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EN
Objective: The focus of this study is to model the cardiovascular system (CS) involving regional skin blood flow (SBF) to gain new insights into the skin-CS relationship. Methods: A lumped parameter model with a series of electrical components was developed to model the CS involving SBF. Four parts were considered: the heart, arterial circulation, microcirculation (including the skin and other tissues), and the venous system. The model was validated based on previous publications. Additionally, the body surface was divided into seven blocks replaced by lumped resistances in this model, including the head, upper limbs and neck, chest and back, anterolateral abdomen, posterior abdomen, lower limbs, and buttocks. The SBF of each block was described using a weighted average method (relative ratio of cutaneous blood perfusion and regional body surface area) Results: Cardiodynamics characterized the properties of cardiac cycles, including isovolumic contraction, accelerated ejection, decelerated ejection, isovolumic diastole, and filling phases. Blood flow and pulse pressure in the arterial trunk declined and increased, respectively, from the aorta root to the distal portion, exhibiting normal cardiovascular properties. Accordingly, the blood pressure of the arterial branches attached to the arterial trunk also satisfied normal physiological characteristics; the blood flow of all the arterial branches exhibited good agreement with previous studies. Additionally, the modeled SBF of each region was consistent with the data from the weighted average method. Conclusion: This model effectively demonstrates the normal properties of the CS that involves regional SBF and may be promising in the prediction of the skin-CS relationship.
EN
In this study, we analysed the influence of atherosclerosis on the anisotropic and incompressible behaviour of the human thoracic aortic wall under mechanical loads. The mechanical tests involved preparations of the human thoracic aortic wall, which were evaluated based on the six-stage histological classification of atherosclerosis proposed by Stary. Anisotropy was evaluated on the basis of directional tests of mechanical properties, which were determined based on a uniaxial tensile test conducted in two directions, i.e. longitudinal and circumferential. The evaluation of incompressibility was carried out based on the product of the stretch ratios obtained in the x–y and y–z planes and on the basis of Poisson's ratio. The results presented in this study indicate that the blood vessel wall is an anisotropic material only in the case of normal vessels and in early atherosclerotic lesions. Atherosclerosis progression causes a gradual loss of the anisotropic character of the work of the thoracic aortic wall in moderate and very advanced stages of atherosclerosis under mechanical loads. The results show that the wall of the thoracic aorta is an incompressible material. Development of atherosclerosis does not cause a loss of incompressibility of the thoracic aorta. This study is the only one so far that presents changes in the mechanical properties at all stages of atherosclerotic development. A large number of preparations were included in the study, which is important for the results obtained due to the multi-factorial etiology of atherosclerosis development.
3
EN
Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) recently has been used in advanced heart failure (HF), which supports a failing heart to meet blood circulation demand of the body. However, the pumping power of LVADs is typically set as a constant and cannot be freely adjusted to incorporate blood need from resting or mild exercise such as walking stairs. To promote the adoption of LVADs in clinical use as a long-term treatment option, a feedback controller is needed to regulate automatically the pumping power to support a time-varying blood demand, according to different physical activities. However, the tuning of pumping power induces suction, which will collapse the heart and cause sudden death. It is essential to consider suction when developing control strategy to adjust the pumping power. Further, hemodynamic of a failing heart exhibits variability, due to patient-to-patient heterogeneity and inherent stochastic nature of the heart. Such variability poses challenges for controller design. In this work, we develop a feedback controller to adjust the pumping power of an LVAD without inducing suction, while incorporating variability in hemodynamic. To efficiently quantify variability, the generalized polynomial chaos (gPC) theory is used to design a robust self-tuning controller. The efficiency of our control algorithm is illustrated with three case scenarios, each representing a specific change in physical activity of HF patients.
4
Content available remote Lumped models of the cardiovascular system of various complexity
EN
Purpose: The main objective is to accelerate the mathematical modeling of complex systems and offer the researchers an accessible and standardized platform for model sharing and reusing. Methods: We describe a methodology for creating mathematical lumped models, decomposing a system into basic components represented by elementary physical laws and relationships expressed as equations. Our approach is based on Modelica, an object-oriented, equation-based, visual, non-proprietary modeling language, together with Physiolibrary, an open-source library for the domain of physiology. Results: We demonstrate this methodology on an open implementation of a range of simple to complex cardiovascular models, with great complexity variance (simulation time from several seconds to hours). The parts of different complexity could be combined together. Conclusions: Thanks to the equation-based nature of Modelica, a hierarchy of subsystems can be built with an appropriate connecting component. Such a structural model follows the concept of the system rather than the computational order. Such a model representation retains structural knowledge, which is important for e.g., model maintainability and reusability of the components and multidisciplinary cooperation with domain experts not familiar with modeling methods.
