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EN
The paper presents results of studies of gas concentrations in soil air of the vadose zone (O2, CO2, CH4, H2S, NH3) in natural (alder swamp and dune) and agriculturally modified (plough fields, permanent grassland) environments. Basing on the results of the field measurements dependence of gas exchange between aeration zone and atmosphere can be observed. Limited gas exchange between atmosphere and aeration zone results in increase of CO2 concentration and decrease of O2 content. The processes that regulate the concentrations of CO2 and O2 are: [1] variations of the temperature of the atmosphere and soil, [2] variations of soil moisture, [3] variations of atmospheric pressure. The oxygen concentration in the vadose zone decreases with increasing depth, while the CO2 concentration increases. Analysis of the distribution of gases in the vadose zone against the mean daily temperature shows that the O2 concentration was lower during cooler periods than during warm periods. An increase of soil moisture (e.g., resulting from the precipitation infiltration) is related to the O2 concentration decrease and CO2 concentration increase resulting from unfavourable conditions of gas exchange between soil and the atmosphere.
EN
Polish practitioners of hydrogeology normally use the formulas by either Bindeman, Bindeman as modified by Macioszczyk or by Bachmat and Collin to calculate the time of seepage of conservative pollutants through the vadose zone. These calculations require the knowledge of several hydrogeological parameters (coefficient of vertical permeability, effective porosity, volumetric humidity, intensity of filtration), and the lithology and thickness of the vadose zone. The results obtained depending on the formula used vary considerably, even by more than 1 order of magnitude, which results in differences in technical recommendations for water protection formulated on their basis, and thus has impact on the costs of this protection. Moreover, this variability of results negatively affects the credibility of hydrogeological studies, enhancing the possibility of manipulating the output values. Credibility of calculations depends essentially on two factors: choice of formula, as each has its drawbacks and restrictions, and correctness of the adopted calculation parameters, which are often only unverified estimates. The paper analyzes the most common mistakes and their impact on the calculated seepage time. The author signals the need further theoretical and practical studies (including fieldwork and laboratory testing using modeling methods) of this problem. Research on the vadose zone should be one of the primary topics pursued, as risks of pollution in this zone results in the quality of water occurring below.
EN
The purpose of this paper was to analyze the effect of detailed recognition and correct mapping of the boundaries between layers of different grain sizes on the results of modelling tests of the vadose zone. The modelling was performed using UnSat Suite software that enables modelling of water permeability and migration ofpollutants through the vadose zone using various numerical programs, including VS2DT that was used in this case study. Directfield research, including drilling of boreholes and ground-penetrating radar investigation, has shown a significant variation in lithology of the vadose zone in a small test area located in Włocławek city. Various sand fractions have been found: from fine to coarse sand, with varying filtration parameters and moisture content. Ground-penetrating radar investigations have enabled a more accurate recognition and refinement ofgeologic structures, particularly in the context oflithological boundaries, including the space between boreholes. The results of the modelling tests conducted in the vadose zone enabled determination of the velocity, time and volume of infiltration water.
EN
In the Brda River outwash plain - the largest and the most typical landform of this kind in Poland (Galon, 1972) - there are 10 observation wells of the monitoring network of the Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute. Analysis ofgroundwater level observations for the period of 2003-2016, obtained from the monitoring network, show a long-term trend of water table lowering. In most cases the groundwater table has been below the monthly average water level since 2006. In order to correlate the water table and weather data from the meteorological station in Chojnice, numerical simulations were performed using HYDRUS1D (Šimůnek et al. 2016) - vadose zone software package, based on the Richards equation. A one-dimensional model of the vadose zone was developed to simulate groundwater recharge, applying different bottom boundary conditions (Constant Pressure Head or Free Drainage) considering bare soil evaporation or root water uptake of the grass cover.
EN
The paper presents a 2D upward infiltration experiment performed on a model porous medium consisting of fine sand background with two inclusions made of coarser sands. The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the effects of structural air trapping, which occurs during infiltration as a result of heterogeneous material structure. The experiment shows that a significant amount of air becomes trapped in each of the inclusions. Numerical simulations were carried out using the two-phase water-air flow model and the Richards equation. The experimental results can be reproduced with good accuracy only using a two-phase flow model, which accounts for both structural and pore-scale trapping. On the other hand, the Richards equation was not able to represent the structural trapping caused by material heterogeneity.
EN
The paper presents results of studies on groundwater recharge in the Sudety Mountains and their Foreland in hydrological years 2004–2006. Five locations were selected for detailed study with the aid of lysimeters installed permanently in the ground. The recorded infiltration was compared with precipitation and other hitherto gathered data. Precipitation data for the period from January 2004 to July 2005 were provided by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. The studies showed large variability of infiltration time series and water infiltration mainly in colder half of the year (November to April) in some of sampling points and rates of infiltration more or less equal throughout the whole year in other points. The obtained data show infiltration values to be higher in the Sudety Mountains than in their Foreland. The studies indicate decisive influence of climatic factors such as precipitation and mean annual temperature, on infiltration rates in this region.
