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1
Content available remote Możliwości zastosowania LCA w technologiach inżynierii środowiska
PL
Środowiskowa Ocena Cyklu Życia - LCA (Life Cycle Assesement) opisana w normach ISO serii 14000 stanowi jedną z najważniejszych i najbardziej wiarygodnych technik oceny oddziaływania na środowisko technologii i produktów. Obecnie ma ugruntowaną pozycję jako narządzie badawcze w obszarach nauki i praktyki, związanych ze środowiskiem. Wpływ nowych lub istniejących technologii oraz produktów na środowisko jest jednym z kluczowych problemów w państwach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej, w których dążymy do maksymalizacji odzysku materiałowego oraz powtórnego wykorzystania odpadów. Technologicznie i ekonomicznie uzasadnione jest prowadzenie recyklingu odpadów albo wykorzystanie ich jako surowców wtórnych, a także unieszkodliwianie odpadów w miejscu powstawania. Jednym z innowacyjnych rozwiązań jest modyfikacja chemiczna odpadów polimerowych w kierunku uzyskania flokulantów zastosowanych w procesach oczyszczania ścieków przemysłowych. Obecnie prowadzona jest ocena oddziaływania procesów technologicznych i by-produktów na środowisko w ich cyklu życia. Analizy LCA potwierdzają efektywne zastosowanie nowych polimerów, a w perspektywie ich bezpieczną dla środowiska produkcję. Przedstawione przykłady pozwalają na prześledzenie procedury oceny wpływu cyklu życia technologii produkcji i produktów na środowisko.
EN
Environmental Life Cycle Assessment - LCA described in the ISO 14000 series standards is one of the most important and reliable techniques for assessing the environmental impact of technologies and products. Currently, it has an established position as a research tool in areas of science and practice related to the environment. The impact of new or existing technologies and products on the environment is one of the key problems in the Member States of the European Union, where we strive to maximize material recovery and reuse of waste. It is technologically and economically justified to recycle waste or use it as secondary raw materials, as well as neutralize its waste at the point of generation. One of the innovative solutions is the chemical modification of polymer waste to obtain flocculants used in industrial wastewater treatment processes. Currently, an assessment of the impact of technological processes and by-products on the environment in their life cycle is being carried out. LCA analysis confirms the effective use of new polymers and, in the long run, their environmentally safe production. The examples presented make it possible to follow the procedure for assessing the impact of the life cycle of production technologies and products on the environment.
2
Content available remote Bio-based polyurethane applied as matrix of fiberglass reinforced composite
EN
Purpose: of this paper was to develop and to characterize the mechanical behaviour of a structural composite obtained from a bio-based polyurethane matrix reinforced with fiberglass. Design/methodology/approach: Castor oil and Kraft lignin-containing polyol was applied for bio-based polyurethane synthesis. Structural composite was obtained by reinforcing this renewable source bio-based polymer with fiberglass mat. Polyester resin composite was also obtained for comparison, following the same process and reinforcement conditions. Mechanical characterization was carried out through uniaxial tensile, flexural strength, Izod impact tests and additionally scanning electron microscopy (MEV). Findings: Bio-based polyurethane composite was obtained and presented higher ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and equivalent impact resistance in comparison to polyester matrix composite. Research limitations/implications: Effects of Kraft lignin and fiberglass contents changing on mechanical properties might be investigated in future researches. Practical implications: Revalorization of Kraft lignin. 50 million tons of lignin are produced worldwide every year as by-product of pulp and paper manufacturing. The most part of this Kraft lignin is currently burned for energy generation. Originality/value: Results indicated the possibility of reusing this industrial wasted by-product at large scale as polymeric matrix for structural composite, in which high UTS and impact resistance are required.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono model komputerowy doboru tworzyw konstrukcyjnych na elementy robocze w zależności od warunków ich funkcjonowania. Uwzględniono podstawowe pary tribologiczne dla tarcia technicznie suchego metal-metal, metal-minerał-metal i metal-minerał. Doboru materiałów warstw wierzchnich dokonywano na podstawie dominującego sposobu zużywania. Program napisano w języku Delphi charakteryzujący się przejrzystym i łatwym w obsłudze interfejsem. Baza danych obejmuje podstawowe rodzaje tworzyw konstrukcyjnych, właściwości warstwy wierzchniej oraz dla napoin sposób nakładania.