PL
Krwotok podpajęczynówkowy (SAH), związany jest z wynaczynieniem się krwi do przestrzeni, która obejmuje obszar pomiędzy oponą pajęczą i miękką i wypełniona jest płynem mózgowo-rdzeniowym. Do krwotoku dochodzi najczęściej wskutek pęknięcia tętniaka, zlokalizowanego w obrębie koła tętniczego Willisa. U pacjentów po SAH rozwija się wiele patologicznych zmian, obejmujących zaburzenia śródczaszkowe oraz uogólnione zaburzenia układu sercowo-naczyniowego oraz płuc. W niniejszej pracy omówione zostały podstawowe mechanizmy prowadzące do wystąpienia SAH oraz towarzyszące im reakcje biochemiczne. Przedstawiono również najczęściej występujące w tej grupie pacjentów patologie układu sercowo-naczyniowego. Z punktu widzenia skuteczności leczenia istotne jest bowiem poznanie charakterystycznych zmian w układzie krążenia oraz mechanizmów ich powstawania.
EN
Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) refers to extravasation of blood into the space between the pia and arachnoid membranes. Haemorrhage occurs mostly as a result of rupture of the aneurysm, located within the arterial circle of Willis. Among the patients with SAH a number of pathological changes are developed, including intracranial impairment and systemic disturbances, such as cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders. In this paper we present the basic mechanisms that lead to SAH occurrence and the biochemical reactions related to SAH. We also review the most common disturbances of cardiovascular system, occurred in this group of patients. For the effective treatment, it is important to know the characteristic changes in the cardiovascular system and the mechanisms involved in their appearance.
EN
Work ability is partly determined by physical and mental fitness. Bench step exercise can be practiced anywhere at any time. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a bench step exercise on work ability by examining cardiovascular risk factors and oxidative stress. Thirteen volunteers working in a warehousing industry comprised the bench step exercise group (n = 7) and the control group (n = 6). The participants in the step exercise group were encouraged to practice the step exercise at home for 16 weeks. The step exercise improved glucose metabolism and antioxidative capacity and increased work ability by reducing absences from work and improving the prognosis of work ability. The improvement in work ability was related to a reduction in oxidative stress. These results suggest that a bench step exercise may improve work ability by reducing cardiovascular risk factors and oxidative stress.
7
Content available remote Sprzężony kwas linolowy cis-9, trans-11 CLA a zmiany miażdżycowe
PL
Choroby układu sercowo-naczyniowego ze względu na rozpowszechnienie i powikłania stanowią jeden z najpoważniejszych problemów zdrowotnych w naszym kraju. W 2. połowie XX wieku intensywnie wzrosła liczba badań, których zadaniem było wskazanie przyczyn i mechanizmów powstawania oraz zapobiegania miażdżycy. Celem pracy była ocena wpływu diety z dodatkiem izomeru cis-9, trans-11 sprzężonego kwasu linolowego (CLA) na redukcję masy ciała, cholesterolu ogółem i triacylogliceroli oraz na rozwój zmian miażdżycowych u różnych modeli zwierzęcych.
EN
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death in developed countries and most cardiovascular events are secondary to artherosclerosis. In the last 10 years increased the research groups, which have looked for a possible mechanism and the effect of the CLA isomers on artherosclerotic lesions levels, tested in animal models. The objective of this review was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on body mass, total cholesterol, triacyloglycerols and development of atherosclerosis in animal models.
