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EN
Whereas approximately 96.3% of the steel produced worldwide is made by continuous casting, great emphasis is put on the superior efficiency of this process. The water model of the tundish and mathematical modeling is often used for the simulation of the steel flow during continuous casting. The experiments were performed on a model of the tundish with two outlets, at two casting speeds (0.8 m.s-1 and 1.2 m.s-1). Eight setups of the tundish were evaluated, which differed in the design of the dams (with or without drainage holes), in their distance from the center of the tundish, and their height. The contribution of the work is the analysis of phenomena in the tundish water model in conditions of repeatability (ten repetitions). The goal is to find the setup providing the most symmetrical flow, with the minimum difference in the residence times Δτ on the two outlets. Taking into account the results obtained at both casting speeds, the most preferred is setup 2 with the 87 mm high dams placed 587 mm from the center of tundish (Δτ = 0.5). The setup 3 (Δτ = 8.25) appears to be the least appropriate. The higher the casting speed, the higher the number of unsuitable arrangements.
EN
A tundish is a device from which liquid steel is pour into a mold. Therefore tundish hydrodynamic conditions have a significant impact on solidification during continuous steel casting (CSC) process. Modification of ladle shroud workspace, allows for the modification of liquid steel movement in the tundish. In the following work, numerical simulations were performed which allowed the impact of the modification of the ladle shroud workspace on the liquid steel flow structure in a one-strand tundish to be determined. In order to assess the impact of the modification of the ladle shroud on the behavior of the liquid steel in the tundish, simulations were performed, on the basis of which the percentage share of stagnant, ideal mixing and plug flow zones were determined. In addition, the mixing parameters were determined, allowing the estimation of casting duration during sequential casting. The flow fields of liquid steel for each modification of the ladle shroud were performed. The average velocity of liquid steel flowing through the tundish, the Reynolds number and turbulent intensity were also described. The obtained results showed, among others, that the application of three cylinders with a diameter of 0.041 m into the ladle shroud with a diameter of 0.11 m increases the share of active flow in the tundish in relation to the tundish with Conventional Ladle Shroud. At the same time, applying a ladle shroud with a diameter of 0.11 m during casting is the most favorable in relation to the hydrodynamics of the tundish.
EN
In the presented work, the numerical simulations results of the liquid steel flow in the one strand tundish were shown. Influence of the modification and immersion depth in the liquid steel of the ladle shroud and subflux turbulence controller on hydrodynamic structure of the liquid steel movement in the working space of tundish were examined. The ladle shroud shape modification consisted on the decompression and compression of the main supplying stream of the tundish. The mathematical model used in the numerical simulations through physical modeling and industrial trials were validated. The numerical simulation results (using four variants of the modified ladle shroud immersion depth in the liquid steel) in the isothermal conditions using laboratory experiments on the water model were verified. Whereas, the numerical simulation results (using one of the tundish research variant) for non-isothermal were compared with the results from the industrial measurements. Three turbulence models: Realizable k-ε, RNG k-ε and SST k-ω were used in the computer calculations (performed via the Ansys-Fluent computer program). In order to obtain the actual view of the liquid steel flow hydrodynamic structure in the examined tundish for the two mathematical models using different turbulence models, which were most similar to the laboratory experiments and industrial measurements, the numerical simulations were performed in the non-isothermal conditions. The application in the computer calculations of the SST k-ω turbulence model caused the smallest differences between the numerical simulations, laboratory experiments and industrial measurements. Performed tests showed that ladle shroud can be used as a flow control device and the modified ladle shroud immersion at a depth of 0.1 m in the liquid steel caused the shortest range of the transition zone among the tested cases.
EN
In this work, the authors proposed a modification of the working space one-strand tundish adapted for slab casting process. Numerical simulations of liquid steel flow in the considered flow reactor were performed. The tundish is equipped with a dam with a multi-hole filter. Two variants of the filter hole arrangement were tested and their effect on the liquid steel flow hydrodynamic structure in the tundish was examined. The computer calculations results were verified by performing experiments on the water model. The result of numerical and physical simulations an RTD (Residence Time Distribution) type F curve was generated, which define the transition zone between the cast steel grades during the sequential casting process. The results of the researches showed that the modification of a dam with a multi-hole filter affects on the formation of the liquid steel flow hydrodynamic structure and the transition zone. Furthermore, examinations of the liquid steel refining ability in the considered tundish were carried out. The influence of the filter holes arrangement on the non-metallic inclusions flotation process to the slag phase and liquid steel filtration processes was checked. Numerical simulations were performed in the Ansys-Fluent computer program.
