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1

Tsunami event identified in a sedimentary record of the Gaza Strip, Palestine

Ubeid Khalid Fathi

Studia Quaternaria

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2021

|

Vol. 38, Nr 1

43--51

EN

The outcrop of the tsunami deposits, about 6 m thick, is located in the archaeological site Tel Askan in the Al Zhraa locality, southwest of the Gaza City. These deposits are unconformably underlain by sand dunes and sharply overlain by a palaeosol. They are pale gray sands mixed with volcanic ash and fine-grained deposits, and are intercalated with peat, few centimetres thick. The sand-sized grains are well rounded and well sorted, and consist mainly of quartz and subordinate of feldspar. Both macro- and microfossils were observed from tsunami deposits. Additionally, rip-up clasts and pottery shards were observed, indicating higher-flow regime. The potteries in tsunami deposits provide evidence for tsunami inundation at distance of about 1 km from the present shoreline.

2

Post event feld observations in the İzmir–Sığacık village for the tsunami of the 30 October 2020 Samos (Greece) Mw 6.9 earthquake

Aksoy M. Ersen

Acta Geophysica

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2021

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Vol. 69, no. 3

1113--1125

EN

The Mw 6.9 Samos earthquake occurred on 30 October 2020 11:51 ofshore of the Samos island, west of the Kuşadası bay in the Aegean Sea. The earthquake caused destruction in villages of Greece and Turkey. The earthquake intensity reached a maximum of VII in İzmir–Bayraklı. A tsunami followed the shock and hit many villages around Samos and the Kuşadası bay. The Sığacık village of Izmir-Turkey sufered heavily from the tsunami. A post-event feld survey in Sığacık has been conducted on 31 October 2020, and measurements of fow depth, run-up and limits of inundation were collected. The tsunami inundated the entire coastal area in Sığacık for at least 200 m inland. The maximum inundation has been observed NE of Sığacık. Sea water reached a distance of 391±2 m. The maximum run-up is measured as 5.3±0.3 m north of Sığacık. This is the highest value for the Samos tsunami measured along the Greek and Turkish coastal areas. The high run-up value is attributed to the elongated geometry of the Sığacık bay, the shallow seafoor, the low and fat land morphology in Sığacık and to the existence of four>70-m-long E–W trending channels. The tsunami left limited amount of clay to sand size sediments forming a layer of less than 2–3 cm in the depression areas in Sığacık. The limited amount of evidence remained from the tsunami of this Mw 6.9 earthquake in Sığacık (a location with signifcant inundation and the highest run-up value) signifes the difculty of palaeo-tsunami surveys for the Aegean Sea region.

3

Analiza bezpośrednich skutków awarii w elektrowni jądrowej Fujushima Daiichi skażenie radioaktywne

Rzymkowski Krzysztof

Postępy Techniki Jądrowej

|

2019

|

z. 1

2--6

PL

W opracowaniu przedstawiono wnioski z analizy skutków awarii w elektrowni jądrowej Fukushima Daiichi oraz powstałe zagrożenie radiacyjne w jej wyniku.

EN

Analysis of cosequences of Fukushima Daiichi Power plant incydent with respect to resulting radioactivity threat is prsented.

4

The Impact of Tsunami on Mangrove Spatial Change in Eastern Coastal of Biak Island, Indonesia

Hamuna Baigo, Kalor John Dominggus, Tablaseray Vivia Elvanny

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 3

1--6

EN

This study was conducted to find out how large was the impact of the tsunami incident of 1996 on the mangrove spatial change and also to understand the distribution and level of mangrove density before and after tsunami in Biak Island (Oridek District and East Biak District), Biak Numfor Regency, Indonesia. In order to determine the condition of mangrove before tsunami, landsat 5 TM satellite image acquisition of July 6, 1994 and landsat 7 ETM+ satellite image acquisition of August 31, 2000 were used. The information about the distribution and extent of mangroves was obtained by analyzing the spectral values based on color composite image (RGB 453) and NDVI analysis. Overlay map of the result satellite image interpretation was used to learn the change of mangrove spatial extent area due to tsunami. The result showed that the mangrove area before the tsunami was 286.83 Ha (high density 36.63 Ha, medium density 140.60 Ha and small density 109.60 Ha), meanwhile the mangrove extent area after the tsunami was 102.51 Ha (high density 24.39 Ha, medium density 22,86 Ha and small density 55.26 Ha). The mangrove conditions before tsunami were crucial to the impact of mangrove area degradation directly. The change of mangrove spatial extent into two districts after tsunami occurred in 1996 amounts to 184.32 Ha, which it approximately 202.50 Ha mangrove being lost and the addition of mangrove in the new area are 18.18 Ha. The tsunami that occurred in 1996 affected the coastal ecosystems, especially the mangrove ecosystems in Oridek District.

