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1

Skuteczność koagulantów w usuwaniu wybranych zanieczyszczeń mikrobiologicznych i fizykochemicznych ze ścieków z przemysłu owocowo-warzywnego

Makara Agnieszka, Kmiecik Dominika, Kowalski Zygmunt

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2024

|

T. 103, nr 7

799--804

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań oczyszczania ścieków z przemysłu owocowo-warzywnego metodą koagulacji, za pomocą zmiennych dawek koagulantów: glinowego PAX 18 i żelazowego PIX 113 (2–10 mL/L), oraz neutralizacji 10-proc. roztworem mleka wapiennego. Koagulant glinowy PAX 18 był bardziej skuteczny w usuwaniu zanieczyszczeń mikrobiologicznych. W oczyszczonych frakcjach ciekłych w całym zakresie stosowanych dawek nie stwierdzono obecności enterokoków i bakterii Escherichia coli, a ogólna liczba mikroorganizmów została obniżona o ponad 99%. Wartość ChZT została maksymalnie obniżona o 67% za pomocą koagulantu glinowego (dawka 2 mL/L) oraz o 72% za pomocą koagulantu żelazowego (dawka 6 mL/L). Barwę oczyszczonych ścieków obniżono o 88–97%, a mętność niemalże całkowicie (< 1 NTU).

EN

Wastewater from the fruit and vegetable industry was treated by coagulation, using variable doses of Al PAX 18 and Fe PIX 113 coagulants (2–10 mL/L) and neutralized with a 10% soln. of lime milk. The PAX 18 was more effective in removing microbiol. contaminants in the entire range of doses used. No enterococci or Escherichia coli were detected, and the total no. of microorganisms was reduced by more than 99%. The COD value was reduced by a max. of 67% using an Al coagulant (dose 2 mL/L) and by 72% using an Fe coagulant (dose 6 mL/L). The color of the treated sewage was reduced from 88 to 97%, and the turbidity was almost completely reduced (< 1 NTU).

2

Performance of Intermittent Slow Sand Filter Processing Units in Treating Food Court Wastewater

Fitriani Nurina, Mohamed Radin Maya Saphira Radin, Affandi Moch., Nurdin Rafly Rizqullah, Kurniawan Setyo Budi, Ni'matuzahroh

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 4

117--139

EN

This study aimed to determine the performance of modified slow sand filter (SSF) media with blood clam shells (Anadara granosa) and activated carbon to remove turbidity, TSS, TDS, and FOG on the food court wastewater. The concentration of water pollutant parameters processed by SSF was determined based on Indonesia water quality standards, as well as knowing the optimum operational parameters of intermittent slow sand filter with Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The research data was processed using the Optimal type (custom) design which consisted of independent factors including the type of filter media, the addition of bacteria to the grease trap pre-treatment unit, and running time, as well as the research response in the form of the effectiveness of removing turbidity, TSS, TDS, and FOG. The reactor was operated intermittently (48 hours) for a maximum of 22 days and the concentration of pollutant parameters was calculated using the Standard Methods. The results of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA, p<0.05) in the 2FI model of the study showed that there was a significant effect of all independent factors on the effectiveness of removing all water pollutant parameters. The most optimal operational parameters were achieved with the type of activated carbon media, the addition of Bacillus sp. in the grease trap pre-treatment unit in the amount of as much as 1%, and the detention time of 4 days, with the effectiveness of removing turbidity reaching 39.53%; TSS 45.25%; TDS 19.30%; FOG 61.35%.