EN
This article presents the design and results of study on the mechanoacoustic sensor used for monitoring cardiovascular activity. The basic idea was to utilize the presented sensor as a secondary element in the sensor system for contactless measurement of cardiac and respiratory activity. The sensor consists of a stethoscope head and an acoustic head which receives vibrations by means of the fiber Bragg grating acting as a sensing element. The sensor has been tested at the dedicated experimental setup. The frequency range of acoustic vibration receiving reaches 25-135 Hz, and its amplification at 100 Hz is 9.2 dB. These parameters make a potential opportunity to apply the device in the future as a fiber-optic stethoscope or fiber-optic sensing element in balistocardiography. For signals receiving, the SM-130 interrogation system by Micron Optics was used.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano projekt oraz wyniki badań mechanoakustycznego czujnika służącego do monitorowania aktywności układu sercowo-naczyniowego. W założeniu czujnik był pomocniczym elementem systemu sensorów do bezkontaktowych pomiarów aktywności serca i czynności oddechowej. W prezentowanym czujniku zastosowano głowicę stetoskopu oraz głowicę odbierającą drgania akustyczne wykorzystującą światłowodową siatkę Bragga jako element pomiarowy. Czujnik został przebadany na zaprojektowanym w tym celu stanowisku badawczym. Pasmo odbioru drgań akustycznych czujnika wynosi 25...135 Hz. zaś jego wzmocnienie przy częstotliwości 100 Hz - 9,2 dB. Parametry te stwarzają potencjalną możliwość zastosowania urządzenia w przyszłości jako stetoskopu światłowodowego bądź elementu pomiarowego w balistokardiografii. Do odbioru drgań wykorzystywano system interrogacji Micron Optics SM-130.
PL
Ciśnienie tętnicze krwi to jeden z najważniejszych parametrów charakteryzujących czynność układu sercowo-naczyniowego. Współcześnie stosowanych jest kilka metod pomiaru ciśnienia tętniczego krwi. Polegają one na inwazyjnym (śródtętniczym), ciągłym pomiarze bądź pośrednim zapisie ciśnienia krwi – za pomocą metod nieinwazyjnych. Monitor CNAP 500 (CNAP – Continuous Noninvasive Blood Pressure Monitoring) służy do nieinwazyjnego pomiaru ciśnienia tętniczego krwi. Umożliwia ciągłe – w trybie beat-to-beat (na każdy cykl pracy serca) – monitorowanie ciśnienia krwi i tętna w czasie nawet do 24 godzin. Celem pracy jest krótki przegląd danych literaturowych opisujących zalety nieinwazyjnego monitorowania ciśnienia krwi.
EN
Blood pressure is one of the basic parameters of the cardiovascular system. There are several methods of blood pressure monitoring: non-invasive and invasive ones. CNAP Monitor 500 (CNAP – Continuous Noninvasive Blood Pressure Monitoring) is a standalone device dedicated to non-invasive blood pressure monitoring. The cardiovascular parameters are monitored continuously beat-to-beat up to 24 hours. The aim of this work is a short overview presenting advantages of noninvasive blood pressure monitoring.
10
Content available Biologiczna aktywność siarkowodoru
EN
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a well known toxic gas that is synthesized from amino acids: cysteine (Cys) and homocysteine (Hcys) by two enzymes: cystathionine-â- -synthase and cystathionine-ă-lyase (Fig. 1) [3]. Hydrogen sulfide, like nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) is a signaling molecule in different systems [4]. Moreover, hydrogen sulfide has other various biological properties [8]. It induces hypotension in vivo and vasodilation in vitro by opening KATP channels in vascular smooth muscle cells [2, 5, 15]. Deficiency of H2S may contribute to atherogenesis in some patients with hyperhomocysteinemia, in whom the metabolism of homocysteine to cysteine and H2S is compromised by vitamin B6 deficiency. Reduced H2S production in brain was observed in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. On the other hand, excess of H2S may lead to mental homoretardation in patients with Down’s syndrome and may be involved in the pathogenesis of hypotension associated with septic shock [6]. This review summarizes the endogenous metabolism, physiological and pathological function of hydrogen sulfide.
PL
Celem pracy była analiza wpływu krioterapii ogólnoustrojowej na układ sercowo-naczyniowy, w szczególności na parametry kurczliwości mięśnia sercowego. Badania przeprowadzono na grupie 32 zdrowych mężczyzn, poddanych jednokrotnemu zabiegowi krioterapii ogólnoustrojowej. Ocenę czynnościową układu sercowo-naczyniowego przeprowadzono za pomocą systemu Task ForceŽ Monitor (TFM). Rejestrację badanych sygnałów biologicznych rozpoczęto przed zabiegiem krioterapii ogólnoustrojowej i kontynuowano w czasie sześciu godzin po jego zakończeniu. Analiza statystyczna uzyskanych wyników wykazała istotny wpływ zabiegu kriostymulacji ogólnoustrojowej na parametry kurczliwości mięśnia sercowego.
