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Analysis of the Diversity of Spontaneous Urban Flora – The Case of Temara City, Morocco

Boukita Hassan, Ziri Rabea, Brhadda Najiba, Chemchaoui Abdelazziz, Ghazi Souad, Elwahab Fathalah, Benchahid Boutaina, El Ammari Mohamed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 1

300--306

EN

Spontaneous flora offers many functions and potentialities in the urban ecosystem. However, few studies have been carried out on this subject in Morocco. The present study aimed to analyze the diversity of spontaneous flora in the urban area of Temara, to contribute to interpreting the structure and dynamics of Moroccan spontaneous flora. During the study, 90 floristic surveys were carried out along four transects, marked A, B, C, and D so that each transect started from the city center and went in one of the four directions of the study area. Transect A ran northwards from the city center, transect B westwards, transect C southwards, and transect D eastwards from the city center. To carry out the floristic surveys, several survey areas were chosen, given the heterogeneity of the urban environment. These areas ranged from a few cm2 for rock fissure plants, through 10 to 25 m2 for grasslands, to 25 to 100 m2 for forest cuttings. The results revealed a total of 137 taxa grouped in 116 genera and belong to 33 floristic families. The Asteraceae family came out on top, with 30 species (21.90%) and 24 genera, and the Poaceae family was in second place with 21 species (15.33%) divided into 20 genera. Analysis of this floristic list indicates a predominance of the therophyte life form (48.90%), then hemicryptophytes (26.28%) followed by geophytes (10.22%) in terms of biological type, and a predominance of the Mediterranean element (31.19%) in terms of chorological type. Of the 137 taxa inventoried, 10 are very rare, 1 is rare, 1 has a doubtful presence, and 2 are endemics. This study showed that even in a disturbed and fragmented environment, such as the urban environment, certain spontaneous plant species adapt to the conditions prevailing in this habitat and show considerable diversity, thus contributing to a better interpretation of the composition and dynamics of the country’s flora.

2

The Problem of Monitoring the Atmospheric Air of Russian Metropolises on the Example of the Green Zones of St. Petersburg

Glum Tikhon, Menshikov Stepan, Smirnov Yurii

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 1

110--117

EN

The article studies the problem of assessing the quality of atmospheric air in the green areas of the metropolis. The aim of the work is to compare the data obtained by the biomonitoring method with information from unified state environmental monitoring system (USEMS). The sample object of the study is a Udelny park located in the Primorsky district of the city of St. Petersburg. The objectives of the study include the analysis of atmospheric pollution of the Udelny Park by the method of bioindication, comparison of the data obtained with the general telephone indicators, as well as with information from the nearest USEMS posts. When studying the object, the method of V.M. Zakharov was used to study the fluctuating asymmetry of the leaf plates of the hanging birch (Betula pendula Roth.). The site between Udelny Ave., the Vyborg railway line, Testers Ave. and Kolomyazhsky Ave. with an approximate area of 18 hectares was chosen as a model site. The assessment was carried out on 12 pickets, at each 100 samples of leaf plates were taken in total. For comparison, data were obtained from a stationary observation post for the state of atmospheric air pollution, information on the content of pollutants in the air of the Primorsky district. The study found that the quality of atmospheric air in the territory is low. In part of the pickets, the value of the fluctuating asymmetry index was more than 0.054, which corresponds to the V score (critical pollution). These data are generally correlated with information about air pollution in St. Petersburg. Nevertheless, the state of the environment is assessed by the chosen method more critically. This is due to the fact that the biomonitoring method studies pollution from the point of view of direct impact on the ecosystem, taking into account, among other things, the cumulative effect. The result makes us to conclude that it is more correct to use an integrated approach, combining both methods, to assess the stability of urban ecosystems and the quality of the environment in them. It is important to separate information about the quality of the atmosphere in green areas from general data on residential areas.

