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1

Energy management system of the hybrid ultracapacitor-battery electric drive vehicles

Pielecha Ireneusz

Archives of Transport

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2021

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Vol. 58, iss. 2

47--62

EN

The search for new, alternative propulsion and energy sources in transport is one of the economic and technological priorities of the current decade. The modern development of hybrid drives and electric means of transport makes it possible to at least partially diversify conventional drive systems. The study discusses the use of a battery and ultracapacitor in electric vehicles. Simulation analyzes of energy flow were performed using the solutions of electric drive systems and various energy storage control algorithms. The research was carried out in relation to the use of braking energy, its con-version into electricity and its storage in a battery or ultracapacitor. The operating conditions of the battery and the ultra-capacitor were assessed in terms of specific energy consumption while driving. The article proposed the use of a drive system connected in series, the last link of which was an ultracapacitor. Such a solution significantly reduced the use of the battery as well as its regular charging-discharging. At the same time, it required the use of a high-capacity ultracapacitor, which contributed to increasing its charging time. The analyzes were carried out using standardized research tests as well as tests in real traffic conditions. The research was carried out with the use of the AVL Cruise software for the analysis of energy flow in vehicles; a middle class passenger vehicle was selected for the tests, equipped with an electrochemical battery and – in the next stage of the research – an ultracapacitor. Three research models were used: I) typical electric drive system; II) a system with the use of ultracapacitors ran by a simple control algorithm; III) a system with the use of ultracapacitors with an advanced control algorithm (the algorithm took into account the change of driving conditions to the ultracapacitor charging conditions). The advantages of using ultracapacitors in the electric drive of a vehicle were demonstrated, especially for results obtained in real traffic conditions. Analyzing the simulation tests results allowed to determine the most advantageous options of utilizing these systems, in particular in the aspect of increased possibilities of algorithms controlling the flow of electricity in the drive system.

2

Ultracapacitors and fuel cells in rail vehicle drive systems

Pielecha Ireneusz, Merkisz Jerzy, Andrzejewski Maciej, Daszkiewicz Paweł, Świechowicz Robert, Nowak Mateusz

Pojazdy Szynowe

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2019

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Nr 2

9--19

EN

The article presents the issues of current and future solutions used in rail vehicle drive systems. The review and analysis of energy storage possibilities in vehicles including electrochemical, mechanical and hydraulic accumulators and batteries has been made. The importance of their charging frequency is indicated, which translates into their possible uses. Characteristics of hybrid drive systems with particular emphasis on systems with fuel cells and ultracapacitors were presented. Current and conceptual solutions of series and parallel drive systems have been presented.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia aktualnych i przyszłościowych rozwiązań układów napędowych stosowanych w pojazdach szynowych. Dokonano przeglądu oraz analizy możliwości gromadzenia energii w pojazdach z uwzględnieniem akumulatorów elektrochemicznych, mechanicznych oraz hydraulicznych. Wskazano na duże znaczenie częstości ich ładowania, co przekłada się na możliwość ich zastosowania. Przedstawiono charakterystyki układów napędu hybrydowego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem układów z ogniwami paliwowymi oraz ultrakondensatorami. Zaprezentowano obecne i koncepcyjne rozwiązania szeregowych i równoległych układów napędowych.

3

Test bench and model research of hybrid energy storage

Chmielewski A., Piórkowski P., Bogdziński K., Szulim P., Gumiński R.

Journal of Power Technologies

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2017

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Vol. 97, nr 5

406--415

EN

This paper focuses on research into and simulations of an energy storage system with high efficiency (or high durability), consisting of an electrochemical battery, which was connected to a ultracapacitor by voltage converters. An active connection between the battery and the ultracapacitor leads to good load distribution during charging and discharging. By adjusting the DC/DC converter system to a predefined exemplary load cycle, the ultracapacitor assumes high momentary current demand, while the remaining range of power demand is covered by the electrochemical battery. This way the ultracapacitor is used as an efficient energy source, reducing high current consumption from the battery, thus limiting energy losses in the battery and increasing its durability. This paper presents test bench research regarding the static and dynamic states of battery and ultracapacitor work. It contains a discussion on the theoretical and analytical relations underpinning and informing the development of the battery and ultracapacitor models. The paper shows the characteristics of voltage, current, and heat generation on the battery and ultracapacitor selected on the basis of the adopted cycle of power demand. The hybrid energy storage system proposed in this work is particularly suited for use in the zero-emissions building sector, associated with renewable energy sources and other distributed generation devices, and for their stable, durable and efficient operation.

4

Powertrain system with the ultracapacitor-based auxiliary energy storage for an urban battery electric vehicle

Biernat P., Rumniak P., Michalczuk M., Gałecki A., Grzesiak L., Ufnalski B., Kaszewski A.

Archives of Transport

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2013

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Vol. 27-28, iss. 3-4

45--64

EN

This paper presents a powertrain system for an urban electric vehicle. The powertrain system consists of a hybrid energy source (battery storage and ultracapacitors) and drivetrain system (two in-wheel outer-rotor PMSM motors). Battery performance improvement, has been achieved by supporting it with ultracapacitor energy storage. Power flow control using fuzzy logic controller is presented in detail. An electronic differential algorithms have been implemented and tested.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono układ napędowy dla miejskiego pojazdu elektrycznego. Układ napędowy składa się z hybrydowego źródła energii (akumulatory i ultrakondensatory) i systemu napędowego (dwa silniki w-kołach o zewnętrznym wirniku PMSM). Osiągnięto poprawę wydajności akumulatora poprzez wspieranie go magazynowaniem energii przez ultrakondensator. Przedstawiono w szczegółach sterowanie przepływem mocy z wykorzystaniem regulatora logiki rozmytej. Elektroniczne algorytmy różnicowe zostały wdrożone i przetestowane.