3

The Effect of Bentonite Utilization as a Chemical Coagulant on the Performance of a Water Treatment Plant

Al-Khalaf Safaa K. Hashim, Sabbar Huda Adil, Al-Husseiny Rasha A., Naje Ahmed Samir

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, iss. 3

249--257

EN

In order to use alum in large numbers for the treatment of low turbidity water, a novel method has been used to treat low turbidity water using bentonite with a reduced amount of alum. Given that bentonite has a negative charge, it is added to the raw water to give the blocks weight. The weight is then added by joining the blocks together to create massive blocks that settle more quickly. In addition to providing a large surface for organic compound adsorption, it increases the suspension’s weight and particle density. There are between 10 and 50 mg/l of bentonite clay utilized.In the Karbala water treatment plant, the effectiveness of the water quality index (WQI) at turbidity 20NTU (national turbidity unit) using alum alone was subpar (71.16%). Under the same circumstances, the pilot plant’s WQI efficiency was equally low (72%). The turbidity of the water was increased to 120 NTUwhen bentonite was used in the pilot plant, increasing the efficiency of WQI to 97.2%. When bentonite was added to the water, the turbidity was increased to 200 NTU and the WQI efficiency was increased to 98.9%. The usage of bentonite produced a high level of WQI efficiency and a cheap substance free from infections or negative effects.

4

Starch Modification to Ensure Resource Savings and Environmental Safety in the Production Cardboard from Waste Paper

Halysh Vita, Trus Inna, Tverdokhlib Mariia, Nosachova Yuliia, Krysenko Tamara, Hlushko Olena, Ploskonos Victor, Radovenchyk Vyacheslav, Gomelya Mykola

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2022

|

Vol. 23, nr 11

68--75

EN

Development of new and modification of existing chemicals, which act not only as binders, but also provide increased retention of fiber and other pulp components on the paper machine grid, accelerate pulp dehydration, and provide special properties (moisture resistance, heat resistance, improvement of other technical characteristics of paper and cardboard) of paper and cardboard, is an important and urgent task of chemical technology and ecology. This paper presents results of the corn starch modification with epoxypropyltriethanolammonium chloride, hexamethylolmelamine and hexamethylenetetramine. Modified starches provide the necessary strength indicators of cardboard from waste paper and low turbidity of wastewater. The obtained starches can be used in mills that use low-quality waste paper for the production of cardboard and paper products with the aim of saving fiber, reducing wastewater pollution and as a result reducing the negative impact on the environment.

5

Turbidity as a Surrogate for the Determination of Total Phosphorus, Using Relationship Based on Sub-Sampling Techniques

Kusari Laura

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2022

|

Vol. 23, iss. 4

88--93

EN

One of the most challenging issues regarding water quality control is the lack of adequate measurements and lack of data on many water quality constituents. Since water quality is highly variable during time and space, traditional grab sampling often misses extreme events and the result isn’t always a representative one. This paper evaluated the usefulness of turbidity measurement as a surrogate for the determination of the Total Phosphorus. Instead of in-situ sensors for real time turbidity measurements, another approach was taken during this investigation. The suitability of using turbidity as a surrogate for TP was investigated using prepared subsamples, each with different concentration of water quality constituents. Laboratory results, with the use of the linear regression techniques, enabled the development of the model that relates the total phosphorus to turbidity. The linear regression equation developed, TP = 0.3942TTU – 3.4279 shows that there is a very good prediction of the total phosphorus based on the turbidity measurement, with the correlation coefficient as good as R2 = 0.8782 and p-value less than 0.5. Even though the equation is site specific, and more investigation is needed, we conclude that it can be used in similar situations, when there is a lack of monitoring programs.

6

Phytoplankton Chlorophyll-a Biomass and the Relationship with Water Quality in Barrang Caddi, Spermonde, Indonesia

Maslukah Lilik, Setiawan Riza Yuliratno, Nurdin Nurjannah, Helmi Muhammad, Widiaratih Rikha