PL
W pracy zaprezentowano wstępne wyniki modelowania prędkości przepływu i przekształceń składu chemicznego wód infiltrujących przez grunty wypełniające 4 lizymetry z poletka badawczego zlokalizowanego na terenie AGH w Krakowie. Czas przepływu wody przez strefę aeracji, której modelem fizycznym są lizymetry, oceniono przy użyciu programu obliczeniowego MODFLOW-SURFACT, z zastosowaniem modelu obliczeniowego opartego na równaniu van Genuchtena. Modelowanie hydrogeochemiczne zrealizowano przy użyciu programu PHREEQCI, zaimplementowanego do programu AquaChem 2010.1. Obliczono indeksy nasycenia minerałów stwierdzonych szczegółowym badaniem mineralogicznym. Zobrazowano przeobrażenia składu chemicznego wód opadowych w trakcie procesu infiltracji przez grunty wypełniające lizymetry.
EN
The initial results of waterflow modelling and chemistry transformation during infiltration process in 4 lysimeter station are presented. The research station is localized in Cracow at AGH area. The vertical flow velocity in lysimeters – physical models of vadose zone – was estimated by MODFLOW-SURFACT model. The van Genuchten equation was used for application. The hydrogeochemical modelling was realized with PHREEQCI model which was implemented to AquaChem 2010.1 program. The saturation indexes (SI) for the minerals identified by mineralogical analyses of lysimeter soils were calculated. The main transformations of the rain water chemistry during infiltration process were illustrated.
PL
Prace badawcze wykonane w obrębie infiltracyjnego ujęcia wody "Dębina" w Poznaniu miały na celu rozpoznanie zmian w aluwiach rzeki Warty (w strefie aeracji - do głęb. 1,5 m) zaistniałych pod wpływem wymuszonej infiltracji wód powierzchniowych. Zidentyfikowano efekty kolmatacji chemicznej, biochemicznej i mechanicznej oraz wskazano na uwarunkowania sprzyjające jej rozwojowi. Podatność osadów na przeobrażenia wywołujące kolmatację wynika głównie z: anizotropii przepuszczalności, związanej z dużym zróżnicowaniem facjalnym osadów (zarówno pionowym jak i lateralnym), licznych przewarstwień mułków, spowalniających lub ograniczających infiltrację, a jednocześnie ulegających rozmywaniu i przemieszczaniu w zawiesinie, obecności w aluwiach szczątków organicznych. W profilach pionowych osadów podłoża den stawów infiltracyjnych zaznacza się strefowość rozwoju przeobrażeń. Najpłycej, w stropowych odcinkach profili (0-20 cm), zmiany polegają na dobudowaniu do osadów drobnych cząstek mineralnych i organicznych występujących w wodach powierzchniowych i opadających z zawiesiny (kolmatacja mechaniczna, biologiczna) oraz szeregu procesów towarzyszących powstawaniu błony mechaniczno-biologicznej na granicy woda-osad (kolmatacja chemiczna i biochemiczna). Ten horyzont odpowiedzialny jest za największy spadek przepuszczalności osadów. Głębiej, w strefie aeracji, przeobrażenia polegają przede wszystkim na wzbogaceniu osadów w trudno rozpuszczalne wodorotlenki i tlenki żelaza formujące cementy pomiędzy ziarnami, konkrecje żelaziste, scementowane ciągłe horyzonty, w powstawaniu których niebagatelną rolę odgrywa działalność mikroorganizmów (kolmatacja chemiczna i biochemiczna). W strefie zwierciadła wód podziemnych zmiany wynikają z przemieszczania drobnego materiału ilastego pochodzącego z rozmywania przewarstwień mułkowych podczas stanów wysokiego położenia zwierciadła i ponownego osadzania podczas stanów niskiego położenia zwierciadła wody (kolmatacja mechaniczna).
EN
The research carried out in the " Dębina " water intake in Poznań focused up on recognition of the changes, that occuring in the Warta River deposits (in the vadose zone - to a depth of 1.5 m) under long-lasting infiltration. Effects of chemical, biochemical and mechanical colmatage as well as conditions favourable to their development were recognized and described. Sediments are susceptible to colmatage processes especially if they show: (a) anisotropy of permeability, which is connected with the specific meandering river facies association, (b) numerous interbeds of muddy deposits, which reduce infiltration and additionally may be outwashed and redistributed in suspension, (c) presence of organic matter. Types of sediment transformation under infiltration condition show a certain zonation in vertical profiles. In the shallowest zone (0-20 cm) changes are connected to building-up a biological-mechanical mat at the water - deposit boundary. In this zone, a bottom layer is formed, composed of small organic and mineral particles settling from suspension. This horizon is responsible for the highest decrease of permeability (mechanical, chemical and biochemical colmatage). Deeper, in the vadose zone, deposits are enriched with iron compounds. Poorly-soluble iron oxides andhydrooxides form cements between grains, concretions and continous horizons. These processes can be intensipied by iron-containing bacteria (mainly chemical and biochemical colmatage). In the water table zone, changes result from redistribution of muddy deposits: outwashing during the high stage of water table and repeated deposition in others places during the low stage (mechanical colmatage).
EN
In the paper a quasi-analytical formula for moisture increase along the wetting front during infiltration into a soil column is presented. Based on the formula, the moisture distribution along the column of six soils available in the literature was calculated. Then their verification was carried out using empirical data and the results obtained from other type models. The impact on the front shape of such factors as recharge rate, initial moisture content and direction of seepage against the vertical was checked.
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