5

Tsunami-driven plane acoustic waves in the atmosphere

Leble Sergey, Smirnona Ekaterina

TASK Quarterly : scientific bulletin of Academic Computer Centre in Gdansk

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2018

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Vol. 22, No 3

237--253

EN

A problem of analytical-numerical modeling of the plane wave propagation from an ocean surface to the atmosphere is considered. We are interested in the thermosphere impact of tsunami waves. We suppose that the transport of energy and the momentum from lower atmosphere to thermosphere heights is due to acoustic waves.A set of expressions for the atmosphere variables (pressure, velocity, entropy) as a function of the atmosphere parameters, time and height is derived and illustrated by plots. The surface water wave parameters, typical for tsunami also enter final expressions for the atmosphere and ionosphere variables.

6

Mosty na Sri Lance w rejonie tsunami

Stańczyk A.

Drogownictwo

|

2018

|

nr 3

102--106

PL

W 2004 roku, w wybrzeża Sri Lanki uderzyła fala tsunami niosąc śmierć i zniszczenia. Po kilku latach odbudowano zniesione mosty. Ich kształty i cechy są przedmiotem opisu i rozważań trwałości.

EN

In 2004, a tsunami hit the coast of Sri Lanka, bringing with it death and destruction. After a few years destroyed bridges were rebuilt. Their shapes and properties are the subject of description and consideration of durability.

7

Identifying the role of initial wave parameters on tsunami focusing

Aydın B.

Acta Geophysica

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2018

|

Vol. 66, no. 3

283--291

EN

Unexpected local tsunami amplification, which is referred to as tsunami focusing, is attributed to two different mechanisms: bathymetric features of the ocean bottom such as underwater ridges and dipolar shape of the initial wave itself. In this study, we characterize the latter; that is, we explore how amplitude and location of the focusing point vary with certain geometric parameters of the initial wave such as its steepness and crest length. Our results reveal two important features of tsunami focusing: for mild waves maximum wave amplitude increases significantly with transverse length of wave crest, while location of the focusing point is almost invariant. For steep waves, on the other hand, increasing crest length dislocates focusing point significantly, while it causes a rather small increase in wave maximum.

8

Numerical modeling of tsunami wave destruction and turbulent mixing at tsunami wave clash on the shore

Kshevetskii S., Vereshchagina I.

TASK Quarterly : scientific bulletin of Academic Computer Centre in Gdansk

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2016

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Vol. 20, No 2

157--169

EN

A numerical model of propagation of internal gravity waves in a stratified medium is applied to the problem of tsunami wave run-up onto a shore. In the model, the ocean and the atmosphere are considered as a united continuum in which the density varies with height with a saltus at the water-air interface. The problem solution is sought as a generalized (weak) solution; such a mathematical approach automatically ensures correct conditions of matching of the solutions used on a water-air interlayer. The density stratification in the ocean and in the atmosphere is supposed to be described with an exponential function, but in the ocean a scale of the density stratification takes a large value and the density changes slightly. The initial wave running to a shore is taken in the form of a long solitary wave. The wave evolution is simulated with consideration of the time-varying vertical wave structure. Near the shore, the wave breaks down, and intensive turbulent mixing develops in the water thickness. The wave breakdown effect depends on the bottom shape. In the case when the bottom slope is small and the inshore depth grows slowly with the distance from the shore, mixing happens only in the upper stratum of the fluid due to the formation of a quiet region near the bottom. When the bottom slope takes a sufficiently large value, the depth where fluid mixing takes place goes down up to 50 meters. The developed model shows that the depth of the mixing effects strongly depends on the bottom shape, and the model may be useful for investigation of the impact strong gales and hurricanes on the coastline and beaches.