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

|

Vol. 23, iss. 1

25--33

EN

The investigation of spatial changes in phytoplankton biomass and turbidity provide essential information for the survival of the coral reef ecosystem. The phytoplankton biomass variations are driven by many factors, such as nutrient inputs from anthropogenic and natural. In turn, turbidity is determined by sediment resuspension or transport from terrestrial systems. The estimation of phytoplankton biomass is represented by the chlorophyll-a concentration. This study aimed to analyze the chlorophyll-a dynamics to water quality parameters, such as turbidity, suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity and temperature. The in-situ data gathered at 26 stations in the waters of the Barrang Caddi Island in August 2020. The results show that chlorophyll-a and turbidity have a negative correlation in the western and eastern regions, since turbidity inhibits the rate of photosynthesis and causes the decreasing of phytoplankton biomass. Nevertheless, the highest concentration of chlorophyll-a was found in the southern location, in small spots around islands and reefs, including near Barrang Caddi Island. Total Suspended Solid has more significant effect on chlorophyll-a than other water parameters, such as turbidity, temperature, salinity in the study area.

7

Experiments on compression ignition engine powered by nano-fuels

Cieśliński Janusz T., Krzyżak Jan, Kropiwnicki Jacek, Kneba Zbigniew

Combustion Engines

|

2022

|

R. 61, nr 1

55--59

EN

The use of nanoparticles in fuels provides new opportunities for modification of fuel properties, which may affect the operational parameters of engines, in particular the efficiency and fuel consumption. The paper presents comparison of compression ignition engine performance fuelled with neat diesel and nano-diesel. Alumina (Al2O3) was used as nanoparticles. Surface-active substances, including Span 80 surfactant, as well as water admixture were used to improve the stability of the produced fuel. Measurements of the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of the produced mixtures were conducted. In this study was used naturally aspirated, water cooled, four-stroke diesel engine. Addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles result in 4% reduced fuel consumption, addition of TiO2 nanoparticles result in 10% reduced fuel consumption with respect to neat diesel fuel.

8

Elimination of organic matter by optimising coagulation treatment: Case of water from the Sidi Yacoub dam, Algeria

Hadbi Taieb, Saaed Hamoudi Abdelamir

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2021

|

no. 51

72--77

EN

The presence of natural organic matter (NOM) in water has a significant influence on water treatment processes. Water industries around the world consider coagulation/flocculation to be one of the main water treatment methods. The chief objective of conventional coagulation-based processes is to reduce the turbidity of the water and to remove natural organic matter (NOM) present in solutions. The aim of this paper is to present some developments in terms of improved coagulation for the drinking water of Sidi Yacoub treatment plant located in the Northwest of Algeria. The experiments involved studying the effects of the application of two coagulants (ferric chloride and aluminium sulphate) on the removal of turbidity and natural organic matter from water by measuring the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the UV absorbance at 254 nm. The results showed that the rate of turbidity removal increased from 81.3% to 88% when ferric chloride was applied and from 89.91% to 94% when aluminium sulphate was applied. For NOM removal, the maximum removal rates of COD and UV254 were 48% and 52%, respectively, in the case of ferric chloride. These rates increased to 59% and 65% after optimised coagulation. When aluminium sulphate was used, the rate of removal in water increased from 43% to 55% for COD and from 47% to 59% for UV254 after optimised coagulation. The combination of the two coagulants at equal dosage shows a slight improvement in the values obtained after optimisation, both in terms of turbidity and the NOM.

9

Predicting Water Quality Parameters in a Complex River System

Kurniawan Isman, Hayder Gasim, Mustafa Hauwa Mohammed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

|

Vol. 22, nr 1

250--257

EN

This research applied a machine learning technique for predicting the water quality parameters of Kelantan River using the historical data collected from various stations. Support Vector Machine (SVM) was used to develop the prediction model. Six water quality parameters (dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and suspended solids (SS)) were predicted. The dataset was obtained from the measurement of 14 stations of Kelantan River from September 2005 to December 2017 with a total sample of 148 monthly data. We defined 3 schemes of prediction to investigate the contribution of the attribute number and the model performance. The outcome of the study demonstrated that the prediction of the suspended solid parameter gave the best performance, which was indicated by the highest values of the R2 score. Meanwhile, the prediction of the COD parameter gave the lowest score of R2 score, indicating the difficulty of the dataset to be modelled by SVM. The analysis of the contribution of attribute number shows that the prediction of the four parameters (DO, BOD, NH3-N, and SS) is directly proportional to the performance of the model. Similarly, the best prediction of the pH parameter is obtained from the utilization of the least number of attributes found in scheme 1.

