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1

Evidence of cultural eutrophication of the Gulf of Gdańsk based on diatom analysis

Pędziński Jarosław, Witak Małgorzata

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2019

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Vol. 48, No. 3

247--261

EN

The objective of this study was to reconstruct the environmental changes in the Gulf of Gdańsk in the last 200 years. Four subbottom sediment cores were analyzed with respect to diatom flora and anthropogenic effects. The so-called “anthropogenic assemblage” – a result of cultural eutrophication – was observed in the surface sediments. Changes in the species composition may have been caused by the increased use of fertilizers, nitrogen loads and increasing organic matter concentration. Three phases (A, B and C) were distinguished based on the floristic spectrum, which clearly indicates trophic changes in the study area.

2

A Preliminary Study Into the Possibility of δ13C Being Used as a Sensitive Indicator of the Trophic and Hydrobiological Status of Aquatic Ecosystems

Bartoszek L., Koszelnik P., Zamorska J., Gruca-Rokosz R., Zdeb M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 6

191--198

EN

There is a need to search for additional indicators allowing for more accurate identification of both the trophic status of waters as well as its chemical and biological consequences. The work detailed in this paper involved a preliminary analysis pertaining to the possibility of using an isotopic index in association with the values for trophic and saprobic indicators in describing a dam reservoir experiencing a far-reaching eutrophication. The water samples for the physicochemical analysis were collected from three sites along the axis of the dam reservoir in Rzeszów three times during the spring and summer of 2013. The results sustained the classification of the Reservoir's waters as hypertrophic, irrespective of the particular zone sampled. While phytoplankton blooms characterised by reference to the numbers of organisms per unit volume of water were also similar throughout the Reservoir, diversification in terms of taxonomic composition was to be noted, given the occurrence of cyanobacteria among the dominant diatoms in the area close to the dam. This presence was accompanied by enrichment of the Reservoir's suspended organic matter with carbon of the heavier 13C isotope. On this basis, the δ13C isotopic index can be regarded as a potentially useful indicator allowing for more accurate identification of both the level and the nature of the ongoing trophic degradation in bodies of water.

3

Foundation and Application of New Method of Trophic State Assessment

Neverova-Dziopak E., Kowalewski Z.

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 12, no. 2

63--79

PL

Jednym z narzędzi służących do osiągnięcia celów ramowej dyrektywy wodnej jest monitoring, który powinien dostarczać informacji na temat stanu wód. Zadaniem priorytetowym w zakresie ochrony wód powierzchniowych jest zapobieganie procesom eutrofizacji. Odpowiednie środki ochronne powinny być oparte na wiarygodnej ocenie poziomu troficznego. Istnieją różne wskaźniki szacowania stanu troficznego wód powierzchniowych, ale generalnie charakteryzują się one dużą złożonością i wysokimi kosztami oceny. W artykule przedstawiono nową metodę oceny poziomu troficznego, opartą na wskaźniku liczbowym ITS (Index of Trophic Status). ITS został opracowany z uwzględnieniem głównej charakterystyki funkcjonalnej dowolnego ekosystemu – stanu równowagi biotycznej i może być obliczony na podstawie pomiarów rutynowych parametrów hydrochemicznych. Proponowany wskaźnik jest instrumentem, który ułatwia m.in.: szybki monitoring wód powierzchniowych, retrospektywną i predykcyjną analizę stanu wód, ustanawianie regionalnych standardów emisji biogenów, rozwiązywanie zadań inżynieryjnych i modelowania matematycznego. Weryfikacja indeksu ITS zastała przeprowadzona dla wód powierzchniowych różnego typu w różnych krajach. Obecnie sposób ten zyskuje na popularności jako prosta, wiarygodna oraz niekosztowana metoda oceny stanu troficznego.