EN
This paper presents a computer model for selecting construction materials for the top surface of working parts depending on their operating conditions. The basic tribological pairs for dry friction were included: metal-metal, metal-mineral-metal and metalmineral. The surface layer materials were selected based on the dominant nature of wear. The program was written in the Delphi language and is characterized by a clear and easy to operate interface. The database contains information on the basic construction material types, surface layer properties and weld pad application methods.
PL
Wynikiem działalności technicznej człowieka są najczęściej zmiany w jego środowisku naturalnym. Bardzo często mają one niekorzystny charakter. W artykule przedstawiono relacje między wspomnianą działalnością a stanem środowiska. Na przykładzie recyklingu tworzyw konstrukcyjnych i energii pokazano jak minimalizować wpływ tych zagrożeń. Wskazano istotne zagadnienia logistyczne na styku człowiek-środowisko naturalne. W wyniku przeprowadzonych rozważań stwierdzono, że celowym jest tworzenie centrów logistycznych, w opisywanym przypadku ukierunkowane na recykling.
EN
Human technical activities the most often results in changes in his natural surroundings. Very often they have advantageous character. In this paper relationships between mentioned activities and surrounding state were presented. On example of constructional materials and energy recycling the ways making possible minimization of hazard influence were demonstrated. One indicate some significant logistic problems on the point of contact people-natural surroundings. In result of conducted consideration suitableness of logistic centers generating was indicated – in mentioned matter oriented for recycling.
5
Content available remote Wykorzystanie różnych technik badawczych do identyfikacji tworzyw polimerowych
PL
Masowa produkcja tworzyw polimerowych wiąże się z problematyką ich recyklingu. Jednym z głównych zagadnień związanych z procesem recyklingu jest identyfikacja tworzyw polimerowych. Ustalenie rodzaju polimeru jest często bardzo trudne i wymaga zastosowania analizy wielostopniowej. W artykule opisano identyfikację tworzyw polimerowych z zastosowaniem podstawowych metod w analizie polimerów, takich jak badania rozpuszczalności, palności i gęstości oraz metod analizy instrumentalnej, takich jak DSC, TGA, FTIR, SEM.
EN
The global production of polymers is connected with problem of their recycling. One of the main questions is identification of polymers. The determination of kind of polymer is very difficult and needs the multi-grade analyses. In the paper the identification of polymers using basic methods like solubility, inflammability, specific density as well as DSC, TGA, FTIR and SEM have been applied.
PL
Rosnące zapotrzebowanie na tworzywa polimerowe wymusza opracowywanie nowych technologii ich wytwarzania, przetwarzania i modyfikowania. Konieczne jest więc prowadzenie prac naukowo-badawczych, których efektem jest dostarczanie nowych technologii wyrobów z tworzyw polimerowych. Polipropylen (PP) jest od wielu lat jednym z głównych polimerów stosowanych na szeroką skalę. Wśród metod przetwórczych coraz większego znaczenia nabiera proces wtryskiwania. Artykuł przedstawia wyniki prac badawczych procesu wtryskiwania PP, w procesie wytwarzania detali przesłon okien dachowych. Wyniki badań właściwości wytrzymałościowych oraz skurczu poprzecznego PP przetwarzanego w różnych warunkach przedstawiono w postaci wykresów powierzchniowych stanowiących funkcję dwóch zmiennych.