3

Evaluation and Correlation of Sentinel-2 NDVI and NDMI in Kyiv (2017–2021)

Strashok Oleksandra, Ziemiańska Monika, Strashok Vitalii

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 9

212--218

EN

For the last 20 years researchers have tried to create new approaches of managing urban ecosystem by using remote sensing methods. The authors estimated the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) and moisture index (NDMI) indices of Kyiv and propose an approach which can be used for estimation vegetation of other cities. The aim of the study was to assess the indicators of NDVI and NDMI in Kyiv for the last 5 years. The authors consider the NDVI index as an important ecostabilizing component of the urban ecosystem, as well as an indicator of the well-being citizens in a modern city. The study used space images of the Sentinel-2 satellite system with resolution of 10×10 m and 10×20 m. The images were decrypted using the Sentinel Hub platform which updates the data-base daily. The paper presents the results of correlation analysis using Statistica-6.0 software and demonstrate the close relationship (r = 0.73, r2 = 0.55) between NDVI and NDMI. Thus, the statistical results of the study confirm a strong correlation between photosynthetic activity of plants and indicators of their water content by satellite imagery which allows using modern satellite technologies to assess the functional state of the urban vegetation. The changes in the length of active vegetative growth period were identified by NDVI and NDMI. The results of the research expand the directions of the methods of monitoring the condition of the urban vegetation cover in the aspect of applied landscape research.

4

Contamination of Soils with Heavy Metals in the Urban Ecosystem of the City of Rivne

Melnyk Vira, Malovanyy Myroslav, Lukіanchuk Nelia, Sternik Vita

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 6

61--69

EN

The paper analyzes the problem of soil cover contamination of the urban ecosystem with heavy metals. The work is based on the authors own long-term monitoring studies. The main sources of soil contamination are identified – industrial enterprises and motor transport. The content of total and mobile forms of Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr, and Zn in the soils of the city territory was found out. The concentration factors (Cf ) of heavy metals and their total contamination indexes (TCI) were determined. The highest Cf values for the total form of heavy metals belong to zinc (up to 25.1). At 61.1% of the study sites, the Cf values of zinc are above 9.0. At 83.3% of the sites, the Cf values for the total form of copper content are in the range of 6.0–22.1. The results of the studies indicate high average Cf values for lead and chromium at the majority of the sites. The highest maximum and average Cf values for the mobile form for all heavy metals were found at test-site No. 4. As a result of the studies, it was found that the average values of the total contamination indexes for the total form of heavy metals exceed the permissible level by 1.6–2.7 times. For the mobile form of heavy metals, the average values of the TCI are within the permissible limits, except for test-site No.4, where an excess of 3.7 times is recorded. It is found that the soils of the northern and southern parts of the city are the most contaminated, the least contaminated are soils of the eastern part of the city.

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Assessing the Impact of the Motor Transport Enterprises on the State of Urban Ecosystems (with the Example of Activity of the Kremenchug Motor Transport Enterprise, Ukraine)

Soloshych Iryna, Chugai Angelina, Ilina Valentyna, Pochtovyuk Svеtlana

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 6

53--60

EN

The growth in the number of road transport is an integral part of Ukraine’s development. At the same time, this is a significant negative factor affecting urban ecosystems. In the paper, the most significant aspects and criteria for their evaluation were identified to assess the negative impact of the transport company on the urban ecosystem. The impact of the Kremenchuk Motor Transport Enterprise on the urban ecosystem of the city of Kremenchuk (Poltava region) was assessed. The main pollutants in the region’s air basin are stationary sources. However, the predominant sources of air pollution are emissions from mobile sources. The criteria for assessing the level of environmental safety of a motor transport enterprise were improved. The "Comprehensive assessment of the level of environmental safety of the motor transport enterprise" software tool was developed. It was established that under modern conditions, the level of environmental safety of the motor transport enterprise corresponds to the level of average safety. Comprehensive measures were proposed to ensure the regulatory status of the components of the urban ecosystem and environmental safety on the territory of the Kremenchuk Motor Transport Enterprise.

