indicated a good agreement between the hydrographs of the measured and simulated flows, with an average Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) value ranging from 0.63 to 0.76. Between 2002 and 2016, an average 6.21 percent increase in vegetation cover of with annual rainfall increasing from 690 to 714.1 mm/year was observed. These results can contribute to a better understanding of the hydrologic processes and better estimation of the return flows and thus guiding management decisions and developments in the UOERRB.

6

Estimating the runoff coefficient using the analytic hierarchy process

Lallam F., Megnounif A., Ghenim A. N.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2018

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no. 38

67--74

EN

The runoff coefficient (RC) is a parameter that is very often used in surface hydrology in order to characterize the drainage capacity of a watershed. The traditional estimate of this coefficient is often made from abacuses based on 2 or 3 parameters to the maximum. In this work, three numerical models are presented. Two models are based on experimental work. The first one is based on three criteria, namely the vegetation cover, the type of soil, and the slope. The second one considers the size of the watershed, the maximum daily rainfall and the type of soil. In practice, it is not easy to estimate the coefficient of runoff by simultaneously considering the influence of several criteria. In order to overcome this problem, a third model is developed and presented; it allows capitalizing the information from the first two models mentioned above. The objective of the present work is to be able to verify the comparability of these criteria and to assess the relative importance of each of them.

PL

Współczynnik odpływu (RC) jest parametrem często używanym w hydrologii wód powierzchniowych w celu charakterystyki zdolności drenarskiej zlewni. Tradycyjnie ocenę tego współczynnika wykonuje się za pomocą obliczeń bazujących maksymalnie na 2–3 parametrach. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono trzy modele numeryczne. Dwa z nich oparte są na badaniach eksperymentalnych. Pierwszy bazuje na trzech kryteriach: pokrycie roślinnością, typ gleby i nachylenie terenu. Drugi uwzględnia rozmiar zlewni, maksymalny opad dobowy i typ gleby. W praktyce nie jest łatwo ocenić współczynnik odpływu przez uwzględnienie wpływu kilku kryteriów równocześnie. Aby rozwiązać ten problem, zbudowano i przedstawiono trzeci model. Umożliwia on połączenie informacji z dwóch wyżej wymienionych modeli. Celem pracy jest umożliwienie weryfikacji porównywalności kryteriów i dokonanie oceny względnego znaczenia każdego z nich.

7

Vegetation changes and formation of small-scale urban heat islands in three populated districts of Kerala State, India

Veettil B. K., Grondona A. E. B.

Acta Geophysica

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2018

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Vol. 66, no. 5

1063--1072

EN

Currently, more than half of the world’s population is living in cities. Rapid and unplanned urbanization became a common scenario in rapidly developing countries such as those in Asia. Decline in vegetation coverage and increase in local air and land surface temperatures are among the adverse effects of unplanned urban growth. We used Landsat data for the period 1991–2017 to estimate the expansion of urban areas in terms of vegetation loss and the development of small-scale urban heat islands in developing cities in Kerala state of India. For the last 27 years, unplanned urbanization in Kerala state has increased and this resulted in the enhanced loss of vegetation and, possibly, resulted in the increase in land surface temperature (LST). Our results indicate that vegetation coverage, particularly near the urban areas, has been decreased by 5.8%, 10.4%, and 9.6% in Ernakulam, Trichur, and Kozhikode districts, respectively. The land surface temperatures also have been increased during the study period. It is interesting to note that higher increase in LST and higher reduction in vegetation coverage were observed in Trichur and Kozhikode districts compared with highly populated and urbanized Ernakulam district.

8

The vascular plants in the “Puszcza Notecka” forest roadside

Mizera P., Grajewski S. M., Kasztelan A.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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nr IV/1

1143--1156

EN

This paper presents the edge effect of a very low-volume road on the belt of roadside vegetation in the “Puszcza Notecka”, Poland - one of the largest compact forest complexes in Europe. The observations were carried out in the vicinity of pine stands in the fresh coniferous forest and fresh mixed coniferous forest sites. Twelve rectangular experimental sites 30 and 50 meters wide at a distance of 0 to 10 meters from the edge surfaces were established. 75 species characteristic for the 13 phytosociological classes and 20 species associated devoided of the diagnostic value were recognized in the roadside area. Native species dominated, where the most numerous species belonged to meadow communities (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea) and ruderal (Artemisietea vulgaris). Despite the significant participation of synanthropic plants, there was no invasion of alien species.