EN
The growing demand of polymers forces the new research and development centres to work on new technologies of manufacturing, processing and modifying plastics. The new plastics products appears on the market more and more often. One of the most popular polymer is polypropylene (PP), and the most useful method of its processing is injection moulding. The results of experiments connected with PP injection moulding for elements of window shutters have been presented in this paper. The strength properties as well as transverse shrinkage of the PP processed in different conditions were investigated. The results have been presented as X-Y plots, i.e. as planar diagrams of two variables.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono metodykę oceny odporności na działanie czynników korozyjnych na staliwa stopowe w stanie surowym i po azotowaniu. Wybrane do badań staliwa można zaliczyć do staliw nisko i średnio stopowych, zawierających jako główne składniki stopowe Cr, Mo, Ni, Cu, V.
EN
This work contains the results of testing corrosion resistance of group alloy cast steel. This group was testing in as- cast condition and after nitriding in controlled gas atmosphere.
PL
Do specyficznych właściwości i zalet polimerowych tworzyw technicznych zaliczamy: niską gęstość przy względnie wysokiej wytrzymałości na rozciąganie, sztywność, odporność na pełzanie oraz dobra odporność cieplną. Te właściwości można poprawić poprzez dodanie włókien krótkich, Powoduje to jednak wzrost lepkości kompozytu. W pracy przedstawiono wpływ warunków przetwarzania tworzyw wzmocnionych na efektywność procesu i cechy geometryczne uzyskanych wyprasek. Do badań symulacyjnych wytypowano Ultramid A3W G10 (PA 6.6 zawierający 50% mas. włókien szklanych WS) oraz Ultradur B 4300 G10 (PBT zawierający 50 % WS). Określono wpływ ilości i lokalizacji przewężek, prędkości wtryskiwania i temperatury formy na cechy geometryczne wyprasek. Zmiany ciśnienia, temperatury, skurczu i deformacji analizowano z wykorzystaniem programu symulacyjnego Cadmould.
EN
To the specifics properties and their advantages of engineering plastics content: low density at relatively high mechanical strength, stiffness, resistance on creep, thermal resistance and good thermo stability. These properties of polymer materials could be improve through glass fiber reinforcement. Simultaneously, it causes increase of reinforced compound viscosity in the liquid state. The paper presented the influence of injection moulding conditions on the process efficiency and geometrical properties of highly glass reinforced molded parts, Ultramid A3 W G10 {PA 6.6 with 50 wt. % content of short glass fiber) and Ultradur B4300 G10 (PBT with 50 wt. % content of short glass fiber) to the simulation examinations were selected. Pressure, temperature, shrinkage and deformation distribution in the injection mould were analyzed with usage of the Cadmould simulation software. The influence of gates number in the mould, injection moulding velocity and of mould temperature on quality of moulded parts was determined.
9
Content available remote Residual stress distribution in injection molded parts
EN
Purpose: The paper presents the results of the investigations of influence of the amorphous polystyrene (PS) processing on the diversity of the internal stresses observed in the injection moulded piece. Design/methodology/approach: For the tests, the standardized mould piece designed for the investigations of the processing shrinkage of thermoplastics materials has been used. The samples have been prepared using the Design of Experiment (DoE) theory. The state of internal stresses has been analysed by means of photoelastic method (used stress viewer equipment) on the basis of the layout and size of the isochromatics (fields with the same colour), which determine the mould piece’s areas where the same value for the difference of main tensions. In the article the results of investigations of influence of 5 chosen processing parameters such as injection temperature Tw, mould temperature Tf, clamping pressure pd, cooling time tch and the injection speed vw on the changes in isochromatics layout as a determinant for diversity of internal stresses in injection moulded pieces have been presented. Findings: The performed investigations of the influence of injection conditions on the state of internal stresses reached for injection mould pieces were to determine the parameters of injection at which the achieved state of the stresses in the mould piece (described by the difference of main tensions) will show the lowest values. Practical implications: Effects of examinations of influence of processing conditions on residual stress in injection molded parts (presented in the article) could find practical application in polymer industry, both small and large enterprises. Originality/value: New approach to fast estimation of value of residual stresses were present in the paper.