EN

One of the tools used to achieve the objectives of the Water Framework Directive is monitoring, which should provide information on the status of surface waters. The priority task of water protection is the prevention of the eutrophication process. Appropriate protection measures should be based on the reliable assessment of trophic levels. There are different indexes for estimating the trophic state of surface waters, but they are generally characterized by their large complexity and high cost of assessment. This paper presents a new method of trophic-level monitoring, based on numerical indicator ITS (Index of Trophic Status). ITS is elaborated to consider the main functional characteristics of any ecosystem – the state of biotic balance – and can be calculated by using routine measurements of the hydrochemical characteristics of water. The proposed criterion is the instrument that simplifies the solution of many applied tasks: express-monitoring of surface waters, retrospect analysis and eutrophication process prognosis, setting of regional ecological standards of biogenic matter, solving engineering tasks, and for the purposes of mathematical modeling. Verification of the ITS criterion was carried out under the conditions of different types of waters in different countries. Actually, this method is gaining more popularity as a simple, reliable, and low-cost tool for trophic status monitoring.

4

Phytoplankton dynamics in relation to physicochemical conditions in large, stratified Lake Charzykowskie (Northern Poland)

Wiśniewska M., Dembowska E. A.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2017

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Vol. 46, No. 3

260--270

EN

The comparison of the latest and previous data on the structure of phytoplankton and chlorophyll a concentration in Lake Charzykowskie indicated long-term changes and fluctuations. The main objective of this study was to assess the phytoplankton communities in the lake with reference to hydrochemical conditions. Detailed hydrobiological studies were carried out in 2014-2015 to explain the improvement in the trophic status of the lake observed in 2008-2009. The research has shown that the phytoplankton community structure does not change significantly during the limnological cycle. The spring/ autumn season is characterized by the highest contribution of diatoms and cryptophytes. Massive development of dinoflagellates was observed during the summer. Relative abundance of cyanobacteria (Aphanizomenon, Dolichospermum and Microcystis) was significantly lower compared to the previous years. In August 2014, cyanobacteria accounted for 100% of the total phytoplankton at site 2. In the following year, cyanobacteria represented only 13% in the summer phytoplankton. The current research has confirmed the favorable trophic changes in the phytoplankton of the lake. Unfortunately, very poor oxygen conditions will continue to affect the trophic status of the lake through mobilization of the internal nutrient supply. The current conditions of the lake require further monitoring of changes in the ecosystem.

5

Long-term changes in the dynamics and structure of cyanobacteria in Koronowo Reservoir

Wiśniewska M., Paczuska B.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2015

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Vol. 44, No. 1

127--138

EN

The Koronowo Reservoir (16.6 km2) is located in the lower reaches of the Brda River, in the Kujawy-Pomerania Province, 20 km from Bydgoszcz near the town of Koronowo, hence the name of the reservoir. The reservoir was built in the 1960s and started from damming the waters of the Brda River by a ca. 20 m high earth dam in the village of Pieczyska. This reservoir is used mainly for water retention and production of electric energy in the hydroelectric power station; in addition, it plays a significant recreational function. In terms of the latter function, the spread of cyanobacteria is a serious problem. The aim of the study was to assess longterm changes in the structure of cyanobacteria in waters of the Koronowo Reservoir. The results from 1996, 2008, 2011 and 2013 were compared. As evidenced by the analysis of the phytoplankton composition in the Koronowo Reservoir in terms of functional groups, especially the occurrence of dominant and subdominant species from the groups P, H1, S1, LM, J, G and W2, the waters of the reservoir can be classified as eutrophic, potentially evolving towards the hypertrophic conditions. The HPLC analysis of cyanobacterial toxins revealed the presence of microcystins at two sites of the water body. The species structure, the distribution and the dominance of specific species of cyanobacteria is recurrent over the 17 years; the following species form algal blooms: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs et Bornet et Flahault and Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kützing.