EN
The presented results of investigations are part of a larger study focused on the optimization of the flow and mixing of liquid steel in the industrial tundish of continuous casting machine. The numerical simulations were carried out concern the analysis of hydrodynamic conditions of liquid steel flow in a tundish operating in one of the national steelworks. Numerical simulations were performed using the commercial code ANSYS Fluent. The research concerns two different speeds of steel casting. In real conditions, these speeds are the most commonly used in the technological process when casting two different groups of steel. As a result of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations, predicted spatial distributions of velocity and liquid steel turbulence fields and residence time distribution (RTD) curves were obtained. The volume fractions of different flows occurring in the tundish were also calculated. The results of the research allowed a detailed analysis of the influence of casting speed on the formation of hydrodynamic conditions prevailing in the reactor.
EN
This paper presents the numerical simulation results of the liquid steel flow in a six-strand tundish used for casting billets. The influence of using a ladle shroud, changing its immersion depth in liquid steel on the transition zone, and shaping the liquid steel volume flow were tested. Three positions of the ladle shroud immersion depth in liquid steel were checked. The computer calculation results have shown that the use and position change of the ladle shroud locally influences the shape of the liquid steel hydrodynamic structure in the tundish. The numerical simulations were carried out using the Ansys-Fluent computer program.
PL
W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono wyniki symulacji numerycznych przepływu ciekłej stali w sześciowylewowej kadzi pośredniej przeznaczonej do odlewania wlewków kwadratowych. Testowano wpływ zastosowania wylewu osłonowego i zmiany jego głębokości zanurzenia w ciekłej stali na zakres strefy przejściowej i kształtowanie udziałów przepływu ciekłej stali. Sprawdzono trzy głębokości zanurzenia wylewu osłonowego w ciekłej stali. Rezultaty obliczeń komputerowych wykazały, iż zastosowanie i zmiana położenia wylewu osłonowego wpływa lokalnie na kształt struktury hydrodynamicznej przepływu ciekłej stali w kadzi pośredniej. Symulacje numeryczne zrealizowano z wykorzystaniem programu komputerowego Ansys-Fluent.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki symulacji numerycznych ruchu ciekłej stali w sześciowylewowej kadzi pośredniej stosowanej w procesie ciągłego odlewania wlewków kwadratowych. Wykonano analizę porównawczą dotyczącą przepływu ciekłej stali w warunkach izotermicznych i nieizotermicznych. Sprawdzono wpływ zastosowania otworów bocznych na strukturę hydrodynamiczną przepływu ciekłej stali w kadzi pośredniej. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na wpływ modyfikacji wylewu osłonowego na zachowanie się głównego strumienia zasilającego kadź pośrednią. Zaprezentowano pola przepływu i kinetycznej energii turbulencji ciekłej stali w strefie oddziaływania strumienia zasilającego kadź pośrednią. Analizowano pola ruchu ciekłej stali w strefie poszczególnych wylewów dozatorowych. Otrzymane wyniki badań pozwoliły na oszacowanie udziałów przepływu aktywnego i stagnacyjnego w objętości roboczej rozważanego obiektu. Sprawdzono, czy na strukturę hydrodynamiczną przepływu ciekłej stali w kadzi pośredniej wpływa konwekcja naturalna, stosując konwencjonalny i zmodyfikowany wylew osłonowy. Wykonano symulację zachowania się wtrąceń niemetalicznych w objętości roboczej kadzi pośredniej. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników badań stwierdzono, że modyfikacja wylewu osłonowego wpływa lokalnie na kształt struktury hydrodynamicznej ruchu ciekłej stali w objętości roboczej kadzi pośredniej i intensyfikuje proces rafinacji ciekłej stali z wtrąceń niemetalicznych.