EN
The aim of the study was the assessment of the influence of the whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) on the cardiovascular system, in particular, on the parameters of the heart contractility. The study included 32 healthy men subjected to a single whole-body cryotherapy procedure. The functional evaluation of the cardiovascular system was carried out on the basis of Task ForceŽ Monitor (TFM). The registration of biological signals was done before the procedure and continued within six hours after WBC. The statistical analysis of the results revealed that the whole-body cryostimulation causes significant changes in the parameters of the heart.
12
Content available remote Role and applications of circulatory models in cardiovascular pathophysiology
EN
Circulatory models are relevant for research, education and testing of prosthetic devices/components. Independently of its structure that can be numerical, physical or hybrid the models can be used in different areas of cardiovascular pathophysiology. However, the models are often used to reproduce specific circulatory conditions instead of being used as 'systemic' tools. That is to say, the models are used to evaluate the global effects of external disturbances such as pathologies, therapies, special environments or surgery on the circulatory system. Aim of this paper is to illustrate a family of circulatory models developed to represent the whole circulatory system in pathophysiological conditions describing some of the possible applications.
PL
Bar jest srebrzystobiałym metalem alkalicznym reaktywnym chemicznie, który występuje w stanie naturalnym w skorupie ziemskiej. Do rozpuszczalnych związków baru należą głównie jego sole – chlorek, azotan, octan i węglan. Sole baru są klasyfikowane jako związki szkodliwe. Bar i jego związki mają powszechne zastosowanie przemysłowe (m.in. w przemyśle chemicznym, szklarskim, ceramicznym i elektrotechnicznym), są także stosowane jako topniki w elektrodach spawalniczych. Narażenie zawodowe na bar i jego związki rozpuszczalne (w postaci pyłów i dymów) występuje głównie w przemyśle stalowym, szklarskim, metalurgicznym i wydobywczym. Minimalna doustna dawka letalna dla człowieka wynosi około 10 mg/kg dla chlorku baru i około 60 mg/kg dla węglanu baru. Węglan baru w dawce 20 mg/kg powoduje już osłabienie mięśni, parestezje i porażenia wiotkie. Związkami najczęściej powodującymi ostre zatrucia są: węglan, chlorek, azotan i octan baru. W klinicznym obrazie zatrucia związkami baru zwykle występują ostre zaburzenia żołądkowo-jelitowe, osłabienie odruchów głębokich i zmniejszenie napięcia mięśniowego oraz osłabienie siły mięśniowej i postępujące porażenie mięśni. Śmierć zwykle następuje w wyniku zatrzymania oddechu (porażenia mięśni oddechowych) i krążenia. Objawom tym towarzyszy zmniejszenie stężenia potasu w surowicy i częstoskurcz komorowy, który przechodzi w migotanie komór. W wyniku ostrego zatrucia związkami baru wystąpić może także ostra niewydolność nerek, rabdomioliza, dysfagia i nadciśnienie tętnicze. Wartość NDS baru i jego związków rozpuszczalnych została przyjęta przez Komisję, która wnioskowała o jej wprowadzenie do wykazu wartości najwyższych dopuszczalnych stężeń i natężeń czynników szkodliwych dla zdrowia w środowisku pracy.
EN
Barium is a metallic, alkaline, chemically reactive element found in soil. Its salts – chloride, nitrate, acetate and carbonate – belong to soluble barium compounds. Barium salts are classified as harmful compounds. Barium and its compounds have broad industrial application (e.g. in chemical, glass-making, ceramic and electrotechnical industries); they are also used as fluxes in welding electrodes. Occupational exposure to barium and its soluble compounds (dust, smoke) takes place mainly in steel, glass-making, metallurgical and mining industries. The minimal oral, lethal dose for a human is about 10 mg/kg for barium chloride and about 60 mg/kg for barium carbonate. Barium carbonate in a dose of 20 mg/kg causes muscular weakness, paraesthesia and flaccid paralysis. Barium: carbonate, chloride, nitrate and acetate are compounds most frequently causing acute intoxication. Acute gastrointestinal disorders, weakening of deep reflex and decreased muscle tone as well as reduction of muscle strength and flaccid paralysis are usually observed in the clinical picture of barium compound intoxication. Death is usually the result of respiratory arrest (respiratory muscles paralysis) and circulatory arrest. These symptoms are accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of serum potassium and ventricular tachycardia which then transform into ventricular fibrillation. Acute renal failure, rhabdomyolysis, dysphagia and arterial hypertension may also result from acute intoxication with barium compounds. DL50 values for soluble barium compounds are within the range of 118 – 800 mg/kg. Barium compounds demonstrate weak irritating action and no allergy reaction. The subchronic and chronic investigations carried out on different animal species have mainly