9

Numerical and Digital Methods in Analysis of Space-Time Changes And Renewal of Vegetation Cover Resources in the Czarna River Valley

Łaska G.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 4

117--125

EN

The study aimed at evaluation of the current state and description of changes in plant communities in wetland habitats in the Czarna river valley and at recommendation of ef-fective methods for the renewal of vegetation on the basis of detail analysis of its space-time changes. The methods applied included a compilation of field studies (inventory, cartographic study and phytosociological analyses), valorisation of nature, numerical syntaxonomy with the use of MVSP program (Cluster Analysis and PCA) and digital methods GIS (Geomedia Professional 6.1). The field study of the vegetation cover of the Czarna river valley was performed in the years 2010–2011. The space-time analysis of changes in the vegetation cover and renewal of vegetation was made with the use of archive aerial photographs from 1966, topographic maps from 1982 and 2000 and orthophotomaps from 2011. The vegetation cover of the Czarna river valley was found to be composed of 12 plant communities representing 6 syntaxonomic classes, and to in-clude sites of 8 protected species. The space-time analysis of the vegetation cover of the Czarna river valley, taking into account the changes in the forms of the valley use over the period 1966–2011, showed that the area occupied by forest communities in wetland habitats as a result of secondary succession has increased by 0.16 km2, so by 27% with respect to the area of 0.4406 km2 from 1966. Chronological changes in the vegetation cover over this area analysed on the basis of GIS and digital methods indicate that in the wet meadows in the valley studied the secondary succession leads to the reproduction of the potential forest communities that were growing there once in the past. The renewal of forestless greeneries in the Czarna river valley is related to changes in the use of the area realised by mowing and restoration of the earlier hydrological regime in the entire catchment area, changed by the network of channels and drainage ditches.

10

Roślinność na składowisku odpadów posodowych w Janikowie po 13 latach rekultywacji

Dyguś K. H., Sienkiewicz J.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2014

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Nr 36

65--97

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań florystyczno-fitosocjologicznych pokrywy roślinnej, ukształtowanej po 13 latach rekultywacji na powierzchniach składowiska wapna posodowego w Janikowie. Przed rozpoczęciem rekultywacji na wyschniętych podłożach składowiska obserwowano wkraczanie nielicznych gatunków pionierskich. Trzynastoletnie zabiegi rekultywacyjne skutkowały znacznym wzrostem różnorodności florystycznej, taksonomicznej i syntaksonomicznej w pokrywie roślinnej składowiska. Na składowisku zanotowano 108 gatunków roślin należących do 31 rodzin, z czego 50% całej flory przypadło na dwie rodziny – Poaceae (trawy) i Asteraceae (złożone). Pozostałe 29 rodzin miało tylko kilkuprocentowe udziały. Wykazano dominację gatunków trzech grup syntaksonomicznych: Stellarietea mediae (zbiorowiska chwastów pól uprawnych i terenów ruderalnych), Molinio-Arrhenatheretea (zbiorowiska łąkowe) oraz Artemisietea vulgaris (nitrofilne zbiorowiska bylin na siedliskach ruderalnych). Na poddawanych zabiegom powierzchniach stawów osadowych w Janikowie utworzyły się zbiorowiska nawiązujące do fitocenoz łąk świeżych z klasy Molinio-Arrhenatheretea oraz zbiorowiska murawowo-ruderalne. Na podłożu wapniowym wyróżniono zbiorowisko wiechliny łąkowej i krwawnika pospolitego Poa pratensis-Achillea millefolium. Natomiast płaty roślinności rozwijającej się w wyniku rekultywacji na podłożu popiołowym utworzyły zbiorowisko murawowo-ruderalne (zbiorowisko stulisza Loesela i bylicy pospolitej Sisymbrium loeselii-Artemisia vulgaris) z niewielkimi fragmentami typowo ruderalnych agregacji nitrofilnych roślin jednorocznych. Lokalna bioróżnorodność mierzona bogactwem gatunkowym zwiększyła się ponad 15 krotnie. Z kolei fitoindykacja warunków środowiska wykazała, że na zrekultywowanym terenie powstały siedliska heterogeniczne ogólnie korzystne dla rozwoju roślinności. Są to głównie siedliska świeże, z przewagą siedlisk żyznych, mezo- i eutroficznych. Zdecydowana większość flory składowiska to gatunki wskaźnikowe gleb mineralno-próchniczych. Natomiast ocena odporności na zasolenie na podstawie ekologicznych liczb wskaźnikowych roślin wykazała, że siedliska składowiska odznaczają się podwyższonymi zawartościami soli. Analiza flory pod kątem odporności na zwiększoną zawartość metali ciężkich gatunków roślin nie wykazała gatunków tolerujących wybitnie podwyższone zawartości metali ciężkich. W konkluzji podkreślono, że na zrekultywowanym terenie składowiska obserwuje się dużą efektywność i trwałość zasiedlenia nowych podłoży przez roślinność w czasie 13 lat trwania procesu rekultywacji.