EN
The paper presents the numerical simulation results of liquid steel move in the six-strand tundish for continuous billet casting process. The comparative analysis of the liquid steel flow under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions were performed. The influence of side holes on the liquid steel flow hydrodynamic structure in the tundish was checked. A special attention has been paid to the influence of ladle shroud modification on the behavior of the main supplying stream of tundish. The fields of flow and turbulent kinetic energy of liquid steel in the zone of main supplying stream influencing were presented. Fields of liquid steel move in the individual zones of the single piece well nozzles were analyzed. Received research results allowed to estimate the active and stagnant flow in the considered object working volume. The influence of natural convection on the liquid steel flow hydrodynamic structure in the tundish using a conventional and modified ladle shroud was checked. Based on the obtained research results, it was found that the ladle shroud modification influences locally the shape of the liquid steel move hydrodynamic structure in the tundish working volume and intensifies the refining process of liquid steel from non-metallic inclusions.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki symulacji numerycznych przepływu ciekłej stali w sześcio-wylewowej kadzi pośredniej przeznaczonej do ciągłego odlewania wlewków kwadratowych. Zbadano wpływ zastosowania i zmiany głębokości zanurzenia w ciekłej stali wylewu osłonowego kadzi stalowniczej. Autorzy zaproponowali trzy warianty głębokości zanurzenia wylewu osłonowego. Bazowym wariantem badawczym była kadź pośrednia zasilana z kadzi stalowniczej niewyposażonej w wylew osłonowy. W ramach badań wykonano analizę struktury hydrodynamicznej przepływu ciekłej stali w strefie oddziaływania strumienia zasilającego. Ponadto, sprawdzono zdolność rafinacyjną wtrąceń niemetalicznych badanej kadzi pośredniej i wykonano analizę dystrybucji wtrąceń niemetalicznych pomiędzy poszczególnymi krystalizatorami. Wyniki obliczeń wykazały, iż zastosowanie i zmiana położenia wylewu osłonowego kadzi stalowniczej w procesie ciągłego odlewania stali wpływa na kierunki przepływu ciekłej stali w strefie oddziaływania strumienia zasilającego i na proces flotacji wtrąceń niemetalicznych do fazy żużla.
EN
The paper presents outcomes of the liquid steel flow numerical simulation in the six-strand tundish for continuous billet casting. Influence of use and change the ladle shroud immersion depth in liquid steel was examined. The authors proposed three cases of the ladle shroud immersion depths. The base research variant was tundish which was feeded by steel ladle without ladle shroud. The analysis of the liquid steel flow hydrodynamic structure was performed in the zone of main supplying stream influencing for all of the considered variants. Furthermore, ability of non-metallic inclusions refining in the considered tundish was checked and the analysis of the non-metallic inclusions distribution between the individual molds was performed. The calculation results showed that the use and location change of the ladle shroud in the continuous steel casting process affected the direction of liquid steel flow in the zone of the influence of main supplying stream and on the process of non-metallic inclusions floatation into slag.
EN
The object of investigation was the one-strand tundish with flow control device such as gas permeable barrier (GPB). The aim of this flow control device was to activate the motion of liquid steel in the tundish longitudinal axis region. Computer simulation of the liquid steel flow and argon behaviour in isothermal turbulent motion conditions was done using the Ansys-Fluent computer program. For the validation of the hydrodynamic patterns obtained from computer simulations, a isothermal tundish glass model was used. Tundish glass model enables the recording of the visualization of fluid medium motion through the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method. Based on computer simulations, the liquid steel flow path lines in the tundish with GPB was obtained. For explain the hydrodynamic phenomena occurring in the tundish working space, the Buoyancy number has been calculated.
EN
Detailed studies of the movement of liquid steel (hydrodynamics) on a real object are practically impossible. The solution to this problem are physical modelling carried out on water models and numerical modelling using appropriate programs. The method of numerical modelling thanks to the considerable computing power of modern computers gives the possibility of solving very complex problems. The paper presents the results of model tests of liquid flow through tundish. The examined object was model of the twonozzle tundish model. The ANSYS Fluent program was used to describe the behavior of liquid in the working area of the tundish model. Numerical simulations were carried out using two numerical methods of turbulence description: RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) – model k-ε and LES (Large Eddy Simulation). The results obtained from CFD calculations were compared with the results obtained using the water model.