9

Wiszące miasta przyszłości

Fedyczkowski Z. E.

Środowisko Mieszkaniowe

|

2013

|

nr 11

114--129

PL

Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie autorskiej wizji miast przyszłości. Dziś największym niebezpieczeństwem dla miast są postępujące zmiany klimatyczne i związane z nimi zagrożenia. Ok. 1/6 populacji żyje na terenach nadmorskich, skrajnie narażonych na kataklizmy, a tereny zagrożone są, paradoksalnie, najchętniej zasiedlane. Rośnie częstotliwość kataklizmów (huragany i tsunami), potwierdzony jest stały wzrost poziomu morza, a systemy obronne i infrastruktura miast nie rozwija się. Tragicznym przykładem jest Nowy Jork, zdewastowany przez huragany Irene (2011) i Sandy (2012). Proponowane rozwiązania budowania tam i ewakuacji ludności są niezdecydowane, kosztowne i nie dają gwarancji bezpieczeństwa. Proponowane rozwiązanie to bezwzględne podniesienie wszystkiego, co użytkuje człowiek – budynków i infrastruktury. Lekkie, wytrzymałe struktury wiszące znakomicie spełnią to zadanie. Miasto na wysokości funkcjonuje w czasie kataklizmu, do każdego obiektu jest dostęp, a ludzie każdorazowo nie tracą całego dobytku. „Wiszące miasta” są nie tylko bezpieczne, ale także piękne i przyjazne. Połączenia między budynkami, zagospodarowane dachy i podniesione przestrzenie publiczne są postulatami, które w przekonaniu autora powinny być wymagane zawsze i wszędzie, aby upiększać miasta i sprzyjać życiu publicznemu.

EN

The objective of this article is to present an authorial vision of the cities of the future. These days, the worst threat to cities is the progressing climate change with the related phenomena. About one sixth of the global population lives in seaside areas which are extremely exposed to cataclysms but endangered zones are, paradoxically, most inhabited. The frequency of disasters (hurricanes and tsunamis) is rising, a constant increase in the sea level is proved, whereas defensive systems and urban infrastructure are not developing. A tragic example is New York devastated by hurricanes named Irene (2011) and Sandy (2012). The proposed solutions of building dams and evacuating people are shaky, costly and do not guarantee safety. A suggested solution is to raise everything that man uses: buildings and infrastructure. Light, durable hanging structures will fulfill this assignment excellently. A city at a height still functions during a disaster – there is access to every object, while people do not lose their entire belongings each time. “Hanging cities” are not just safe but also beautiful and friendly. Connections between buildings, developed roofs and raised public spaces are postulates which – in the author’s opinion – should be required always and everywhere in order to beautify cities and support public life.

10

The palaeogeographical background of Late Devonian storm events in the western part of the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland)

Vierek Aleksandra

Geologos

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2013

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Vol. 19, No. 4

257--272

EN

Late Devonian coarse-grained carbonate deposits in the Holy Cross Mountains were studied for possible storm depositional systems and catastrophic tsunami events, as it must be assumed that the investigated area was strongly affected by tropical hurricanes generated in the open ocean North of Gondwana. This assumption appears consistent with diagnostic features of carbonate tempestites at several places in the Holy Cross Mountains. Sedimentary structures and textures that indicate so are, among other evidence, erosional bases with sole marks, graded units, intra- and bioclasts, different laminations and burrowing at the tops of tempestite layers. It has been suggested before that a tsunami occurred during the Late Devonian, but the Laurussian shelf had an extensional regime at the time, which excludes intensive seismic activity. The shelf environment also excluded the generation of tsunami waves because the depth was too shallow. Additionally, the Holy Cross Mountains region was surrounded in the Devonian by shallow-marine and stable elevated areas: the Nida Platform, the Opatkowice Platform and the Cracow Platform to the South, and the elevated Lublin-Lviv area to the NE. Thus, tsunami energy should have been absorbed by these regions if tsunamites would have occurred.

