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Polskie mapy topograficzne do użytku powszechnego – ćwierć wieku sukcesów czy niepowodzeń?

Kowalski P., Siwek J.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

2013

T. 45, nr 4

334--343

W artykule zostały omówione dokonania państwowej służby geodezyjnej i kartograficznej na polu kartografii topograficznej po 1989 roku. Zwrócono uwagę na duże braki pokrycia Polski aktualnymi mapami topograficznymi do użytku powszechnego, a także na próbę poprawy stanu naszej kartografii topograficznej poprzez opracowanie dla całego kraju Georeferencyjnej Bazy Danych Obiektów Topograficznych.

Twenty four years pass since the repeal of restrictions that for over 40 years impeded progress in Polish cartography, and the production of topographic maps for general use in particular. Since then, a division of topographic mapping into civilian and military branches that existed before 1898 has been maintained. The evaluation of military maps is not the subject of this article but the military’s role in broadening the choice of topographic maps for civilian users must be acknowledged. In democratic Poland, the first army-made map for general distribution was The Topographic Map of Poland at a scale of 1:200 000 published in 1990–1992 based on data current for the eighties of the 20th century. The second important undertaking was the publication in 1993–2001 of The Topographic Map of Poland at 1:100 000 with added tourist content and the data current as of the eighties and the first half of the nineties. Those two military maps are the only topographic maps of the whole country published after 1990 to meet the needs of civilian users. At the same time period, the civil cartographic service has not delivered any complete map in any scale amid several unsuccessful attempts. Efforts to develop a new concept of a topographic map of Poland at a scale of 1:10 000 began in 1991, and for the 1:50 000 series in 1993. Grounding the maps’ concepts firmly on solid theoretical basis and original mathematical foundations made it possible to map the entire country in a uniform coordinate system (the “1992” system). The resulting set of rules for compiling the contents of both maps and their graphic representation was successively revised taking into account suggestions from the development teams as well as the numerous opinions of other people and institutions. The work on the 1:10 000 map concept continued until 1999. In the analog version, the map covered less than 25% of the country area (all cities and towns with their surroundings and economically important regions). In 2003 works began to design a 1:10 000 map series based on a topographic data base. As of November 2013, approximately 1400 sheets of that series have been completed with content current for the last decade. The development of the final concept for the 1:50 000 map series took 5 years and was completed in 1998. It is worth emphasizing that the 1:50 000 map is very detailed and features a new, original approach to the classification of built-up areas that employs criteria of functionality and physiognomy, not used in other maps, domestic or foreign. However, after nearly eight years (1995–2002) and after publishing 589 sheets (about 55% of the total coverage), the work on the remaining part of the series has been halted. An alternative to the unfinished map series was supposed to be a civilian version of the 1:50 000 military map (VMap L2) in the “WGS-84” coordinate system. Until 2006, the alternative map covered about ¼ of Poland, with a large proportion of the new sheets having earlier counterparts in the “1992” coordinate system. With the content up-to-datedness raging between 1993 and 2006, these maps jointly cover about 74% of the Poland’s land area. For the rest of the country, an old 1:50 000 map is available that was published from 1977 to 1982 using data current for the 1970s. An overview of source materials for the 1:50 000 series in the “1992” coordinate system indicates that many of its map sheets fail to comply with the rules and procedures established for that series. According to those instructions, an up-to-date map at 1:10 000 was to be used as the source material for compiling the maps at 1:50 000 series. However, only 45% of the total number of 1:50 000 map sheets (265) have been made exclusively on the basis of the 1:10 000 map – the source material for the remaining sheets consisted of topographic maps at 1:50 000 (as many as 252 sheets!) and 1:25 000. This puts a question mark on the reliability of over a half of the published sheets. The present state of Polish topographic maps for general use is unsatisfactory. The majority of map coverage is significantly out of date, and three map series that cover Poland at 1:50 000 are incompatible in terms of mathematical basis, content classification and graphic design. Efforts undertaken in recent years by the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography give rise to hope for the improvement of Polish topographic mapping. The pace of work on the topographic database, which began at the onset of the 21st century, have accelerated considerably in 2010 thanks to the implementation of the EU INSPIRE Directive in Poland. Subsequently, a geo-referenced data base (BDOT10k) is under construction resembling in terms of accuracy and precision a 1:10 000 topographic map. The database is planned to be used for the compilation of topographic maps at scales from 1:10 000 to 1:100 000. Its completion is expected in 2013.