EN

The results are presented of vegetation survey on the alkaline and saline soda waste disposal site at Janikowo Soda Plant near Toruń (central Poland). The site was subject to reclamation using diverse techniques including sewage sludge and ash, starting from the year 2000 onwards. The survey was made to evaluate the status of plant succession as well as stability and diversity of vegetation cover. The vegetation was inventoried using the cover-frequency method, on a 10 x 10 m quadrat samples randomly distributed over the reclaimed area. Com¬munities were classified using the Central-European approach by Braun-Blanquet (1964). In 2013, the vegetation was well established and provided a dense cover of the substrate. 108 plant species were found compared to some 5–8 plants which arrived spontaneously until the year 2000. Species richness increased 15 fold since the year when reclamation started. Species of graminoid and Asteraceae families prevailed in most patches of local vegetation. The vegetation cover on sites treated with a mixt of power plant ash and sewage sludge was less stable and less diverse than that on sites where sewage sludge only was applied. Annuals and biennials dominated in the vegetation on ash grounds while more competitive perennials prevailed on sewage sludge substrates. On the latter substrates there develop plant communities classified as an association of smooth meadow grass and common yarrow Poa pratensis-Achillea millefolium, whose species combination closely resembles that of seminatural fresh meadows. On the ash grounds, a variety of associations of ruderal plants were found with dominating Loesel mustard and common mugwort Sisymbrium loeselii-Artemisia vulgaris. Phytoindicatory methods using Ellenberg values have shown that waste substrates contained increased salt concentrations, however, there was no indication of increased heavy metal contents, as no plants tolerating excessive amounts of heavy metals were recorded at the site.

11

Vegetation of industrial waste landfills within the agglomeration of the capital city of Warsaw

Dyguś K. H.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 14, nr 1

22--32

EN

This study presents the results of examination of the vegetation on the waste landfill of ArcelorMittal-Warszawa steel mill and the furnace waste landfill of Siekierki Power Station, both sites in Warsaw. The presented analyses of the field research contain detailed floristic-phytosociological data as well as botanical and ecological evaluation of the identified plants. The vegetative structures, together with the succession trends of the vegetation cover of two examined landfills, have been shown. Ecological habitat adaptations of plants and their spatial structure have been evaluated. The inventoried flora has been subjected to taxonomic, syntaxonomic and ecological classification. 154 plant species from 48 taxones in the range of families have been identified. Families characterized by the biggest abundance of species were: Compositae, grasses and Fabaceae. More than half of the live forms indentified were hemicryptophytes. The vegetation of two landfills has been dominated by synantrophic communities (Stellarietea mediae, Artemisietea vulgaris, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea), with apophytes being in the largest number. With the use of ecological indicators a broad ecological tolerance of the majority of species toward ecological factors has been observed.

12

Roślinność dwóch składowisk odpadów komunalnych Mazowsza

Dyguś K. H.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2013

|

Nr 34

96--120

PL

Badania prowadzono na składowiskach odpadów komunalnych Wołomina – Lipiny Stare i Warszawy - Radiowo. Wyniki badań zawierają głównie szczegółowe dane florystycznofitosocjologiczne i trendy sukcesyjne szaty roślinnej badanych składowisk. Przedstawiono strukturę roślinną tych obiektów. Oceniono ekologiczne przystosowania siedliskowe roślin oraz ich strukturę przestrzenną. Dokonano klasyfikacji taksonomicznej, syntaksonomicznej i ekologicznej zinwentaryzowanej flory. Na terenie obydwu składowisk stwierdzono 215 gatunków roślin naczyniowych, głównie z rodzin złożone, trawy, krzyżowe i motylkowate. Spośród form życiowych przeważały hemikryptofity i terofity. Dominowały zbiorowiska roślinne synantropijnych chwastów segetalnych, nitrofilne zbiorowisko siedlisk ruderalnych i roślinność antropogenicznych łąk. Ocena metodą fitoindykacji Ellenberga wykazała właściwości typowe dla siedlisk świeżych, mineralnopróchniczych o umiarkowanie kwaśnym i obojętnym odczynie oraz dużą zasobność podłoża w składniki pokarmowe. Waloryzacja flory, ocena trendów sukcesyjnych i stanu ekologicznego siedlisk w tych środowiskach może w przyszłości sprzyjać określeniu działań w celu retardacji utraty bioróżnorodności a także starań o świadczenia ekosystemowe.