6

The possibility of using waste materials in building materials

Nalewajko Marta

Ekonomia i Środowisko

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2019

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nr 4

123--135

EN

In recent years, great emphasis has been placed on the implementation of the principles of sustainable construction and environmental protection. Decreasing amount of natural resources and increasing amount of industrial waste have made it necessary to produce products with the use of recycled materials. A number of studies conducted allow us to state that artificial aggregates, industrial ashes and waste from the wood industry are widely used in the production of construction products. The aim of the article is to show that the use of waste materials will allow to reduce the weight and absorbability of concrete chips by using artificial aggregate type Certification and improve the thermal insulation of products through the use of sawdust and wood chips. A 2 factorial experience with a rotational experimental plan was planned. The article presents the results of physical and mechanical properties tests and statistical interpretation of the obtained results.

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Distribution and Management of the Invasive Exotic Species Ambrosia Trifida and Sicyos Angulatus in the Seoul Metropolitan Area

Kim K. D.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 5

27--36

EN

We investigated the status of invasive exotic plants disturbing the ecosystem of the Seoul metropolitan area and examined the management of such plants. We selected our study sites based on those used in previous studies and on information in databases. All flora were classified into 57 families and 211 species; we evaluated 253 plant communities. The representative, invasive exotic species were Sicyos angulatus, Lactuca scariola, Ambrosia trifida, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, and Eupatorium rugosum. Stands of A. trifida ranged in area from 214 to 16,882 m2 and were present in riparian zones, road and forest edges, slopes, and other open habitats at all sites, covering an average of 37.87% of all study areas. In Gwangju, Ansan, and Anyang cities and in Yeoncheon-gun, A. trifida coverage was >50%; the total mean coverage was near-continuous along the Han and the South Han rivers, broken only by cliffs in some riparian zones, and anthropogenic constructions. A. trifida and S. angulatus require careful management because of extensive growth, shading, and twining. The biodiversity of native species may be conserved by physical eradication of these plants. We describe the extents and distribution patterns of these two representative invasive exotic species in the enormous urban ecosystem of Seoul.

8

Zieleń w miastach. Kształtowanie architektury jako części ekosystemu miejskiego w projektach Marka Budzyńskiego

Ilmużyńska K.

Builder

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2016

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R.20, nr 3

31--55

EN

Polish legislature doesn’t deliver strict rules for sustainable design. Therefore designers approach is even more important. Marek Budzyński designs are based on interpretation of context. Designing approach is described the scheme showing desired relations between a building, the public space and nature. Following this principle, building should enhance public space towards encouraging social activities and human capital consequently, and on the other side it should sustain the natural processes of biosphere. Budzyński aims to sacralisation of nature and culture, as the social bound is intensified in places where atmosphere of sacrum is perceived. Three recently build objects exemplify that approach. „Under the Birches” housing estate is aiming to reconcile high density with quality of life. Building forms city façade at the front and green backyard on the parking garages roof. The private garden is composed of greenery and rainwater from the roofs, which is treated as recourse not as waste. Opera Podlaska in Białystok is influenced by intricate history of the site. For this reason greenery is part of symbolical dimension of architecture along with ecological and social aspects. Green roof on Opera is open public garden, which connects to adjoining city parks. Opera is designed as shrine of Nature and Culture combining the opposites of art and technology, hermetic nature of fine art and openness of the street art, tradition and modern variability, history and contemporariness. University Campus in Białystok is surrounded by the woods and meadows Main challenge was to conserve existing water flows and environmental qualities of the site and create public space at the same time. Buildings shape the space of University lane and open with the green backyards towards the woods. The rainwater is kept entirely on the site by the system of dry torrents and retention ponds.

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Zieleń w miastach. Część 2 – przykłady „zielonej polityki”

Ilmużyńska K.

Builder

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2016

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R.20, nr 2

12--16

PL

Z perspektywy Polski warto prześledzić, jakie motywy, cele i metody stosują miasta w krajach rozwiniętych w ramach wprowadzania strategii rozwoju zwanej „zrównoważoną” lub „zieloną”.

