In this article,we study a coupled Allen-Cahn-Navier-Stokes model in a two-dimensional domain. The model consists of the Navier-Stokes equations for the velocity, coupled with an Allen-Cahn model for the order (phase) parameter.We present an equivalent weak formulation for the model, and we prove a new regularity result for the weak solutions.
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The importance of particle-particle collisions in sediment saltation in the bed-load layer is analyzed herein by means of numerical simulation. The particle saltation theoretical/numerical model follows a Lagrangian approach, and addresses the motion of sediment particles in an open channel flow described by a logarithmic velocity profile. The model is validated with experimental data obtained from the literature. In order to evaluate the importance of the phenomenon, simulations with and without particle-particle collisions were carried out. Results for two different sediment concentrations are presented, namely 0.13% and 2.33%. For each concentration of particles, three different flow intensities were considered, and trajectories of two different particle sizes, within the sand range were computed. Changes in particle rotation, particle velocity, and angle of trajectory before and after particle-particle collisions appear to be relatively important at lower shear stresses, whereas they decrease in significance with increasing flow intensities. Analyses of the evolution in time of the second order moment of particle location suggest that inter-particle collisions introduce transverse diffusion in saltating particles in the span-wise direction.
Applying irreversible thermodynamics, it is possible to model a rapid depressurisation of liquids. The pressure measured during the process is much lower than the thermodynamic pressure and the liquid may remain in a metastable state.
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