EN

The research has been carried out on two municipal waste landfills: Lipiny Stare – for the city of Wołomin and Radiowo – for Warsaw. The results contain mainly the detailed floristic and phytosociological data as well as the succession trends of the vegetation cover of two examined landfills. The vegetative structure of both sites has been described. Ecological habitat adaptations of plants and their spatial structure have been evaluated. The inventoried flora has been subjected to taxonomic, syntaxonomic and ecological classification. On the area of both landfills 215 species of vascular plants, mainly from the following families: aster, grasses, cabbage, bean have been found. The prevailing life forms are hemicryptophytes and therophytes. The landfills have been dominated by communities of synantrophic segetal weed, by a nitrophyte community of ruderal habitats as well as by the vegetation of anthropogenic meadows. With the use of phytoindication method by Ellenberg typical features of fresh habitats, humus-mineral with moderate acid and neutral pH and the abundance of microelements in the soil have been shown. The valorization of flora along with the evaluation of succession trends and ecological state of habitats in these environments may in future help determine proper measures aimed at retarding the loss of biodiversity or seeking ecosystem services.

13

Riparian buffer zones on selected rivers in Lower Silesia - an important conservation practice and the management strategy in urban planning

Adamska M.

Contemporary Trends in Geoscience

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2013

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Vol. 2, iss. 1

6--17

EN

Buffer zones are narrow strips of land lying structure. This will be used to develop clear along the surface water, covered with appro- criteria for the selection of the width of these priately selected vegetation. They separate zones based on land use land management. It aquatic ecosystems from the direct impact of can be used in the implementation of execuagricultural land and reduce the movement tive acts at different levels of space manageof nutrients in the environment. In 2008 the ment. Field research consisted of inventory European Commission established require- the extent of riparian buffer strips on selectments for the implementation of buffer strips ed water courses and photographic documenalong water courses. Poland committed to tation. Species composition of the vegetation the enforcement of these requirements un- forming a buffer zone was identified by ustil 1 January 2012. This was one of the rea- ing Braun-Blanquet method. There was lack sons of this study. The subject of the anal- of continuity of the riparian buffer zones on ysis included the following rivers in Lower investigated rivers. Buffer zones should have Silesia: Smortawa, Krynka, Czarna Woda carefully formulated definition and width beand the selected transects of Ślęza and Nysa cause they are element of the significant ecoŁużycka. Detailed studies were designed logical value, they perform important envito estimate the buffer zones occurring on ronmental protective functions and they are these watercourses and assess these zones’ also the subject of Community law.

14

Wykorzystanie zdjęć satelitarnych MODIS do badania stopnia pokrycia terenu roślinnością

Tomaszewska M., Lewiński S., Woźniak E.

Teledetekcja Środowiska

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2011

|

T. 46

15--22

EN

The work presents a methodology of processing MODIS satellite images in order to obtain information on the degree of correlation and dependence between vegetation index NDVI and a percentage of a vegetation cover. The low resolution satellite image from MODIS scanner placed on AQUA satellite was used in the analysis and as a reference data – an image from Landsat TM satellite. The test area was Warsaw and its surroundings. The analysis allowed to obtain a function which defines the relation between NDVI index and a percentage of vegetation cover (R2 = 0,85) This analysis permitted to create vegetation cover maps of Masovian Voivodeship. The work proved the possibility of mapping land vegetation cover on the base of low resolution satellite images. That kind of a map can be used as a background material to carry out various types of environmental studies.

15

The comparison of the effects of two approaches to control gully erosion in the Black Soil Region of China

Dong Y., Wu Y., Wang W.

Landform Analysis

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2011

|

Vol. 17

43-46

EN

Gully erosion is an important form of soil erosion, however, little was done on the effect of gully erosion controlling approaches. A program for controlling gully erosion was carried out in Heshan Farm in black soil region of northeast China from 1994 to 1996 include two approaches: "Soil fill" and "Vegetation cover". From the investigation at 2009, Soil fill approach can protect the original place of gully erosion well, but this apporach ignores the whole impact at the catchment scale, and may cause to new gully appear. "Vegetation cover" approach is better to control gully erosion than "Soil fill" approach, but has little effect on controlling the headcut retreat.