demonstrated a decrease in body mass and the mass of some organs, and a renal defect which intensified depending on the applied doses. Barium and its soluble compounds do not demonstrate mutagenic, genotoxic or carcinogenic activity. There is no sufficient evidence on the effect of barium and its compounds on reproduction. Barium and its soluble compounds have a toxic effect on the cardiovascular system causing mainly hypertension and arrhythmia. Such effects have been observed both in humans and in animals. Furthermore, on the basis of the results of chronic experiments on animals, kidneys have been demonstrated to be the critical organ. To calculate MAC values, the results of Zschiesche et al. (1992) were accepted. The concentration of 4.4 mg Ba/m3 was assumed for the NOAEL value. The following uncertainty factors were accepted in calculating the MAC value: A=2, individual sensitivity differences, B=2, resulting from short- to long-term investigations, C=2, a modifying coefficient associated with the lack of data concerning absorption efficiency in the respiratory tract. Thus, the calculated MAC value is 0.55 mg/m3. On the basis of the presented calculations we suggest the concentration of 0.5 mg Ba/m3 to be accepted as the MAC value for barium and its soluble compounds. The suggested MAC value should protect workers against any effects of the systemic action of barium and it should protect against changes in the cardiovascular system. The MAC value, which has been valid so far in Poland is also 0.5 mg/m3 but it concerns barium and all its inorganic compounds. There are no grounds for accepting STEL values for barium. Due to the lack of data, the determination of BEI values is not suggested, either.
EN
The roles of persistent inward currents in amplifying synaptic currents in motoneurone dendrites are now widely recognized as of vital importance. Here we describe how one particular synaptic input, the respiratory drive to hindlimb motoneurones, not only demonstrates an extreme example of this amplification, but also reveals the operation of ongoing, dynamic modulatory controls of the amplification from central sources.
EN
Circulatory models are relevant to research, education and prosthetic devices/components testing. Their structure can be both numerical and physical, according to the specific needs. Numerical models are often developed first and then followed or accompanied by physical models. This approach is associated with higher costs, less accuracy and time-consuming development. Circulatory models defined as hybrid (merger of numerical and physical sections) can solve these problems. This paper presents two applications of the hybrid model with the physical section based on two different structures (electrical and hydraulic). The results show that the model can represent hemodynamic relationships in different circulatory conditions, including IABP assistance.
16
Content available Prevention of Deep Vein Thrombosis in VDU Work
EN
This paper introduces preventive measures against Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) during Visual Display Units (VDU) work. Four experiments were conducted in order to address this issue. The effectiveness of the preventative measures was evaluated by measuring foot swelling. The results indicated that the following 3 methods would be particularly effective: (a) occasionally adopting a reclining posture with a footrest, (b) 10-min walking every 50–60 min of VDU work, and (3) stretching. In addition we predicted that taking a deep breath could sometimes be effective. DVT is likely to occur in daily life and its incidence can be related to the long-term postures associated with VDU work. This paper suggests that VDU workers should be aware of the risk of DVT and take preventative measures.
17
Content available remote Optimization of a left ventricular assist device using numerical simulation
EN
The PUCA pump is a left ventricular assist device especially meant for a fast introduction by using minimal surgery. An extracorporeal located membrane pump is coupled to a transarterial catheter that enters the body via a superficial artery and ends in the LV. Pump efficacy is influenced by several pump parameters. To find the best efficacy, a numerical model of the PUCA pump coupled with the circulatory system can be used. For the PUCA pump, the best configuration is a stroke volume of 50 cc and pump: heart frequency of 1 : 2 that starts ejection at the beginning of diastole.
EN
The high performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of a newly synthesized amide derivatives of prolino- (2, 1 -f)-theophylline, with potential action on the cardiovascular system, was developed and validated. The method was specific for studied compounds and LOD were from 50 to 100 ng ml(-1) depending upon the compound. Recovery of extraction ranged from 68 to 96 % and coefficient of variation was below 15%. The developed method was applied forpharmacokinetic studies one of the synthesized cpmpound (AZ30) in rats after intravenous administration.