10

Evaluation of the Potential of Opuntia Ficus-Indica Cladodes as a Natural Flocculant for Wastewater Treatment through Simple Procedures

Trindade Sofia, Rouxinol Maria Inês, Nabais João, Agulheiro-Santos Ana Cristina

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2021

|

Vol. 22, nr 5

249--257

EN

Nowadays there is a search for new alternatives to replace harsh and expensive chemical methods to wastewater treatments. The common methods include the usage of chemicals that negatively affect the environment and the human health. The cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill have a great potential for use in innovative, cheap, renewable and eco-friendly water treatment due to their flocculant properties. In this work, different water treatments including fresh cladodes, lyophilized cladodes and the material obtained through mucilage extraction were tested. The turbidity of the water was measured, and it was concluded that the use of 60 g of small pieces of fresh cut cladodes was the method with the best results, reaching 4 NTU of turbidity. It confirmed the ability of O. ficus-indica (L.) Mill cladodes to promote the flocculation of clay in water, enabling to turn the unused material waste into a useful raw material.

11

Poprawa efektywności pracy filtrów pośpiesznych przy użyciu polielektrolitów anionowych

Wilmański Krzysztof

Technologia Wody

|

2020

|

Nr 1 (69)

34--41

PL

Skuteczność usuwania zawiesin z wody w filtrach pośpiesznych może być w niektórych warunkach niezadowalająca. Przyczyną jest zwykle niski poziom mineralizacji wody, w szczególności małe stężenie anionów wielowartościowych. Efekt oczyszczania wody w filtrach można poprawić poprzez stosowanie polielektrolitów anionowych. W pracy przeprowadzono badania nad poprawą skuteczności oczyszczania wody powierzchniowej i wody podziemnej w procesie filtracji. Badania wykonywano w skali pilotowej i technicznej. Dozowanie polielektrolitów odbywało się poprzez okresowe wprowadzanie porcji polielektrolitu do wody kierowanej do filtrów. Wielkość porcji i częstotliwość ich podawania zależała od jakości uzdatnianej wody. Średnia dawka polielektrolitu wynosiła od 0,01 do 0,05 mg/l. Szybkość przyrostu oporów filtracji była nieznacznie wyższa w porównaniu ze stratami ciśnienia w filtrach pracujących bez polielektrolitu. Dzięki zastosowaniu polielektrolitu uzyskano znaczące wydłużenie filtrocykli w przypadku oczyszczania wody powierzchniowej w procesie koagulacji powierzchniowej. Dozowanie polielektrolitu do wody umożliwiło też uzyskanie obniżenia mętności wody i stężenia żelaza w warunkach oczyszczania wody podziemnej. Stężenie monomeru akrylamidu w wodzie uzdatnionej w warunkach stosowania polielektrolitów było bardzo niskie, nie przekraczało 5% wartości dopuszczalnej dla wody przeznaczonej do spożycia przez ludzi.

EN

The efficiency of removing suspended solids from water in rapid filters may be unsatisfactory in some conditions. The reason is usually a low level of water mineralization, in particular a low concentration of poly vale anions. The effect of water purification in filters can be improved using anionic polyelectrolytes. The study carried out research on improving the effectiveness of surface water and groundwater purification in filtration process. The dosing of polyelectrolytes was done by periodically introducing a portion of the polyelectrolyte into the water directed to the filters. The portion size and frequency of dosing depended on the quality of t treated water. The average dose of polyelectrolyte was from 0,01 to 0,05 mg/1. Filtration resistance increase rate was slightly higher compared to pressure losses in filters operating without polyelectrolyte. The use polyelectrolyte resulted in a significant prolongation of filter cycles for surface water purification in dirt filtration process. Dosing polyelectrolyte into water also enabled the reduction of water turbidity and iron concentration under groundwater purification conditions. The concentration of acrylamide monomer in treat water under the conditions of use of polyelectrolytes was very low, it did not exceed 5% of the limit value water intended for human consumption.