6

Dynamics of the phytoplankton community in mesotrophic Lake Borówno

Wiśniewska M., Paczuska B.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2013

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Vol. 42, No. 2

202-208

EN

The phytoplankton in Lake Borówno has never been included in phycological studies. The objective of our research was qualitative and quantitative analysis with reference to physicochemical parameters. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoplankton assemblages were performed in 2004 and 2009. A total of 117 taxa were identified in Lake Borówno: Cyanoprocaryota — 35, Cryptophyta — 2, Euglenophyta — 1, Pyrophyta — 3, Chrysophyceae — 4, Bacillariophyceae — 25, Chlorophyta — 47. The bottom of the shallow water was covered with meadows of Charophyceae, with the dominant species Chara vulgaris L. Biomass of the phytoplankton varied from 1.23 mg dm-3 in April to 5.74 mg dm-3 in August 2009. Ceratium hirundinella (O.F.Müller) Bergh was the dominant taxon during the whole season, but during summer another co-dominant taxon, Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.)Kütz., occurred. The quality parameters, phytoplankton biomass, chlorophyll-a concentration and TSI indicate the mesotrophic character of the lake. The blue-green algae blooms, which are the major problem for preserving the good conditions of water in lakes, were not observed either in 2004 or 2009.

7

Long-term changes in the phytoplankton of Lake Charzykowskie

Wiśniewska M., Luścińska M

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2012

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Vol. 41, No. 3

90-98

EN

The research on phytoplankton communities in Lake Charzykowskie was carried out at intervals since the 1940s till the beginning of the 21 century. Long-term observations, initially of the species composition and in the following years also of the biomass and the concentration of chlorophyll-a in relation to habitat conditions, allowed to assess the impact of the catchment area on changes in the trophic status of the lake for over 50 years. And thus, based on the results of physicochemical analysis and studies on the phytoplankton structure in the 1940s, the lake was classified as ß-mesotrophic (Cabejszek 1950), between the 1960s and the1990s as eutrophic (Szulkowska-Wojaczek 1968, 1976; Wiśniewska 1994, 2000), in 2004 as hypertrophic (Wiśniewska 2005), and in 2008 and 2009 as meso-eutrophic.

8

Phytoplankton size structure and species composition as an indicator of trophic status in transitional ecosystems: the case study of a Mediterranean fjord-like karstic bay

Bosak S., Šilović T., Ljubešić Z., Kušpilić G., Pestorić B., Krivokapić S., Viličić D.

Oceanologia

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2012

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No. 54 (2)

255-286

EN

The species composition and size-structure of the phytoplankton community in the Boka Kotorska Bay (SE Adriatic Sea) were analysed with respect to abundance and carbon biomass, together with the physico-chemical parameters, with the aim of evaluating the predefined oligo-mesotrophic status of this transitional water ecosystem. Three stations located in the inner part of the Bay were sampled with seasonal frequency in 2008/2009. Picophytoplankton cells were counted using flow cytometry; nanophytoplankton and microphytoplankton were identified and counted by light microscopy. The relative importance of the picoplankton in the Bay, in terms of both abundance and biomass, during all the investigated seasons emphasized their significance in the phytoplankton community. Picocyanobacteria (Synechococcus) constituted a significant part of the summer assemblages with regard to both abundance (up to 3.38 × 108 cells L-1) and carbon biomass (up to 73% of total phytoplankton carbon). The contribution of the nanophytoplankton was found to be generally low (< 20% of the total phytoplankton carbon) in all seasons, and was dominated by autotrophic/mixotrophic flagellates. Species with a preference towards nutrient-enriched conditions, like the diatom Skeletonema marinoi, dominated the microphytoplankton fraction. S. marinoi was the most abundant in spring/winter (up to 2.86 × 106 cells L-1) above the halocline (making a 96% contribution to the microphytoplankton). The potentially toxin-producing diatom Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima was recorded at abundances greater than 105 cells L-1, together with Thalassionema frauenfeldii, as well as the dinoflagellates Prorocentrum micans and the potentially harmful P. minimum. The higher values of phytoplankton biomass and the dominance of phytoplankton species or groups with preferences for nutrient-enriched conditions appear to be consistent with the oligo-mesotrophic status of this specific ecosystem.