11

The safety of the shipping and ports in the aspect of the tsunami events

Wiśniewski B., Wolski T.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Akademia Morska w Szczecinie

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2012

|

nr 30 (102)

150-157

EN

The paper presents the influence of the tsunami on the safety of the shipping and seaports. The analysis based on the tsunami from 11 March 2011 on Japanese islands and coasts of Pacific. The paper describes the destruction caused by tsunami waves, both in port and coastal infrastructure. A list of casualties in dry bulk vessels and boats in Japan and in the U.S. coastis presented. Recommendations for ships with the warnings and messages before the tsunami are identified.

PL

W artykule przeanalizowano wpływ fali tsunami na bezpieczeństwo żeglugi i portów morskich. Analiza oparta jest o tsunami z 11 marca 2011 r., które wystąpiło na wyspach japońskich i wybrzeżach Pacyfiku. Opisano zniszczenia wywołane falą tsunami w infrastrukturze portowej i brzegowej, a także przedstawiono wykaz strat wśród statków masowych i mniejszych jednostek w Japonii i u wybrzeży USA. Wskazano rekomendacje dla statków przy ostrzeżeniach przed tsunami i komunikatach.

12

Problem tsunamitów. Dlaczego tak mało jest kopalnych osadów tsunami?

Łuczyński P.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2012

|

Vol. 60, nr 11

598–-604

EN

Tsunami is a common phenomenon and one of the most dangerous natural hazards of the modern world. Taking into account the relative high frequency of tsunamis in historical times, we can expect accordingly rich geological records of similar events from fossil formations. However, palaeotsunami deposits are surprisingly rare, mainly because of the difficulty of discerning them from sediments formed by other processes, e.g. storms. Part of the problem lies in the definition of tsunamite, which refers only to the triggering process, and in a different approach while discerning modern and fossil tsunamites. Modern tsunamites are identified by connecting the deposits to a particular historical tsunami event, even if they contain no diagnostic sedimentological features - an approach, which cannot be applied to fossil formations. This can lead to an impression that modern tsunami deposits are much more common than their fossil counterparts, which in turn suggest great intensification of tsunami events in historical times. Lately, a great number ofpapers have been published on sedimentary effects of modern tsunamis. The studies concentrated on land and near-shore areas. Many authors point out that the sedimentary record left by tsunami is commonly surprisingly mean and with a very low preservation potential. When interpreting fossil successions, the most important features that might indicate their tsunamite genesis are: mixing of material derivedfrom various facial zones, evidence of deep erosion and long transport, and association with other symptoms of seismic activity. The stromatoporoid biostromal accumulations in the Upper Silurian ofPodolia are presented here as possible palaeotsunamite deposits. Thick layers of redeposited stromatoporoids within fine-grained peritidal deposits are interpreted as an effect of onshore transport of this relatively light material during high-energy sedimentary events, such as tsunami. In many ways, the stromatoporoid beds resemble modern accumulations oftsunami-derived boulders.

13

Po trzęsieniu ziemi i tsunami

Rzymkowski K.

Postępy Techniki Jądrowej

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2012

|

z. 4

15--22

14

Remarks on elements of Japanese landscape and their geotouristic attractiveness

Myga-Piątek U.

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

|

2012

|

nr 3-4

17--34

EN

For western tourists Japan is a mysterious country. That mystery was further increased by relatively long-lasting political isolationism, which consequently resulted in tourism isolationism. With tragic events - a 9-magnitude earthquake and a resulting gigantic tsunami, reaching 10 meters in height (11.03.2011) in the background, the author will analyze the geotourist potential of Japan. It can be predicted that, paradoxically, the strong earthquake and tsunami will soon result in an increased inflow of tourists. That might be related to the development of many new forms of geotourism, among which dark tourism became most and most popular. In this highly urbanized country, the geological heritage creates relict landscapes which could be referred to as quasi-natural. There are very interesting from a tourist point of view. The article was based on the author's own observations during her study trip around Japan in May, 2009. The journey around picturesque and to a great extent wild, as for Japan, spots of Shikoku and Honshu, inspired the author to present a few notes regarding the geotourist attractiveness of that country. This is an attempt to assess the environmental potential from the point of view of an European tourist.