10
Content available remote Prognosing the durability of polymer sealings
EN
Purpose: The paper describes the phenomena connected with the sealing for water hydraulic systems. Design/methodology/approach: For the durability tests two types of sealings, made of three polymeric materials recommended for use in water hydraulics systems have been used. In all investigation arrangements the same guide elements have been used. The tests have been performed maintaining water pressure on the sealing at a level of p = 8±1 MPa and the average speed of the piston rod of v ≈ 0.35 m/sec. Water temperature during investigations was regulated within the range of Tmin = 291 K and Tmax = 305 K. The leakage was distributed to the measurement hoses with the internal diameter of 5mm. For the investigations, the working piston rod with ø 45 f7 with the following parameters has been used: Material: chromium-nickel steel AISI 431 (Cr=16.7%, Ni=2.08%) covered with hard chromium plating of ≥ 20 μm, micro-cracks number ≤ 5 000/mm2, Ra = 0.07 μm. Findings: Weibull method, thanks to its multifunctionality, helps to select elements for certain applications (required long failure-free mileages → high characteristic durability – sealings series 30413). Equipment which works sporadically → low characteristic durability but e.g. lower weight and sizes of sealing element – sealing series 30412. Practical implications: Within the confines of the given research concerning an optimal choice of piston rod sealing for water hydraulic systems, large dependence of the sealing durability on the properly chosen guide elements of the piston rod has been found. In extreme cases the durability changed even a few times. Originality/value: The Weibull method has been applied for assessment of durability and reliability of mechanical parts. A computer program has been used to compare two types of piston rod seals used in water hydraulic power systems. Durability limits have been estimated even though discontinued measurement data were used.
11
Content available remote Mechanical properties and thermogravimetric analysis of PBO thin films
EN
Purpose: In the continued quest for high performance, high temperature, light weight materials, the research and development of poly(1,4-phenylene-cis-benzobisoxazole) or PBO polymer was a significant step. The thermal stability, stiffness, and tensile strength surpass those of many other engineering polymers. In this report, the superior mechanical properties of PBO thin film materials and the thermal characteristics of the isotropic thin films were investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the Ozawa method were employed to analyze the thermal degradation kinetic parameters. Design/methodology/approach: The quasi-isotropic thin films were processed from 14 wt-% PBO dope with the molecular weight about 130,000. Mini-tensile bar specimens of dog-bone-shape were prepared for MTS testing machine. The ASTM D1708 microtensile testing was carried out at room temperature. The TGA spectra were obtained by employing Thermal Analysis (TA) TA-2050 thermogravimetric analyzer under various heating rates in nitrogen. The Ozawa method has been used for the kinetic data analysis. Findings: The results showed that PBO thin film exhibited outstanding specific tensile properties and thermal resistance. The onset of the decomposition temperature in nitrogen atmosphere was about 670°C. The temperature that corresponded to the maximum decomposition rate was around 750°C. The residual weight was still as high as 73% when heated up to 850°C. The reaction followed a first order mechanism. In addition, the activation energy (Ea ) for PBO thin film material has been estimated to be 445 kJ/mol and the frequency factor (logA) to be 25.2 min-1. Practical implications: The better understanding in PBO thin film processing and characteristics could help to advance the structure design and unique applications. Originality/value: The outstanding specific mechanical properties and excellent thermal resistance should provide great potential applications for this new class of high performance rigid rod polymers.
12
Content available remote Influence of variability of polymer processing on the manufacturing system
EN
Purpose: The aim of the paper is to present the influence of variability of polymer materials processing parameters on the production process. To determine this influence, the queuing theory and system dynamics method have been applied. Design/methodology/approach: The measurements and control of the time of operation can be performed by means of the traditional methods of statistical control. Full dynamics of the variability phenomenon can be reflected by means of computer simulation. Findings: The measurements of parameters on the basis of real manufacturing system have been performed. The dependences between the parameters have been determined and several computer simulations have been performed. On the basis of the obtained results the influence of the individual production parameters on the manufacturing system has been determined. Research limitations/implications: The performed analysis enabled to assume that the highest influence on the manufacturing process and especially on the time of material flow has the time of injection of the polymeric materials. Reductions in utilization tend to have a much larger impact on delay then reduction in variability. However, because capacity is costly, high utilization is usually desirable. Originality/value: The investigation results can be the basis to develop efficient methods for reduction of variability and hence the methods of production costs reduction. Variability reduction is often the key to achieving high efficiency logistical and manufacturing system.