12

Badanie fizyczno-chemicznych właściwości zawiesin dolomitowych

Warzecha Piotr, Hilger Bartłomiej, Wisła-Walsh Ewa

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2020

|

T. 99, nr 9

1376--1379

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań fizyczno-chemicznych właściwości zawiesin dolomitowych. Badania obejmowały pomiar rozkładu wielkości cząstek, analizę chemiczną i fazową dolomitów, a także określenie zależności między stężeniem zawiesin a ich mętnością.

EN

Three dolomites from various mines were analyzed for particle size distribution, as well as for chem. (XRF and EDS) and phase (diffractometer) compn. Turbidity depended on the suspension concn., grain size of the dolomite and the presence of other mineral admixtures (illites, smectites).

13

Supporting the Coagulation Process with Shale – Preliminary Studies

Jabłońska B.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

|

2018

|

Tom 20, cz. 1

780--792

EN

In the paper, clayey gangue (shale) accompanying coal beds was considered to support the coagulation process. The raw shale from a mine located in the southern part of Poland as well as the shale calcined at temperatures of 600°C and 800°C were tested. The coagulant was aluminum sulfate. The effects of turbidity reduction in water samples taken from the river Warta were analyzed. Aiding the process of coagulation with the raw shale increased the efficiency of reducing turbidity in water in comparison with the use of coagulant alone. The turbidity reduction was highest when using the shale calcined at 600°C. Applying the shale calcined at 800°C brought slightly worse results, and in some cases the turbidity reduction was lower than for the raw shale. The results indicate that the shale could be an effective adjuvant in the coagulation process. In addition, previous research (Jabłońska, B., Siedlecka, E., Removing heavy metals from wastewaters with use of shales accompanying the coal beds, Journal of Environmental Management, 155 (2015), 58-66) has shown that shale has relatively good adsorptive properties, which may further contribute to the quality of the treated water.

PL

W pracy rozważono możliwości zastosowania płonnych skał ilastych (łupków ilastych) z kopalni węgla kamiennego do wspomagania procesu koagulacji. Badano surowe i kalcynowane w temperaturze 600°C i 800°C łupki ilaste towarzyszące pokładom węgla kamiennego z kopalni położonej w południowej części Polski. Jako koagulantu użyto siarczanu glinu. Analizowano efekty obniżenia mętności w próbkach wody pobranej z rzeki Warty. Wspomaganie procesu koagulacji łupkiem surowym przyniosło większą efektywność zmniejszenia mętności w wodzie niż w przypadku zastosowania samego tylko koagulantu. Efektywność obniżania mętności była najwyższa w przypadku zastosowania łupka kalcynowanego w temperaturze 600°C. Użycie łupka kalcynowanego w temperaturze 800°C przynosiło nieco gorsze rezultaty, w niektórych przypadkach efektywność obniżania mętności była niższa niż z użyciem łupka surowego. Wyniki badań wskazują, że proces koagulacji może być efektywnie wspomagany łupkami ilastymi. Wcześniejsze badania (Jabłońska, B., Siedlecka, E., Removing heavy metals from wastewaters with use of shales accompanying the coal beds, Journal of Environmental Management, 155 (2015), 58-66) wykazały, że łupki ilaste mają stosunkowo dobre właściwości sorpcyjne, co może dodatkowo pozytywnie wpływać na jakość oczyszczanej wody.

14

Wykorzystanie turbidymetrii do oceny zmętnienia benzyn silnikowych zawierających etanol i uszlachetnionych pakietami dodatków detergentowych

Żak G., Bujas C., Wojtasik M., Ziemiański L., Markowski J.