EN

Urban green: biologically active surfaces at investment areas as part of urban strategies. Sustainable or green strategy is a common issue in all big cities nowadays. There’s variety of reasons, methods and objectives behind sustainable policies. In Chicago for example, it’s been vital element of mayor Richard Daley political programme. His action of making Chicago „the greenest city in America” was based on mayoral investments in green spaces and close cooperation with business. At the same time it was integrated with social goals e.g. in Greencorps Chicago program, which aims to prepare disadvantaged area residents to work in a variety of environmentally related jobs. It’s different situation in Copenhagen, where sustainability proceeds from series of analyses and strategies provided by city departments in order to deal with climate changes and extreme weather events. London is facing similar challenges, however London authorities seem to rely more on cooperation with business and landlords to promote green infrastructure as indicate programs like Wild West End ecological initiative or Natural Estates programme. Nevertheless, ecologists insist on paying more attention to small private green spaces and wildlife rich brownfields, which are under increasing development pressure. These areas are claimed to be crucial for biodiversity as well as to climate adaptation and livability of our cities.

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Zieleń w miastach. Część 1 – czyli powierzchnie biologicznie czynne na terenach inwestycyjnych jako element strategii rozwojowych miast

Ilmużyńska K.

Builder

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2016

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R.20, nr 1

32--35

EN

In the face of the crisis in the twentieth century urban planning and visible breakthrough in the understanding of the role of nature in the city, more and more cities and countries are introducing solutions based on the interaction of many small natural elements in the long term. This requires the influence of the authorities on the activities of all investors – both public and private – in order to develop ecological facilities like blue and green infrastructure or wildlife sites and natural waterscapes and providing nature to densely built-up areas through living roofs and walls. However, without denying the technical and economic rationality, the idea of green cities and green architecture should not distract from its roots, like environmental ethics. Ideological background of architectural and urban design gets even more significant when the system of sustaining urban development is not fully coherent, as is the case in Poland.

PL

Wobec obserwowanych zjawisk towarzyszących urbanizacji w ostatnich latach znaczenia nabiera rola powierzchni biologicznie czynnych i ekosystemów w rozwoju miast. Jej skrótowemu omówieniu oraz płynącym z niego wnioskom poświęcona jest pierwsza część cyklu.

11

Edukacja w miastach

Jakubowski K.

Zieleń Miejska

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2015

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Nr 10

34--36

PL

Jednym ze sprawdzonych sposobów na skuteczne zarządzanie przyrodą w mieście jest jej ochrona wespół z aktywizacją. Dowodami na to są parki i obszary chronione w europejskich miastach, połączone z centrami obsługi turystyki masowej, rodzinnej i przyrodniczej.

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Systemy terenów zieleni kanwą ekologicznego rozwoju miasta. Przyrodnicza jakość projektowania na przykładzie London Wetland Centre

Jakubowski K.

Przestrzeń i Forma

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2013

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nr 19

249--262

PL

Współcześnie obserwuje się rosnącą rolę czynnika ekologicznego w kształtowaniu systemów terenów zieleni miejskiej. Następuje przewartościowanie dominujących funkcji terenów zieleni -od estetycznych i kompozycyjnych, do funkcji środowiskotwórczych i społecznych, gdzie nacisk kładzie się na ochronę bioróżnorodności, funkcjonowanie ekosystemów miejskich i regenerację zdegradowanej przestrzeni przyrodniczej. Artykuł prezentuje problematykę kształtowania, ochrony i udostępnienia przyrody w mieście na przykładzie London Wetland Centre.

EN

Nowadays the role of the ecological factor in shaping urban green area systems is growing in importance. We observe a re-assessment of the major functions of these areas -from aesthetical and compositional to environmental and social functions. In the latter great emphasis is placed on biodiversity protection, functioning of urban ecosystems and regeneration of degraded natural spaces. The work presents the issue of shaping, protecting and giving access to urban nature based on London Wetland Centre.