EN
The main purpose of the present work was to validate the numerical model for the pulse-step liquid steel alloying method using a physical simulator that enables the observation and recording of phenomena occurring during the continuous steel casting process. The facility under investigation was a single-nozzle tundish equipped with a dam. To physical trials the glass water model was made on a scale of 2:5. For the mathematical description of turbulence during liquid steel alloying process, the k-ε and k-ω models were employed in the simulations. Based on the computer simulations and physical trials carried out, alloy addition behaviour and mixing curves for different tundish alloy addition feeding positions were obtained. The change in the location of alloy addition feeding to the liquid steel had an effect on the process of alloy addition spread in the liquid steel bulk and on the mixing time.
EN
A mathematical model is developed to investigate the electromagnetic induction heating in a continuous casting tundish with the double-loop inductor. Maxwell’s equations are solved using finite element method to obtain the magnetic flux density, electromagnetic force, and Joule heating. Results show that the induced current through the two channels generates a current loop. The electromagnetic force points to the center of the channel, thus generating a pinch effect on the molten steel. With the skin effect and proximity effect, Joule heating rate reaches its maximum and minimum values at the corners and the center of the crosssection area respectively. Power ampere-turn has a significant influence on the electromagnetic force and Joule heating density. As ampere-turns vary from 3.6×104 to 2.16×105, Joule heating rate increases from 2.4 MW m-3 to 85 MW m-3. Electromagnetic force also increases from 8×104 N m-3 to 3×106 N m-3 in the center axis line of the channel. The present work reveals the relationship between magnetic flux density and electromagnetic force. The results will be helpful in adjusting the electromagnetic field in channel-induction furnaces and modifying the design of channel parameters.
PL
W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki symulacji numerycznej przepływu ciekłej stali przez kadź pośrednią. Celem badań było sprawdzenie wpływu zmiany głębokości zanurzenia rury osłonowej kadzi stalowniczej na obraz przepływu ciekłej stali w kadzi pośredniej. W ramach symulacji komputerowych uzyskano graficzny rozkład pól ruchu, intensywności turbulencji oraz temperatury ciekłej stali. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, iż zmiana głębokości zanurzenia rury osłonowej kadzi stalowniczej wpływa na kształt struktury przepływu ciekłej stali w objętości roboczej badanego obiektu. Symulacje numeryczne wykonano w programie Ansys-Fluent.
EN
The paper presents results of numerical simulation of the flow of liquid steel through the tundish. The aim of the study was examined the influence of changing the ladle shroud immersion depth on image flow of liquid steel in tundish. Within computer simulations obtained graphical distribution of fields movement, turbulence intensity and temperature of liquid steel. Based on obtained results it was found that a change the ladle shroud immersion depth influences on shape of the structure flow of liquid steel in working volume of examined objects. Numerical simulations were made in Ansys-Fluent.
EN
This article presents the results of a computer simulation of the flow of liquid steel through a one-strand tundish. In this paper, we examine four immersion depths of a ladle shroud in liquid steel. The simulation was performed for a sequence of slab castings. The effect of the calculations were residence time distribution curves (RTD), type (F). Based on the distribution curves, the range of the transition zone for the different variants of the immersion depth of a ladle shroud were estimated. Based on the results of numerical calculations, it was found that increasing the immersion depth of the ladle shroud in liquid steel influences the range of the transition zone. For numerical simulations of the flow of liquid steel, the Ansys-Fluent program was used.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki symulacji komputerowej przepływu ciekłej stali przez jednowylewową kadź pośrednią. W pracy rozpatrzono cztery głębokości zanurzenia wylewu osłonowego w ciekłej stali. Symulację wykonano dla sekwencji odlewania wlewków płaskich. Efektem obliczeń było uzyskanie krzywych czasu przebywania RTD (Residence Time Distributions) typu (F). Na podstawie rozkładu krzywych oszacowano zakres strefy przejściowej dla poszczególnych wariantów głębokości zanurzenia wylewu osłonowego. Na podstawie wyników obliczeń numerycznych stwierdzono, że wzrost głębokości zanurzenia wylewu osłonowego w ciekłej stali wpływa na zakres strefy przejściowej. Do symulacji numerycznej przepływu ciekłej stali zastosowano program Ansys-Fluent.