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2017

|

T. 96, nr 3

530--533

PL

Wykonano badania zmętnienia próbek benzyn zawierających bioetanol w pełnym zakresie stężeń oraz wybrane pakiety dodatków. W skład pakietów wchodziły detergent, olej nośny i rozpuszczalnik. Badania wykonano techniką turbidymetryczną.

EN

Six EtOH-contg. gasoline samples were improved by addn. of detergents, carrier oil and solvent-contg. packages and studied for turbidity. The stability of the improved gasolines was much higher then those stabilized by addn. of com. products.

15

Badania laboratoryjne zależności mętności zawiesin od ich stężenia

Banaś M.

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2016

|

T. 95, nr 8

1465--1468

PL

Wskaźnik mętności wykorzystano zamiast stężenia masowego do określenia miary ładunku fazy stałej w zawiesinach. Przedstawiono wyniki badań laboratoryjnych ukazując zależności pomiędzy wskaźnikiem mętności a stężeniem masowych dla czterech różnych zawiesin oraz dwóch różnych sposobów pomiarów mętności (w świetle widzialnym oraz podczerwieni). Przedstawiono zalety mętności w porównaniu ze stężeniem masowym, oraz problemy i niejednoznaczności jej użycia wobec fizycznej natury rozpraszania światła na cząstkach stałych.

EN

Silty clay, white clay, dolomite and poly(vinyl chloride) fines were suspended in water and studied for turbidity at varying mass concn. by visible or IR light scattering. The method showed some advantages when compared with data of mass content of solid particles by filtering and weighing.

16

Turbidity changes of birch tree sap after addition of commonly available chemicals

Bilek M., Sądej M., Rączy M., Rębisz A., Sosnowski S.

Biotechnology and Food Science

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2016

|

Vol. 80, nr 2

83--90

EN

The problem signalled both by the popularizers of birch tree sap consumption, as well as in many scientific articles and sap collection manuals is short shelf life, hindering the wider use. The loss of shelf life is manifested by the appearance of a characteristic turbidity and simultaneously intensifying unpleasant odor. Most of birch sap shelf life extension methods, that inhibit turbidity, are non-thermal methods, based on the physical techniques, ex. ultraviolet radiation, ultrafiltration, and also combination of this two methods. The aim of this study was to assess the stability of the birch tree sap, depending on the concentration of commonly available chemicals used to extend shelf life of plant origin food products. At room temperature, the sample with addition of ethanol at the concentrations of 10% and 15%, as well as with the addition of citric acid in combination with potassium sorbate were stable during the all turbidity testing period. Additionally, in the refrigerated condition, 27-day stability has been obtained for the sap with the addition of ethanol at the concentration of 5% and 15-day with the addition of citric acid in concentration of 0,5%. This stable solutions obtained, however, are not suitable for direct consumption. They can only be used as a stable base for the preparation of beverages, after the addition ex. herbal extracts, fruit juices and syrups, honey.

17

Wpływ nadsiarczanu i mononadsiarczanu na własności fizykochemiczne osadu czynnego

Chłąd Z., Grübel K., Wacławek S., Przywara L.

