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1

Evapotranspiration, vapour pressure and climatic water deficit in Ethiopia mapped using GMT and TerraClimate dataset

Lemenkova Polina

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 54

201--209

EN

In the present research, a scripting cartographic technique for the environmental mapping of Ethiopia using climate and topographic datasets is developed. The strength of the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) is employed for the effective visualisation of the seven maps using high-resolution data: GEBCO, TerraClimate, WorldClim, CRUTS 4.0 in 2018 by considering the solutions of map design. The role of topographic characteristics for climate variables (evapotranspiration, downward surface shortwave radiation, vapour pressure, vapour pressure deficit and climatic water deficit) is explained. Topographic variability of Ethiopia is illustrated for geographically dispersed and contrasting environmental setting in its various regions: Afar, Danakil Depression, Ethiopian Highlands, Great Rift Valley, lowlands and Ogaden Desert. The relationships between the environmental and topographic variables are investigated with aid of literature review and the outcomes are discussed. The maps are demonstrated graphically to highlight variables enabling to find correlations between the geographic phenomena, their distribution and intensity. The presented maps honor the environmental and topographic data sets within the resolution of the data. Integration of these results in the interpretation maps presented here brings new insights into both the variations of selected climate variables, and the topography of Ethiopia.

2

Removal of Lead From Blister Copper by Melting in the Induction Vacuum Furnace

Smalcerz A., Blacha L.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 20, iss. 2

84--88

EN

The usage of the reduced pressure in the processes of smelting and refining of metal alloys allow to remove not only the gases dissolved in the metal bath, but also the impurities having a higher vapour pressure than the matrix metal. Blister copper produced in flash furnace contains many impurities such as lead, bismuth and arsenic. Some of them must be removed from molten metals, because of their deleterious effects on copper electrical properties. When the smelting process is carried out in the induction vacuum furnaces, the above-mentioned phenomenon is being intensified, one or another mixing of bath and increase in the surface area of mass exchange (liquid metal surface). The latter results from the formation of a meniscus being an effect of the electromagnetic field influence on the liquid metal. In the work, the results of refining blister copper in terms of removing lead from it, are presented. The experiments were carried out in the induction crucible vacuum furnace at temperatures of 1473 and 1523 K, and operating pressures in a range of 8 - 533 Pa.

3

Propylene Glycol Dinitrate (PGDN) as an Explosive Taggant

Fettaka H., Lefebvre M. H.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2016

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Vol. 13, no. 3

627--640

EN

Propylene Glycol Dinitrate (PGDN) is a liquid nitrate ester explosive which has been used as a gelatinating agent in some energetic formulations. The aim of the present work was to assess whether PGDN could be used as a detection taggant. The PGDN was synthesized in the laboratory using laboratory grade propylene glycol (PG). The purity of the synthesized PGDN was assessed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A study of the thermal decomposition of PGDN was carried out using both DSC and thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry analysis (TG/MS) methods. The gases produced during thermal decomposition were identified by mass spectrometry and the influence of the heating rate was investigated. The duality of DSC-TGA was highlighted by studying the complementarity between these two methods. Vapour pressure and enthalpy of vaporisation of PGDN were considered as the foremost taggant characteristics, and were estimated using TGA and taking benzoic acid as the reference. The vapour pressure of PGDN at ambient temperature is 2.54 Pa, therefore the PGDN could be a good candidate as a detection taggant compared to other explosive taggants (Nitroglycerin, EGDN, DMNB and PDCB).

4

Badania wpływu alkoholi pod kątem prężności par, hydroskopijności i rozdziału faz benzyn silnikowych

Jakóbiec J., Wądrzyk M., Mazanek A.

Logistyka

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2014

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nr 6

PL

W pracy zamieszczono wybrane wyniki badań właściwości fizykochemicznych benzyn węglowodoro-wych z dodatkiem etanolu oraz izobutanolu, w tym prężności par produktów ropopochodnych jako kluczo-wego parametru odpowiedzialnego za rozruch silnika, wyeliminowania możliwości odparowania paliwa w przewodach paliwowych, podczas pracy silnika jak również w procesach przechowywania, transportu i dystrybucji. Przedmiotem badań laboratoryjnych były benzyny węglowodorowe z dodatkiem etanolu i izo-butanolu, w których procentowy udział objętościowy odpowiednio wynosił: 5%(V/V), 7,5% (V/V) i 10%(V/V). Dotyczyły one oznaczenia wybranych właściwości fizykochemicznych produktów w tym: pręż-ności par, gęstości, składu frakcyjnego, wskaźników indeksu lotności, zawartości wody i temperatury roz-działu faz.

EN

In the paper an effect of ethanol and isobuthanol addition to the hydrocarbon fuels on the selected phys-icochemical properties is reported. It includes vapor pressure as a key parameter responsible for starting the engine, elimination the possibility of evaporation of liquid fuel in the fuel lines during operation as well as in storage, transport and distribution. Moreover influence of alcohol additions to hydrocarbon gasoline on other physicochemical properties like: density, fractional composition, volatility index, water content and temperature of phase separation are also presented. In presented studies hydrocarbon gasoline containing respectively 5%(V/V), 7,5%(V/V) and 10%(V/V) of ethanol and isobuthanol was used.