15
Content available remote Vacuum Shroud (VS) for production of clean steel in tundish
EN
Purpose: Ladle to tundish melt transfer is paramount importance over the last three decades to controlling the cleanliness of high value steel. Tundish is an important buffer between ladle and mould where inclusion separation, flotation can be enhanced and exposed slag eye formation can be hindered by applying the knowledge of fluid dynamics as well heat transfer by changing the design of conventional flow modifiers towards production of ultra clean steel. Design/methodology/approach: In current numerical investigation a new conceptual flow control device called ‘vacuum shroud (VS)’ has been proposed to reduce slag eye formation, emulsifications and unwanted inclusions generations. Due to upward suction force from the side of the pouring nozzle the device is quite capable to reduce turbulence and emulsification within the tundish melt. Findings: Approximately 76% improvement in the overall process and 40% enhancement to inclusion floatability are predictable by using current flow control device (FCD). Research limitations/implications: Slag eye formation during pouring of liquid steel to tundish is a barrier to clean steel production on sustained manner. Several efforts have been made over the decades to resolve this phenomenon by suppressing the turbulence within this reactor incorporating many innovative flow control refractory’s like turbo-stop, trumpet shroud, advance pouring box, dissipative shroud, velocity break shroud, swirling flow shroud etc. But ultimate success is not possible to reach. Originality/value: The present investigation is development of an innovative flow control device (FCD) to control the aforementioned problems within this metallurgical reactor.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki symulacji numerycznych przepływu ciekłej stali przez jednowylewową kadź pośrednią. W badaniach testowano dwa rozwiązania zabudowy przestrzeni roboczej kadzi pośredniej, stosując dwie przegrody oraz różne warianty głębokości zanurzenia wylewu osłonowego w ciekłej stali. Wynikami badań było porównanie i ocena udziałów procentowych przepływu tłokowego, stagnacyjnego i idealnego mieszania w poszczególnych wariantach. W rezultacie wykonanych obliczeń uzyskano krzywe RTD (Residence Time Distributions) typu E. W ramach badań utworzono obraz przepływu ciekłej stali dla wariantów z wysoką przegrodą. Uzyskane wyniki obliczeń numerycznych świadczą o wpływie głębokości zanurzenia wylewu osłonowego w ciekłej stali oraz zmiany konstrukcji przestrzeni roboczej kadzi pośredniej na strukturę przepływu ciekłej stali przez kadź pośrednią. Symulacje numeryczne zrealizowano w programie komputerowym Ansys-Fluent.
EN
The article presents results of numerical simulations of liquid steel flow through one-strand tundish. In the investigations two solutions of arrangements of two dams in the tudnish working volume and various variants of ladle shroud immersion depth in liquid steel were applied. The results of research were comparison and assessment of the percentage share volume of the plug, dead and well mixing flows, for the examined variants. In result of performed calculations the RTD curves (Residence Time Distributions) of E type were obtained. As part of the investigation a pattern of liquid steel flow for variants with high dam was created. Obtained results of numerical calculations testifies the influence of ladle shroud immersion depth in liquid steel and a change of construction of the tundish working volume on flow structure of liquid steel through tundish. Numerical simulations were performed in computer program Ansys-Fluent.
PL
W niniejszej pracy zaprezentowano rezultaty symulacji numerycznych przepływu ciekłej stali przez kadź pośrednią. Autorzy zaproponowali osiem wariantów badawczych. Zastosowano cztery rodzaje głębokości zanurzenia wylewu osłonowego w ciekłej stali i dwa rodzaje zabudowy objętości roboczej kadzi pośredniej. Obliczenia wykonano symulując proces odlewania sekwencyjnego wlewków płaskich. Celem pracy była analiza i porównanie zakresu strefy przejściowej pomiędzy proponowanymi wariantami. Rezultatem badań było uzyskanie krzywych czasu przebywania RTD (Residence Time Distributions) typu (F). Wykonane symulacje wykazały, iż zmiana głębokości zanurzenia wylewu osłonowego w ciekłej stali i konstrukcji kadzi pośredniej wpływają na formowanie się strefy przejściowej podczas odlewania kolejno po sobie gatunków stali o odmiennym składzie chemicznym. Obliczenia wykonano w programie komputerowym Ansys-Fluent.