Proceedings of ECOpole

|

2015

|

Vol. 9, No. 2

561--570

PL

Ze względu na wzrastającą ilość osadów ściekowych wymagających zagospodarowania nieustannie poszukuje się nowych metod pozwalających na ich lepsze kondycjonowanie. Do takich metod należy zaliczyć różnego rodzaju sposoby dezintegracji osadów. W podjętych badaniach starano się określić wpływ chemicznej dezintegracji przy pomocy termicznie aktywowanego nadsiarczanu sodu (PDS) i mononadsiarczanu potasu (MPS) na wybrane własności sedymentacyjne i fizykochemiczne osadu ściekowego. W badaniach użyto dawek reagentów PDS i MPS: 0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8 i 1% objętościowych, które aktywowano termicznie w temperaturze 60 i 80ºC przez 30 minut. Wpływ analizowanych substancji na osad czynny starano się wykazać na podstawie zmian wybranych parametrów, takich jak: mętność, uwolniona/rozpuszczona materia organiczna (wyrażone jako rChZT), indeks objętościowy osadu (I.O.O.) i indeks gęstości osadu (I.G.O.). Pod wpływem działania PDS i MPS mętność cieczy nadosadowej zmalała odpowiednio o 90 i 85%. Wraz ze wzrostem dawki reagentów zaobserwowano wzrost wartości rChZT, będącego wskaźnikiem uwolnionej w trakcie dezintegracji materii organicznej. Wartość rChZT w cieczy nadosadowej przy zastosowaniu PDS i MPS wzrosła odpowiednio o 41 i 77%. Zaobserwowano również zmniejszenie indeksu objętościowego osadu (I.O.O.) przy zastosowaniu temperatury aktywowania substancji dezintegrujących równej 80ºC oraz dawce tych substancji równej 1%. W przypadku MPS wartość indeksu objętościowego zmniejszyła się z 37,80 do 16,29 cm3/g po 30 minutach sedymentacji. Natomiast dla PDS nastąpił spadek wartości z 39,49 do 24,66 cm3/g w tym samym czasie.

EN

Due to the increasing amount of sewage sludge requiring management new methods which allow improving sludge conditioning are being sought incessantly. Such methods include different types of sludge disintegration processes. In the present study an attempt was made to determine the influence of thermally activated persulfate (PDS) and monopersulfate (MPS) on the sedimentation and physico-chemical properties of the waste activated sludge (WAS). In this study 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1% doses of PDS and MPS were used, and they were activated at the temperature of 60 and 80ºC for 30 minutes. The impact of the analyzed substances on WAS was investigated on basis of changes of the selected parameters such as: turbidity, soluble chemical oxygen demand (rCOD), sludge volume index (SVI). Addition of PDS and MPS to the WAS caused decrease of turbidity of supernatant by 90 and 85%, respectively. When the doses of the reactants increased there was also an increase in the SCOD value, being an indicator of the organic matter released during the disintegration. The SCOD value in the supernatant increased with using PDS and MPS by 41 and 77%, respectively. There was also observed decrease of sludge volume index (SVI) after addition of temperature activated (80ºC) PDS and MPS. For highest dose of MPS, SVI decrease from 37.80 to 16.29 cm3/g after 30 min sedimentation. In contrast, for the PDS there was a decrease from 39.49 to 24.66 cm3/g at the same time.

18

Evaluation of flocculation behavior of marble powder suspensions

Duzyol S.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

|

2015

|

Vol. 51, iss. 1

5--14

EN

In this study, flocculation of marble powder suspensions was investigated depending on a polymer type and dosage. Polyacrylamide was used as a synthetic polymer, while starch was used as a natural polymer. The effect of polyacrylamide type was also examined using anionic, cationic and non-ionic polyacrylamides. Flocculation of suspensions was ascertained by turbidity measurements. It was found that anionic and especially non-ionic polymers flocculated the marble powder suspension more strongly than starch and cationic polymer. On the other hand, it was observed that the sequential addition of starch and polymer did not improve flocculation of suspension. On contrary, sequential addition of flocculants caused re-dispersion of the flocculated suspension. When a non-ionic polymer was used as the flocculant, the reached minimum turbidity of suspension was measured to be 38 NTU (nephelometric turbidity unit).

19

Colloids in Septic Tank Effluent and Their Influence on Filter Permeability

Spychała M., Nieć J., Walczak N., Marciniak A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 4

74--80

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate the content of colloids in septic tank effluent and their impact on textile filter permeability. Measurements were performed on septic tank effluent without suspended solids but containing colloids and without colloids – including only dissolved substances (filtered by micro-filters and centrifuged). The study was conducted on unclogged and clogged textile filter coupons. During the study the following measurements were conducted: turbidity, chemical oxygen demand and hydraulic conductivity of textile filter coupons. The colloid size range was assumed to be less than 1.2 microns according to the literature. Despite the relatively low content in the septic tank effluent the colloids played an important role in the clogging process. Both the filtering media, filled with low (unclogged) and high content of biomass (clogged) were sensitive to the clogging process acceleration due to the possibility of small diameter pore closure and oxygen access termination. Moreover, small size pores were probably sensitive to closing or bridging by small size colloidal particles.