16

Analiza i ocena przyrodniczego funkcjonowania szaty roślinnej obszarów zurbanizowanych (w wybranych dzielnicach Warszawy). Ustalenie porządku typologicznego na potrzeby planowania przestrzennego

Sieroszewska M.

Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych

|

2010

|

T. 6

155--169

PL

W związku z rozwijającą się w sposób niezwykle dynamiczny gospodarką rynkową, nastawioną na doraźne korzyści przy braku znajomości i zrozumienia zasad zrównoważonego rozwoju, coraz ważniejszy staje się problem ochrony terenów otwartych pokrytych szatą roślinną przed zamianą w tzw. tereny inwestycyjne. W systemie miejskim ważne jest funkcjonowanie przyrodnicze szaty roślinnej i sposób jego oceny mającej na celu wyodrębnienie takich struktur i wzajemnych relacji między nimi, która umożliwi tworzenie układów terenów o szczególnym, pozytywnym wpływie na jakość życia w mieście. Ustalenie metody oceny szaty roślinnej – łatwej do wykorzystania w procesie planowania przestrzennego jest ważne, ponieważ obecnie stosowane metody są zbyt szczegółowe, bądź trudne do zastosowania w przekształconym środowisku miejskim. Istotne jest także, aby w dążeniu do uproszczeń nie zgubić idei tworzenia Systemu Przyrodniczego Miasta i jednej z zasad zrównoważonego rozwoju dotyczącego miast w myśl, której należy szanować zasoby przyrody, ponieważ są one nieograniczone. Artykuł poniższy jest prezentacją projektu metody opracowanej przez autorkę w 2005 r. w ramach pracy doktorskiej.

EN

In recent years the issue of green open space protection in Warsaw before changing them into building grounds has become a major concern. Green areas are marginal in the new developers projects due to rapidly growing open market economy and disrespecting of sustainable development conditions by governments and investors. As vegetation has an great impact on living conditions in cities a standard method of assessment of natural functioning of vegetation is essential in the process of spatial planning (town planning) This article presents a project of such a method which is easier to implement than the existing, often too detailed or too complicated ones.

17

Classification of morphometric units from digital terrain models: applications in land cover classification

Lozano Parra F. J. F. J., Gutiérrez Á. G., Fernández M. P., Lavado Contador J. F.

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2009

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T. 7, z. 2

83-89

EN

In this work a methodological purpose for landforms classification is proposed, based on the analysis of DTMs. In addition, land use and vegetation cover units in the farm were mapped. Finally, the relationship between landforms and land use-vegetation cover units was explored.

PL

Formy terenu tradycyjnie były analizowane przez kartowanie analogowe, jednakże rozwój komputerów umożliwił wprowadzenie informacji cyfrowej, opartej na danych odniesionych przestrzennie. Informacja ta może być wykorzystana do tworzenia precyzyjnych modeli zmiennych morfometrycznych, które wyrażają ciągłe przestrzennie zjawisko bądź konkretne cechy terenu. Na podstawie tych właśnie modeli można wykonywać złożone analizy krajobrazu oparte na parametrach ilościowych, takich jak: wysokość nad poziomem morza, nachylenie, krzywizna, czy chropowatość. Głównym celem niniejszej pracy jest sklasyfikowanie terenu w jednorodne geomorfometryczne jednostki za pomocą numerycznych modeli terenu (NMT) i ich pochodnych oraz odniesienie tych jednostek do obszarów pokrytych roślinnością. Badanie przeprowadzano na terenie gospodarstwa rolnego, typowego dla pastwisk w południowo zachodniej Hiszpanii. Numeryczne modele terenu utworzono na podstawie warstwic i wysokości z wielkością piksela równą 5 metrów, a formy terenu na obszarze badania skartowano przy użyciu algorytmów klasyfikacji nienadzorowanej (grupowanie ISOdata i K- średnich). Metody te pozwalają na grupowanie wartości w dowolnie określonej liczbie klas, czego skutkiem jest klasyfikacja jednostek morfometrycznych. Wynikowe jednostki morfometryczne okazały się użytecznym narzędziem w procesie wyjaśniania rozmieszczenia roślinności. Dominującą formą rzeźby terenu na badanym obszarze są penepleny - faliste powierzchnie erozyjne z głęboko wrytymi rzekami, tworzącymi strome zbocza dolin. Na stromych zboczach dolin, ze względu na orientację terenu, pokrywa roślinna jest gęsta i zróżnicowana gatunkowo. Wyraźne zróżnicowanie w pokryciu roślinnym pojawia się również w wypukłościach i wklęsłościach terenów równinnych, a spowodowane jest to różną wilgotnością gleby wynikającą z morfologii terenu.

