Hot tearing is a casting defect responsible for external and internal cracks on casting products. This irregular undesired formation is often observed during solidification and freezing. The solidification of molten metal also causes thermal contraction and shrinkage, indicating the occurrence of hot tearing when the alloy is restrained by the mould design. The parameters affecting this process include the pouring and mould temperatures, the chemical composition of the alloy, and the mould shape. Also, the factors affecting hot tearing susceptibility include pouring and mould temperatures, the grain refiner, as well as pouring speed. There are many methods of measuring the level of susceptibility to hot tearing, one of which is the thermal contraction evaluation during metal solidification, observed in cast products through several mould types. This paper discusses the hot tearing overview, the effect of pouring temperature, mould temperature, grain refiner, pouring speed on hot tearing, the type of mould, and criterion for hot tear observation.
The aim of the work was to estimate the usefulness of Very High Resolution (VHR) multispectral images from the IKONOS-2 satellite to identify landforms in the floodplain area. Studying the nature and distribution of the floodplain landforms allows the identification of natural tendencies in fluvial processes and could be useful for the projects of river valley management. The research was carried out along part of the Podlasie gorge of the Bug River valley. We analyzed the orthophotomap both in natural colours (RGB) and colour-infrared (NRG), with 82-cm ground sample distance (GSD). Based on VHR satellite images, 14 (representing 7 types) landform types have been distinguished. Remote sensing results have been verified in the field. The investigations have enabled the assessment of the usefulness of the multispectral VHR satellite images for the identification of trends in overbank processes.
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