EN
This article presents the results of numerical simulations of the flow of liquid steel through tundish. Authors proposed eight examined variants. It was applied four kinds of ladle shroud immersion depth in liquid steel and two kinds of building working volume in tundish. Calculations were performed to simulating sequential casting process of slabs casting. The aim of article was analysis and compare transition zone between proposed variants. From performed investigation a residence time distributions curves (RTD) type of (F) were obtained. Performed simulations were showed that change of ladle shroud immersion depth in liquid steel and construction of tundish infuences on forming transition zone during continuous casting one by one different heats with respect to chemical compositions. Calculations were performed in computer program Ansys-Fluent.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki symulacji komputerowych przepływu ciekłej stali w jednowylewowej kadzi pośredniej. Autorzy zbadali wpływ długości wylewu osłonowego kadzi stalowniczej na rezultaty obliczeń oraz podjęli się modyfikacji konstrukcji wylewu osłonowego, poprzez rozprężanie i sprężanie strumienia ciekłej stali zasilającego kadź pośrednią, przy stopniowej zmianie średnicy otworu wylewowego. Rezultatem symulacji numerycznych były pola przepływu, temperatur i intensywności turbulencji ciekłej stali dla poszczególnych wariantów badawczych. Sprawdzono zakres strefy przejściowej, symulując proces odlewania sekwencyjnego dwóch gatunków stali o odmiennym składzie chemicznym. Dokonano analizy prędkości przepływu ciekłej stali w konwencjonalnym i zmodyfikowanym wylewie osłonowym kadzi stalowniczej. Sprawdzono oddziaływanie konwekcji naturalnej na kształtowanie struktury przepływu ciekłej stali w kadzi pośredniej, stosując konwencjonalny i zmodyfikowany wylew osłonowy kadzi stalowniczej.
EN
The article presents the computer simulations results of liquid steel flow in a one-strand tundish. The authors examined influence ladle shroud length and ladle shroud construction on results of liquid steel stream behaviour in tundish. The results of numerical simulations were obtained in the form of liquid steel flow field, temperature and turbulent intensity for each examined variant. The transition zone was verified by simulating the sequential casting process of two different grades of steel. The flow velocity of the liquid steel was analyzed in a conventional and modified ladle shroud. Influence of natural convection on shape of the liquid steel flow in the tundish was checked using a conventional and modified ladle shroud.
EN
This paper deals with the issue of physical modelling of vortexes creation and tundish slag entrainment over the mouth of the nozzle into the individual casting strands. Proper physical model is equivalent to the operational continuous casting machine No. 2 in TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s. Physical modelling methodology and simulated operational conditions are shortly described. Physical modelling was used for the evaluation of current conditions of steel casting at the application of different impact pads in the tundish. Further, laboratory measurement on the physical model aiming the determination of exact critical periods of vortexes creation and study of the slag entrainment as a consequence of changes in surface level during the tundish refilling to standard level were realised. The obtained results were analysed and discussed.
PL
Celem pracy było określenie wpływu kształtu wewnętrznego inhibitorów turbulencji na charakter przepływu stali w kadzi pośredniej w oparciu o badania modelowe. Badania laboratoryjne w modelowej kadzi pośredniej z udziałem opracowanych kształtek wykonano na Wydziale Inżynierii Materiałowej i Metalurgii Politechniki Śląskiej w Katowicach, który dysponuje instalacją do symulacji fizycznych przepływu. Badania te przeprowadzono z udziałem trzech wariantów konstrukcyjnych kształtek. Wykazano, że istnieją istotne różnice w sposobie generowania charakteru przepływu cieczy w modelu kadzi pośredniej przez inhibitor turbulencji o różnej budowie.
EN
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the shape of the turbulence inhibitors on the nature of liquid steel flow in the tundish, based on model tests. Laboratory studies of flow in the tundish equipped with developed turbulence inhibitors were performed at the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Silesia in Katowice. Tests were conducted using three structural variants of inhibitors. It has been shown that there are significant differences in the nature of the fluid flow in the tundish equipped with flow controller with a different structures.
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