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1
Content available Human-automation interaction for autonomous ships: decision support for remote operators
Porathe T.
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
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2021
|
Vol. 15 No. 3
511--515
EN
At NTNU in Norway an 8-year research project has been established to (among other things) research the interaction between humans and unmanned, autonomous ships. The human will become even more important when ship operator will be located remotely in shore control centers ashore. This concept paper will take a closer look on remote decision-making by operators monitoring several ships. How can interface design help them to get quickly into-the-loop when something unexpected suddenly happens? I will in this paper suggest keeping a copy of the AI expert-system controlling the ship, updated and running in parallel in the control center to keep the operator’s situation awareness during short communication glitches. Also, to design a “quickly-getting-into-the-loop-display” which automatically will appear in an alarm situation, allowing the operator just-in-time and simple-to-understand information. I will also stress the important of the concept automation transparency.
2
Content available Computer simulator of a model ship’s unmanned movement
Szelangiewicz Tadeusz, Żelazny Katarzyna
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
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2019
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nr 59 (131)
34--40
EN
As part of this research, an experimental model of an unmanned ship equipped with an ecological electric drive was built. Ultimately, the ship model was equipped with an on-board computer with appropriate software for autonomous control. A computer simulator was used to test the control software. This article presents the concept of such a simulator, a general mathematical model of the movement dynamics of an unmanned vehicle, a description of the propulsion system, and the tasks planned for implementation in a computer simulator.
3
Content available On the future of maritime transport – discussing terminology and timeframes
Hult C., Praetorius G., Sandberg C.
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
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2019
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Vol. 13, no. 2
269--273
EN
This paper offers an analytical discussion on the terminology and timeframes related to the future of shipping. The discussion is based on issues that have surfaced within the Swedish research project Autonomy and responsibility. The paper argues that the concept ‘autonomous ships’ has become an indicator of that seafarers soon will become obsolete – which may have negative consequences for the supply of maritime competence in coming years - and that the proper definition of the term ‘autonomous’ describes something that will never apply to a ship. Ships can be given the possibility, but hardly the full right or condition of self-government. It is argued that ‘smart ships’, or perhaps ‘intelligent ships’, are more appropriate, since these terms describe the current and future state of technology without predicting how humans will prefer to use it. The estimated timeframes for implementation of unmanned ships suggest no threat to the seafaring occupation for coming generation. The content of the occupation will of course change due to the phase of implementation of degree of digitalization, but there will always be a need for maritime knowledge and understanding.
4
Content available Merging conventionally navigating ships and MASS - Merging VTS, FOC and SCC?
Baldauf M., Fischer S., Kitada M., Mehdi R. A., Al-Quhali M. A., Fiorini M.
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
|
2019
|
Vol. 13, no. 3
495--501
EN
Current maritime transportation and shipping is characterized by rapid technological developments effecting the basic concepts of operating ships and even changing traditional paradigms of controlling ships. The e-Navigation concept of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) specifically aims at more comprehensive and reliable support of the human operators on-board and ashore. However, autonomous unmanned ships remote controlled or even autonomously navigating are expected to come soon. In this paper, selected operational aspects of maritime traffic merging conventional and unmanned remote controlled ships in coastal areas are discussed. Furthermore, some preliminary results of experimental simulation studies into a future scenario of maritime traffic are presented and preliminary conclusions in respect to job profiling and training requirements are discussed.
5
Content available Intelligent autonomous ship navigation using multi-sensor modalities
Wright R.G.
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
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2019
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Vol. 13, no. 3
503--510
EN
This paper explores the use of machine learning and deep learning artificial intelligence (AI) techniques as a means to integrate multiple sensor modalities into a cohesive approach to navigation for autonomous ships. Considered is the case of a fully autonomous ship capable of making decisions and determining actions by itself without active supervision on the part of onboard crew or remote human operators. These techniques, when combined with advanced sensor capabilities, have been touted as a means to overcome existing technical and human limitations as unmanned and autonomous ships become operational presently and in upcoming years. Promises of the extraordinary capabilities of these technologies that may even exceed those of crewmembers for decision making under comparable conditions must be tempered with realistic expectations as to their ultimate technical potential, their use in the maritime domain, vulnerabilities that may preclude their safe operation; and methods for development, integration and test. The results of research performed by the author in specific applications of machine learning and AI to shipping are presented citing key factors that must be achieved for certification of these technologies as being suitable for their intended purpose. Recommendations are made for strategies to surmount present limitations in the development, evaluation and deployment of intelligent maritime systems that may accommodate future technological advances. Lessons learned that may be applied to improve safety of navigation for conventional shipping are also provided.
6
Content available Zabezpieczenie portów morskich i ochrona infrastruktury krytycznej
Dudziuk I., Iwanina-Szopińska E.
Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka
|
2018
|
nr 12
249--261, CD
PL
Porty morskie, jako punkty węzłowe na styku lądu z morzem są znaczącym ogniwem w systemie gospodarczym państwa. Ważne jest, aby ich bezpieczeństwo było utrzymywane na najwyższym możliwym poziomie. W związku z tym dzięki współczesnemu rozwojowi techniki i technologii możemy wykorzystywać systemy bezzałogowych statków - dronów do ich ochrony i obrony, szczególnie skupiając się na obiektach infrastruktury krytycznej. Mogą one pracować w środowisku lądowym oraz morskim. Dostosowując parametry i zadania do potrzeb, możemy nie tylko monitorować określone obszary, ale również niszczyć niepożądane obiekty, aby zapewnić maksimum bezpieczeństwa w portach.