20

Flotation Tailings – Intensification of the Dewatering Process by the Aluminium Pre-Hydrolysed Coagulants

Malikova P., Chromikova J., Cablik V., Thomas J.

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2015

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R. 16, nr 2

73--78

EN

Most mineral-separation processes involve the use of substantial quantities of water and a larger portion of it ends up in a tailings stream. Typically, sedimentation and filtration are used to dewater the coal product. Large amount of dilute suspension has to be treated. The main driving force for coal tailing treatment is the elimination of unsustainable disposal of fine coal tailings in large tailings dams. Coagulation/Flocculation is usually a necessary pre-treatment step in dewatering streams containing significant quantities of very fine particles. The effectiveness of the coagulation/flocculation step may determine the performance and, ultimately, the capacity of the dewatering system. The objective of dewatering processes is often to obtain clear water with low percentage of solids. The article presents the results of possibility of intensification of dewatering of the flotation tailing streams from coal preparation Paskov mine (Czech Republic). The results imply that the selected aluminium pre-hydrolysed coagulants (aluminium chlorohydrate – FLOKOR1.2A, FLOKOR D15, polyaluminium chloride – PAX-18) are convenient in dewatering process of tailing slurries and are practicable for further tests and use in industry. It is possible to achieve effective dewatering in short time. Optimal doses of all coagulants do not worsen the conditions in the process water for its hypothetic re-use. Experiments were conducted in temperature interval from 5°C to 20°C. Standard jar tests were performed to evaluate coagulation efficiencies. Different mixing conditions were evaluated. Relation between tailings and addition of coagulant was characterized by zeta-potential. Turbidity, pH values and residual concentrations of aluminium were measured.

PL

Większość procesów separacji minerałów wiąże się z zużyciem znaczących ilości wody, której większość trafia do strumienia odpadów. Zazwyczaj w celu odwodnienia węgla wykorzystuje się procesy sedymentacji i filtracji. W efekcie trzeba zagospodarować duże ilości rozrzedzonej zawiesiny. Największym wyzwaniem w przetwarzaniu odpadów węgla jest eliminacja nieopłacalnego składowania odpadów drobnego węgla w ogromnych stawach osadowych. Koagulacja/flokulacja jest często ważnym wstępnym krokiem w procesie odwadniania strumieni zawierających znaczące ilości bardzo drobnych cząsteczek. Skuteczność koagulacji/flokulacji może określić skuteczność, oraz ostatecznie, przepustowość systemu odwadniającego. Częstym celem procesu odwadniającego jest uzyskanie czystej wody z niską zawartości fazy stałej. Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badania możliwości intensyfikacji odwodnienia strumieni odpadów flotacyjnych z kopalni węgla Paskov (Republika Czeska). Wyniki wskazują, że wybrane hydrolizowane koagulanty glonowe (aluminiumchlorohydrate – FLOKOR1.2A, FLOKOR D15, polyaluminium chloride – PAX-18) są odpowiednie do procesu odwadniania zawiesin w praktyce przemysłowej. Możliwe jest osiągnięcie skutecznego odwodnienia w krótkim czasie. Optymalne dawki koagulantów nie pogarszają jakości wody do hipotetycznego ponownego użycia. Eksperymenty zostały przeprowadzone w przedziale temperatury od 5°C do 20°C. Standardowe testy metodą sedymentacji zostały przeprowadzone w celu określenia skuteczności koagulacji. Różne warunki mieszania zostały zbadane. Określono potencjał zeta, zmierzono mętność, wartości pH oraz stężenia osadów koagulantu.