PL

Dla zachodnich turystów Japonia jest bardzo tajemniczym krajem. Tajemniczość ta wynika z długotrwałego izolacjonizmu politycznego, pociągającego za sobą zjawisko izolacjonizmu turystycznego. Artykuł analizuje potencjał geoturystyczny Japonii na tle tragicznych w skutkach wydarzeń z 11 marca 2011 r. - trzęsienia ziemi o magnitudzie 9 i fali tsunami o wysokości 10 m. Można przypuszczać, że paradoksalnie silne trzęsienie i tsunami spowoduje w krótkim czasie zwiększony napływ turystów. Może to być skutkiem rozwoju wielu odmian geoturystyki oraz rosnącej popularności tzw. dark tourism. W wysoko zurbanizowanym kraju dziedzictwo geologiczne tworzy reliktowe krajobrazy o stosunkowo wysokim stopniu naturalności. Mogą one być bardzo atrakcyjne dla turystów. Artykuł powstał na bazie obserwacji poczynionych podczas objazdu Japonii w maju 2009 r. Podróż przez malownicze i w dużym stopniu dziewicze jak na Japonię miejsca na Honsiu i Sikoku zainspirowały autorkę do przedstawienia kilku uwag o atrakcyjności geoturystycznej Japonii. Jest to jednocześnie próba oceny potencjału środowiskowego Japonii z punktu widzenia europejskiego turysty.

15

Elektrownia Fukushima Jeden

Rzymkowski K.

Postępy Techniki Jądrowej

|

2011

|

z. 1

4-5

16

Wpływ fali portowej "tsunami-2011" na gospodarkę morską Japonii

Ficoń K.

Logistyka

|

2011

|

nr 5

PL

We wstępie scharakteryzowano fizyczną naturę fali portowej tsunami – jej przyczyny, siłę i dynamikę oraz społeczno-gospodarcze skutki dla strefy wybrzeża morskiego. W dalszej części przedstawiono aktualny potencjał gospodarczy Japonii oraz jej tradycje i sposoby zwalczania klęsk żywiołowych. Na tym tle omówiono obraz zniszczeń i bezpośredni wpływ fali Tsunami-2011 na stosunki społeczno-polityczne i gospodarkę morską Japonii. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na przerwane łańcuchy dostaw drogą morską i chwilowe załamanie się trans granicznych procesów zaopatrzeniowodystrybucyjnych. Przedstawiono także straty i zniszczenia spowodowane falą tsunami w rybołówstwie morskim i w sektorze żywnościowym rejonów dotkniętych katastrofą. W zakończeniu omówiono zasadnicze problemy krytyczne związane aktualnie z kryzysem energetycznym w Japonii i zagrożeniem promieniotwórczym w rejonach uszkodzonych elektrowni atomowych Fukushima I i Fukushima II.

EN

In the introduction, characterized the physical nature of the wave harbor tsunami – its causes, the strength and dynamics and socio-economic consequences for the marine coastal zone. This section gives the current economic potential of Japan and its traditions, and ways to combat natural disasters. Against this background, discusses the image of destruction and direct impact wave of Tsunami- 2011 in the socio-political relations and Japan's maritime economy. Particular attention was paid to supply chains interrupted by sea and instantaneous collapse of the trans-border distribution processes. It also describes the loss and destruction caused by the tsunami on marine fisheries and food sector affected areas. In conclusion, discusses the major critical issues associated with the current energy crisis in Japan and radioactive threats in the areas of damaged nuclear power plants Fukushima I and Fukushima II.

17

Skartować Armagedon

Królikowski J.

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

|

2011

|

nr 4

8-11

18

Zarządzanie transportem a katastroficzne zjawiska geofizyczne

Kapuściński J., Zabielski M.