EN
Sea harbours as key nodal points based at the land-sea interface are a significant link in the state’s economic system. It is extremely important to keep their safety at the highest level. Therefore, due to the development of technology we can use unmanned ships – drones for their protection and defence especially focusing on the critical infrastructure facilities. They are able to work on land as well as on the sea. Furthermore, they easily adjust their parameters and tasks to meet all the needs. Finally we are able to monitor specific areas as well as destroy undesirable objects to provide maximum safety in the harbours.
7
Content available Development of telexistence on a ship by using satellite communication
Sasaki S., Okazaki T.
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
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2017
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Vol. 11, no. 1
175--180
EN
Nowadays shipping industry has problems such as reduction of mariners, aging of mariners, and labor expenses. To solve the problems, One Person Bridge Operation was developed as navigation supporting system. However, One Person Bridge Operation remained technological problems and one man error. Therefore, in this study, telexistence on a ship was proposed by using satellite communication. Telexistence on a ship is a concept of maneuvering between land and ship with at least two mariners such as navigation officer and helmsman. Navigation officer works on ship as usual and helmsman supports ship from land. In this paper, remote maneuvering system was developed as the first step of telexistence on a ship. For evaluating the effectiveness, ship experiment was carried out. From the result, navigation officer and helmsman could alter ship’s course to 20 degrees within 60 seconds and less than 5% overshoot in the proposed remote maneuvering system.
8
Content available Conversion timing of seafarer’s decision-making for unmanned ship navigation
Zhang R. L., Furusho M.
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
|
2017
|
Vol. 11, no. 3
463--468
EN
The aim of this study is to construct an unmanned ship swarms monitoring model to improve autonomous decision-making efficiency and safety performance of unmanned ship navigation. A framework is proposed to determine the relationship between on-board decision-making and shore side monitoring, the process of ship data detection, tracking, analysis and loss, and the application of decision-making algorithm, to discuss the different risk responses of specific unmanned ship types under various latent hazard environments, particularly in terms of precise conversion timing in switching over to remote control and full manual monitoring, to ensure safe navigation when the capability of automatic risk response inadequate. This frame-work makes it easier to train data and the adjustment for machine learning based on Bayesian risk prediction. It can be concluded that the automation level can be increased and the workload of shore-based seafarers can be reduced easily.
9
Content available Towards the Development of a Risk Model for Unmanned Vessels Design and Operations
Wróbel K., Krata P., Montewka J., Hinz T.
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
|
2016
|
Vol. 10, no. 2
267--274
EN
An unmanned merchant vessel seems to be escaping from the stage of idea exploration. Once the concept proofs its safety, it may become a part of maritime reality. Although the safety aspect of such a ship has been addressed by a handful of scholars, the problem remains open. This is mainly due to lack of knowledge regarding actual operational circumstances and design of unmanned ships, which are yet to be developed. In the attempt of bridging this gap, the risk analysis associated with unmanned ships needs to be carried out, where all relevant hazards and consequences are assessed and quantified in systematic manner. In this paper we present the results of a first step of such analysis, namely the hazard analysis associated with the unmanned ships. The list of hazards covers various aspects of unmanned shipping originating from both design and operational phases of vessel’s life. Subsequently the hazards and related consequences are organized in a casual manner, resulting in the development of a structure of a risk model.
10
Content available The Human Element and Autonomous Ships
Ahvenjärvi S.
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
|
2016
|
Vol. 10, no. 3
517--521
EN
The autonomous ship technology has become a “hot” topic in the discussion about more efficient, environmentally friendly and safer sea transportation solutions. The time is becoming mature for the introduction of commercially sensible solutions for unmanned and fully autonomous cargo and passenger ships. Safety will be the most interesting and important aspect in this development. The utilization of the autonomous ship technology will have many effects on the safety, both positive and negative. It has been announced that the goal is to make the safety of an unmanned ship better that the safety of a manned ship. However, it must be understood that the human element will still be present when fully unmanned ships are being used. The shore-based control of a ship contains new safety aspects and an interesting question will be the interaction of manned and unmanned ships in the same traffic area. The autonomous ship technology should therefore be taken into account on the training of seafarers. Also it should not be forgotten that every single control algorithm and rule of the internal decision making logic of the autonomously navigating ship has been designed and coded by a human software engineer. Thus the human element is present also in this point of the lifetime navigation system of the autonomous ship.
11
Autonomous takeoff and landing system designed for unmanned aerial vehicles: computer simulations
Nowak D., Rogalski T., Szczerba P.
Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Sił Powietrznych
|
2015
|
Nr 1
83--92
EN
The paper presents results of research taken in Rzeszów University of Technology, theoretical discussion and simulation research of selected take off and landing techniques are presented. The paper presents current status of research under autonomous UAV control system based on embedded computers with real-time operating system, artificial intelligence methods and classical feedback control methods. Described in the paper laboratory equipment is used for performing simulation tests in the stage of designing and testing UAV control algorithms.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w Politechnice Rzeszowskiej. Zaprezentowano ponadto teoretyczną dyskusję i badanie symulacji wybranych technik startów i lądowań. W pracy zaprezentowano bieżący status badań nad autonomicznym systemem kontroli statku bezzałogowego, który opiera się na wbudowanych komputerach z zainstalowanymi systemami czasu rzeczywistego, sztucznej inteligencji i klasycznymi metodami kontroli sprzężenia zwrotnego. Sprzęt laboratoryjny opisany w pracy był stosowany w testach symulacyjnych na etapie projektowania i testowania algorytmów kontroli statków bezzałogowych.
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