13
EN
Purpose: Purpose of this paper is analysis of injection moulding conditions influence on fracture mechanics on example of PP. Design/methodology/approach: For the cracking tests, polypropylene with the commercial name Reslen manufactured by Polimarky has been used. Samples for the tests have been made by injection method on injection machine Krauss-Maffei with symbol KM65 – 160. The machine was equipped with high class control system with symbol C4. Variability of the four following parameters of injection process was taken into consideration: injection temperature, temperature of mould, pressure of closing and injection speed. It also should be reminded about analysis of correlation multidimensional, analysis Pareto enabling evaluation of weight of following entrance values in model comparing (regression), what is the base of optimal actions. Crack resistance examination were carried out using a special device allowing measurements of basic parameters of crack mechanics, such as: coefficients of stress intensity, gap divergence and J integral. Findings: On value of the integrity J being measure of crack resistance the biggest influence have the mould temperature and injection temperature. Research limitations/implications: Analysis of influence the values of following injection parameters for changing the crack resistance during dynamic bending for PP has been done in the future. Practical implications: The results of experiments will allow to determine the recommendations referring to the optimization of processing conditions, and as a result of this polymer will have high fracture resistance. Originality/value: The samples for the test have been prepared on base of elaborated schedule. It has been prepared with help of specialist modulus DoE Design of Experiment from packet STATISTICA 6.0 PL.
14
Content available remote Functional materials based on PA6/PVP blends
EN
Purpose: The results of investigations of properties of PA6 mixed in state the viscoelasticity from polymer about ability of creating of physical bonds was introduced. The polyvinylpyrrolidone about small molecular weight in this aim was applied (10 ± 2,5 thousand). Design/methodology/approach: Within the work some results of chosen properties of PA with different percentage composition with the addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) have been presented. In chance of mixing PA6 with PVP forms solution PVP in PA6, to which proper are large intermolecular influence, in this case hydrogen bond. Findings: The functionalactive material was prepared about sharp tuning sorption ability across physical modification polycapramide mixed from bipolar polyvinylpyrrolidone in batch - free state, which be characterizes high ability complex. The properties of the polymer blends depend significantly on the type of the components. That kind of influence manifests especially in the change of the physical properties. Research limitations/implications: The basis condition for reaching the homogeneity, specific structure and the properties of a polymer material is its mutual miscibility of the polymers. Additional agents that make mixing easier are usually applied; they have reactive effect which results in a chemical modification of output polymer along with the change in its chemical structure and the structure of macrochains. In order to achieve this, the polyvinylpyrrolidone has been used. Practical implications: It is possible to foresee, that under the influences large tangent stresses and intermolecular interaction colloidal solution PVP in PA forms about sure homogeneity, after cooling which does not the inversion of winding phases. Large intermolecular influence among PVP and PA6 are unquestionable with regard on their chemical building. The probability of influence of intermolecular influences with this reason results, the leaders to creation of new centres of crystallization near cooling the polymer material. Originality/value: Received however results show thereon that PA with PVP additions create more stable material. Homogeneous material was got about raised elasticity and mechanical durability with perspective of use in textile industry.
15
Content available remote Tworzywa konstrukcyjne w technologiach wodorowych
PL
Przedstawiono charakterystykę procesów degradacji wodorowej wybranych stali konstrukcyjnych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wpływu wodoru na mikrostrukturę. Omówiono także techniki badawcze, w tym metody nieniszczące, wykorzystywane do oceny postępu korozji wodorowej. Przedstawione rozważania są w dużym stopniu oparte na doświadczeniach zebranych z obecnie eksploatowanych instalacji przemysłowych, głównie wykorzystywanych w przemyśle petrochemicznym i rafineryjnym. Należy oczekiwać, że mogą one nabrać ogólniejszego znaczenia w kontekście planów pozyskiwania i użytkowania wodoru do celów energetycznych.