Logistyka

|

2009

|

nr 4

CD-CD

PL

W zarządzaniu transportem niezwykle ważną rolę odgrywa umiejętność posługiwania się informacjami o wszelkich naturalnych zagrożeniach dla komunikacji. Teledetekcja satelitarna jest podstawowym narzędziem pracy w meteorologii synoptycznej, której informacje są nieodzowne dla osób zarządzających transportem w skali regionu, kraju jak i świata. Możliwość wykorzystania materiałów zbieranych za pomocą sztucznych satelitów znacząco wpłynęła na skuteczność prognozy wystąpienia różnych zjawisk geofizycznych, które dotykają bezpośrednio lub pośrednio każdego z nas, a w skrajnych przypadkach potrafią pustoszyć obszary Ziemi sięgające milionów hektarów, jak np. w przypadku tsunami. Rozwój informatyki w ciągu ostatnich kilkudziesięciu lat dostarczył narzędzi pozwalających pośrednio wyjaśnić wiele zjawisk pogodowych. Sprawne funkcjonowanie systemów wczesnego wykrycia oraz zawiadamiania o nich jest podstawą, na której bazować powinni zarządcy transportu. Stąd też próba przedstawiania podstawowych informacji z zakresu współczesnej meteorologii synoptycznej, która dostępna jest dla każdej zainteresowanej osoby [1, 2].

EN

Capability to utilize the information concerning the natural endangerment to the transportation plays an important role in the transportation management. Satellite teledetection is a basic tool in synoptic meteorology; its information is crucial for transportation logistics specialists both in the regional, national and world scale. The possibility to utilize the materials collected from artificial satellites has considerably influenced the effectiveness of forecasts concerning occurrence of various geophysical phenomena which have a direct or indirect impact on each of us. In extreme cases they may also bring disaster to the globe influencing millions of hectares, e.g. tsunami. The influence of informatics science within the last tens of years has provided us with a number of tools which are helpful in indirect interpretation of numerous weather phenomena. Efficient functioning of early detection systems and passing the information about the phenomena constitutes the basis for specialists in logistics to be used. Neglecting a proverbial small-size cloud is not exceptional and it should be paid attention to. That is why an attempt has been undertaken to present the basic information from the area of contemporary synoptic meteorology, which is available to everybody who is interested in the problem [1, 2].

19

Threats to the safety of navigation resulting from the tsunami

Wiśniewski B., Wolski T.

Transport Problems

|

2008

|

T. 3, z. 2

83-88

EN

The tsunami traveling times were examined in connection to the earthquake that took place on 26 December 2004 in the Indian Ocean, changing the sea level as far as the Atlantic. For 17 ports located on the coasts of the two oceans theoretical times of wave arrival at the ports were calculated and compared with the real data recorded by mareographs. It has been found that the theoretical and real times differed, which can be explained by the effect of shallow water. Furthermore, as regards to the earthquake itself, instead of a single point epicenter as it was reported, it should have been considered as a zone of continental plates subduction extending 1200 km. The tsunami speed averaged for 17 ports amounted to 682 km/h, which necessitates an alteration of the coefficient in the formula (2) from the existing 5.0 to 4.38.

PL

W pracy dokonano analizy czasu przemieszczania się fal tsunami na Oceanie Indyjskim i Atlantyku w efekcie trzęsienia ziemi w dniu 26.12.2004. Dla 17 portów rozmieszczonych wzdłuż ich wybrzeży obliczono teoretyczne czasy dotarcia fal tsunami i porównano je z danymi rzeczywistymi zanotowanymi na wodowskazach (mareografach). Stwierdzono odpowiednie ich różnice, co uzasadnia się oddziaływaniem efektów płytko wodnych i uwzględnieniem faktu, że miejsce trzęsienia ziemi nie zaistniało jako punkt epicentrum podawany w komunikatach, ale jako strefa subdukcji płyt kontynentalnych na długości około 1200 km. Dla 17 portów uśredniona prędkość fali tsunami wyniosła 682 km/h, co w tym przypadku zmienia współczynnik we wzorze (2) z 5,0 na 4,38.

20

Analysis of the impact of external flooding to nuclear installations

Berg H. P., Fröhmel T., Winter C.

Journal of Polish Safety and Reliability Association

|

2007

|

Vol. 1

9--16

EN

The German regulatory body has issued probabilistic safety assessment guidelines, elaborated for a comprehensive integrated safety review of all NPP in operation and containing a newly developed graded approach for the probabilistic assessment of external flooding. Main aspects are explained such as the underlying probabilistic considerations and the mathematical procedures for the calculation of exceedance frequencies. Exemplarily it has been investigated if extreme events such as tsunami waves could be a hazard for NPP at coastal sites in Germany.