5

Activity of zinc in the liquid Bi-In-Sn-Zn alloys determined by Knudsen method

Zajączkowski A., Gąsior W., Onderka B.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2012

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Vol. 57, iss. 3

838-843

EN

The Knudsen effusion method was used for measurements of mass loss rate of liquid Bi-In-Sn-Zn alloys, in the temperature range from 572 to 768 K. The studies were carried out for the alloys with the ratio of Bi:In:Sn equal 2:6:2, 2:2:6 and 8:1:1. The obtained results were used for the calculation of zinc vapour pressure over liquid Bi-In-Sn-Zn alloys and next the activity of zinc in the Bi-In-Sn-Zn liquid phase. It was found that for the investigated alloys the activity of zinc shows the considerable positive deviation from the Raoult's law.

PL

Stosując efuzyjna metodę Knudsena pomierzono szybkość ubytku masy cynku z ciekłych stopów Bi-In-Sn-Zn, w zakresie temperatur od 572 do 768 K. Badania zostały przeprowadzone dla stopów o stosunku zawartości molowych Bi:In:Sn równym 2:6:2, 2:2:6 oraz 8:1:1. Wyniki badań zostały wykorzystane do obliczenia równowagowej prężności par cynku nad ciekłymi stopami Bi-In-Sn-Zn, a następnie aktywności cynku. Stwierdzono, że dla zbadanych stopów aktywność cynku wykazuje znaczne dodatnie odstępstwa od prawa Raulta.

6

Problem nieeadytywnych efektów mieszania dla parametru „prężność par” w trakcie blendingu biopaliwa E85

Rogowska D.

Nafta-Gaz

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2010

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R. 66, nr 3

211-215

PL

W artykule omówiono problem nieaddytywnych efektów mieszania biopaliwa E85, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem nieliniowego efektu obniżenia prężności par benzyny bazowej w trakcie komponowania tego biopaliwa. Biopaliwo E85 jest to mieszanina zawierająca 70-85% (V/V) etanolu oraz benzynę silnikową. Paliwo to jest sukcesywnie wprowadzane na kolejne rynki; zarówno europejskie, jak i światowe. Od stycznia 2009 r. może być również oferowane do sprzedaży w Polsce. Komponowanie tego paliwa wydaje się być z pozoru proste – polega na zmieszaniu dwóch składników: etanolu oraz benzyny silnikowej. Jednak w trakcie tego procesu występują istotne efekty mieszania dla parametrów nieadytywnych – w szczególności dla prężności par. Jak wykazano w artykule, w trakcie procesu komponowania tego paliwa występują znaczne efekty obniżenia prężności par benzyny bazowej, nawet o ponad 45 kPa. Zaobserwowany efekt jest nieliniowy; zależy zarówno od prężności par benzyny bazowej, jak i od jej składu chemicznego.

EN

In the article, the problem of non additive blending effects of biofuel E85 has been discussed with a special emphasis on the nonlinear effect of decreasing base gasoline vapour pressure during the blending process. Biofuel E85 is a mixture containing 70-85% (V/V) of ethanol and gasoline. This fuel has been consecutively introduced into both: European and World markets. Since January 2009 it has also been available in Poland. Blending of this fuel seems simple by the look of it – it involves mixing of two components: ethanol and gasoline. However, as it was shown in the article, during this process important blending effects for non additive parameters, especially for vapour pressure appear. As it was shown in the article, during the process of blending of this fuel, a significant effect of base gasoline vapour pressure decreasing was noticed, even by over 45 kPa. The observed effect is non linear and it depends on both: base gasoline vapour pressure and its chemical constitution.

7

VLE in (C6H14 + C16H34) Mixture. Prediction with Elbro Free Volume Method

Wilczura-Wachnik H., Pawłowski T.

Polish Journal of Chemistry

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2006

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Vol. 80, nr 1

107-116

EN

The main purpose of thisworkwas a search for the dependence of VLE prediction quality on the kind of chosen n-alkanemodel system. The activities and total vapour pressure for (n-C6H14 + n-C16H34) mixture at 293.15 K, 313.15 K and 333.15 K were successfully predicted with Elbro free volume method using three sets of UNIQUAC Aij interaction parameters: (1) Aij obtained with the semi-empirical quantum mechanical method AM1 (Austin Model 1) for (n-C6H14 + n-C16H34) system, (2) Aij adjusted to (n-C6H14 + n-C16H34) VLE experimental data, (3) Aij obtained with the CFF (Consistent Force Field) method for the chosen (n-alkane + n-alkane) model system. The predicted curves were compared with experimental data. It has been found that when sizes of the solvent molecule and a chosen segment in the second long chain molecule are comparable to the model system size then the UNIQUAC interaction parameters obtained with molecular mechanics quantitatively describe the real intermolecular forces in n-hexane + n-hexadecane system.