PL
Opracowano i przeprowadzono walidację metody wysokosprawnej chromatografii cieczowej oznaczania nowo zsyntetyzowanych połączeń amidowych prolino- (2, 1-f)-teofiliny o potencjalnym działaniu na układ sercowo - naczyniowy. Metoda jest specyficzna dla badanych związków a jej dolna granica oznaczalności wynosi od 50 do 100 ng ml"1 surowicy. Współczynnik zmienności dla opracowanej metody jest poniżej 15 %. Wydajność ekstrakcji w zależności od oznaczanego połączenia waha się od 68 do 96 %. Stosując opracowaną metodę przeprowadzono badania farmakokinetyczne związku AZ30 po jego dożylnym podaniu szczurom.
PL
Stres w pracy zawodowej jest czynnikiem ryzyka nadciśnienia tętniczego i choroby niedokrwiennej serca. Sprzyja też rozwojowi cukrzycy i otyłości. Słabo znany jest wpływ obciążeń psychospołecznych na stan zdrowia systematycznie leczonych pacjentów z przewlekłymi chorobami układu krążenia i przemiany materii. W badaniach własnych, którymi objęto pacjentów wykonujących zawodowo pracę wymagającą podejmowania odpowiedzialnych decyzji, koncentracji uwagi i powodującą napięcie emocjonalne, wykazano (na podstawie 24-godzinnych zapisów EKG i ciśnienia tętniczego) występowania znacznych wzrostów ciśnienia tętniczego, arytmii serca i epizodów niedokrwienia mięśnia sercowego, pomimo regularnego przyjmowania leków. Zmiany występowały częściej w czasie dni pracy określanych przez badanych jako stresogenne. U chorych na cukrzycę stwierdzono podwyższone stężenie glukozy we krwi w godzinach największej aktywności zawodowej.
EN
Job strain is a risk factor for hypertension and coronary heart disease. It can also contribute to the development of diabetes and obesity. Little is known about the effect of psycho-social factors and especially occupational stress on the health status of regularly medicated patients with chronic cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. An analysis of 24-hour registration of ECG and blood pressure in patients engaged in jobs with high mental demands and extensive responsibility showed that during „stressful” days in many of them large increases in blood pressure, ischemic changes in ECG, cardiac arrhythmias occurred in spite of pharmacological treatment. Some diabetic patients also showed high levels blood glucose during the most active part of the working day.
20
Content available remote Energetic cardiovascular variabIes during positive pressure ventilation
EN
Thc application of mechanical ventilatory support can affect both haemodynamic and energetic cardiovascular variables. The aim of our computer simulation was to trace the influence of positive pressure ventilation on external work (EW) of the natural ventricle, cardiac mechanical efficiency (CME) and pressure volume area (PVA). Physiological and pathological conditions of the heart were reproduced. Systemic arterial resistance (Ras) was also changed to model physiological and pathological states. The influence of mechanical ventilation was introduced by changing levels of mean thoracic pressure. Our simulation showed that positive thoracic pressure changes all the energetic cardiovascular variables and shouId be taken into accoulnt during the assessment of mechanical ventilation. Pathological changes of left ventricular contractility and Ras have a considerable effect on EW, CME and PVA. On the other hand energetic parameters for the left ventricle are not especially effected by pulmonary vasoconstriction phenomenon.
PL
Stosowanie mechanicznego wspomagania oddychania może wpływać na parametry hemodynamiczne i energetyczne układu sercowo-naczyniowego. Celem niniejszej symulacji komputerowej było określenie wpływu dodatniego ciśnienia sztucznej wentylacji na pracę zewnętrzną (EW) naturalnej komory serca, współczynnik mechanicznej wydajności (CME) oraz całkowitą energię generowaną w jednym cyklu pracy serca (PVA). Zostały odtworzone stany patologiczne i fizjologiczne serca. Zmieniana była także systemowa oporność tętnicza (Ras), zgodnie ze stanami fizjologicznymi i patologicznymi. Wpływ mechanicznej wentylacji był symulowany przez zmiany średniego ciśnienia wewnątrz klatki piersiowej. Nasza symulacja wykazała, ze dodatnie ciśnienie wewnątrz klatki piersiowej zmienia wszystkie parametry energetyczne układu sercowo-naczyniowego, co powinno być brane pod uwagę podczas prowadzenia mechanicznej wentylacji. Patologiczne zmiany elastancjl lewej komory i Ras mają znaczny wpływ na EW, CME i PVA. Z drugiej strony energetyczne parametry lewej komory zmieniają się tylko nieznacznie przy symulacji automatycznych zmian oporu plucnego (pulmonary vasoconstriction).
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