18

Aeolian landscapes of Prebaikalye and Transbaikalye areas

Namzalov B-T. B., Snytko V. A., Szczypek T., Wika S.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2008

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nr 8

216--230

EN

Aeolian landscapes are typical of the area of Prebaikalye and Transbaikalye. They occur both on the shore of Baikal and at various distances from the lake and they are related to areas of boreal forest and steppe. They are characterized by both natural and anthropogenic origin. The former are more typical of Transbaikalye, where they represent old dune forms at different stages of formation, stabilized by pine forest vegetation. These landscapes probably originated at the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene. Anthropogenic aeolian landscapes are more clearly visible and noticeable because of the geomorphologic processes occurring there at present. They occur in both of the regions and they are related to diverse economic activities of man in the past hundred, up to two hundred, years. The dominating type of surface features is that of wind erosion, which is related to old forms being blown away. The accumulative effect of wind is definitely of minor significance there; this can be seen in minor size and diversity of forms. Vegetation, which is clearly psammophylous, adapts itself to these contemporary aeolian processes. This is mostly herbaceous vegetation, or less often shrubs or undershrub. It creates a range of plant communities and associations, frequently of unique nature and with peculiar features of adaptation of plants to life in heavy habitat conditions.

19

Selection of foraging habitat by grassland birds : effect of prey abundance or availability?

Żmihorski M., Romanowski J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 2

365-370

EN

Vegetation structure and food availability can significantly modify the composition of farmland avifauna. In the 2006 breeding season we tested the effect of food resources (density of epigeic invertebrates) in two local habitats on foraging of farmland birds. We have been exploring how intensively the foraging birds utilise meadow and pasture habitats in an extensively used farmland area of Central Poland. Two plots were selected in adjacent meadow and pasture each of 0.18 ha where bird and invertebrate sampling was conducted in May 2006. We set five Barber traps active for two weeks at each plot to survey for the epigeic invertebrates which form the main part of farmland birds' diet. In total, we trapped over two thousands invertebrate individuals (mainly Aranea, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera). Visual observations of foraging birds were performed from an elevated observation point located at a 25 m distance from the edge of the plots. We recorded 191 observations of foraging by 12 bird species (mainly Sturnus vulgaris L., Upupa epops L., Cuculus canorus L., Motacilla alba L., Corvus corone L., C. monedula L., Pica pica L.). We found that overall invertebrate density at the meadow was 2.5-fold higher than at the pasture. This was also the case with the invertebrate groups that were preyed upon by the birds. We recorded however a 10-fold higher frequency of foraging of birds at the pasture, as compared to the meadow. Preference of a bird species for foraging at the pasture was inversely correlated with its body mass. We discuss the importance of pastures for the preservation of farmland avifauna.

20

Influence of spatial distribution of submerged macrophytes on Chironomidae assemblages in the shallow lakes

Tarkowska-Kukuryk M., Kornijów R.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 4

569-579

EN

The influence of submerged macrophytes on composition, abundance and distribution of epiphytic and benthic chironomids was investigated in five lakes differing in the development of vegetation cover. Studied lakes represented three types, classified according to the concept of Alternative Stable States as: macrophyte dominated MD (dense vegetation), phytoplankton-macrophyte dominated PMD (sparse, patchy vegetation) and phytoplankton dominated PD (lack of submerged vegetation). Both zoocenosis responded differently to the changes in macrophyte cover. The density and biomass of benthic midges (density and biomass per m[^2] of bottom surface) were visibly higher in the patchy vegetated lakes; the abundance of epiphytic chironomids did not show any regularity. The species composition of epiphytic chironomids differed visibly between particular lake types, changed with the decrease of macrophyte cover. The composition of benthic midges was similar in all lake types. The studies showed at strong dependence of the proportion of epiphytic to benthic chironomids on the cover of macrophytes. In MD lakes the phytophilous midges were more abundant than benthic; in PMD lakes we observed the opposite pattern.