EN
A review covering com. H sources, high and low-temp. H attack on steel and plated protective coatings, and methods for detg. the deg. of H degradation of construction materials in com. installations.
EN
Based on viscoelastic analogy and Laplace’s transformation, a constitutive equation for creeping buckling of standard viscoelastic compressed bar model is derived taking into consideration non-dilata-tional strains. The equation derived is solved and critical bearing capacities as well as creep coefficients of compressed bars of a standard model are determined. The table illustrates time displacements as well as displacement speed and acceleration. The significance of minimal critical bearing capacities and shock specific values with critical characteristics are analyzed. It is shown the conversion from standard model to the Kelvin–Voight and Maxwell models as well as Timoshenko’s elastic model.
PL
Na podstawie analogii sprężysto–lepkosprężystej i transformacji Laplace’a wyprowa-dzono równania konstytutywne wyboczenia pełzającego lepko–sprężystych prętów ściska-nych o modelu standardowym z uwzględnieniem wpływu sił poprzecznych stowarzyszonych z wyboczeniem. Rozwiązano wyprowadzone równanie konstytutywne i wyznaczono krytyczne wartości własne oraz współczynnik pełzania pozwalający na oszacowanie czasowej drogi, prędkości i przyspieszenia przemieszczeń poprzecznych. Wyznaczono minimalną oraz szokową no-śność krytyczną. Pokazano przejścia od modelu standardowego do modelu Kelvina–Voigta, Maxwell’a oraz modelu Timoszenki, który pokazał wpływ sił poprzecznych na nośność kry-tyczną sprężystych prętów ściskanych.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono badania porównawcze wybranych właściwości stali lemieszowej 38GSA i stali mikrostopowej z dodatkiem 0,003 % B. Obydwa gatunki stali poddano 6 wariantom klasycznej obróbki cieplnej. Oceniano twardość powierzchniową, strukturę warstwy wierzchniej i zużycie w masie ściernej. Wykazano, że zaproponowana na części maszyn rolniczych stal z borem poddana hartowaniu i odpuszczaniu , uzyskuje trwałość wyższą od stali 38GSA.
EN
The paper presents results of comparative investigation on as yet applied steel for plough shares and microalloy steel with 0,003 % of born addition. Both steel undergone 6 wariants classical heat treatment. Sufrace hardness, structure of surface layer and abrasive wear were assessed. It was found that the steel with born proposed for agricultural machines parts achieves after quenching and tempering higher durability than traditional plough share 38GSA steel.
PL
Celem pracy było poznanie możliwości zwiększania ciągliwości poliacetalu na drodze modyfikacji jego struktury. Jako modyfikatora użyto kopolimer etylenowy (surlyn) o merach jonizowanych przez atomy cynku i grupę kwasu akrylowego . Zbadano wpływ różnej zawartości surlynu (od 10 do 30 %) na strukturę krystaliczną i własności mechaniczne poliacetalu. Przeanalizowano parametry stereologiczne struktury i ich powiązania z własnościami modyfikowanego tworzywa.
EN
In the paper the results of the influence of different Surlyn additions (10 to 30 %) on microstructural and mechanical changes of POM is presented. Investigations were carried out on sections and fractures obtained at liquid N2 temperature. It was shown that small additions of Surlyn (up to 10 %) modified investigated structures much more. Moreover, in this paper there is described qualitative role of Surlyn on typical features of observed structures of investigated polymers.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono istniejący i obowiązujący stan przepisów normalizujących. W szczególności skoncentrowano się na sposobach określania całki J, jej wartości krytycznej oraz metodach aprosymacyjnych stosowanych przy konstruowaniu krzywej oporu JR.
EN
In the paper has been presented the standard regulations for determining of polymers toughness properties, specialy with the help of the J-integral concept.
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