9

Ecological status of shallow Lake Gorbacz (NE Poland) in its final stage before drying up

Zieliński P., Ejsmont-Karabin J., Grabowska M., Karpowicz M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2011

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Vol. 40, No.2

1-12

EN

The article assesses the ecological status of shallow Gorbacz Lake (NE Poland) in the last stage before complete drying up. For last few years hydrological regime of the lake catchment has been changed dramatically which was caused by functioning nearby peat mine and longer autumn drought periods for following years. Progressing macrophytes succession leaded complete emergent macrophytes overgrowth of the lake beginning from 2000. The analyses include records of previous samples and data for morphology, water quality, phytoplankton, zooplankton and macrophytes. The trophic status of Gorbacz Lake was verified compare to the previous studies. The results indicate that even with minimum amount of water Gorbacz Lake itself still keeps its dystrophic character with increasing of water color and of DOC, biogenic substances, chlorophyll a concentrations. Humic State Index (HSI) and hydrochemical dystrophy index (HDI) confirm the dystrophic status of the lake with values 71.3 and 76.2 respectively. Both typical phytoplankton representatives of eutrophic and dystrophic waters were recorded. Very high diversity of desmids in the telmatoplankton, indicates the observed process of shallowing in the reservoir. Planktonic crustacean fauna was represented by small filtrators. Rotifera community was strongly dominated by Trichocerca simonei. The article concludes with the main causes of the observed changes and some future remarks for the lake state.

10

Zawartość wybranych makroelementów w glebach młak o zróżnicowanym trofizmie

Gąsiorek M., Nicia P.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2010

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T. 10, z. 1

33-39

PL

Ze względu na trofizm niskoturzycowe młaki górskie dzieli się na oligo-, mezo- i eutroficzne. Przeprowadzone badania miały na celu ocenę zawartości wapnia, magnezu, potasu i sodu, ekstrahowanych roztworem 0,5 mol·dm-3 HCL, w glebach młak o zróżnicowanym trofizmie i różnym kierunku procesów pedogenicznych w nich zachodzących. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że gleby badanych młak charakteryzowały się zróżnicowaną zawartością oznaczonych makroelementów, zwłaszcza wapnia, która zależała od podłoża geologicznego, typu hydrologicznego zasilania, mineralizacji zasilających je wód, kierunku procesu pedogenicznego oraz antropogenicznego oddziaływania.

EN

Low sedge mountain fens, because of their trophic status, are divided into oligo-, meso- and eutrophic. Performed studies aimed at assessing the content of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium extracted with 0,5 mol·dm-3 HCL from fen soils of diversified trophic status and different direction of pedogenic processes. It was that soils of studied fens were characterised by different content of macroelements, particularly calcium, whit depended on the geological bedrock, type of the hydrological feeding, mineralization of inflowing waters, the direction of pedogenic processes and anthropogenic impacts.

11

Znaczenie mokrego i suchego opadu zanieczyszczeń w eutrofizacji wód w stawach na przykładzie rezerwatu „Stawy Raszyńskie”

Pawlik-Dobrowolski J., Łempicka A.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2003

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T. 3, z. spec. (6)

167--177

PL

W latach 1999–2001 na obszarze rezerwatu „Stawy Raszyńskie”, w ciekach dopływających do stawów i w stawach, badano stężenie i ładunek NH4, NO3, PO4, K oraz wartość pH w opadzie zanieczyszczeń atmosferycznych. Stwierdzono, że opad jest istotnym źródłem azotu, głównie w postaci N-NH4, a w mniejszym stopniu także azotu azotanowego, fosforanów i potasu. Wykazano znaczne stężenie i ładunek fosforanów i potasu w ciekach i stawach. Wartości pH w opadzie mokrym wynosiły od 2,4 do 7,4, zdecydowanie przeważały opady: bardzo kwaśny, kwaśny i słabo kwaśny. W opadzie suchym pH wynosiło od 3,6 do 6,9. Średnia wartość pH w opadzie mokrym wynosiła 5,5, w wodzie cieków – 7,3, a stawów – 7,7. Badania wykazały, że opad zanieczyszczeń atmosferycznych wpływa znacząco na żyzność wody w stawach, ponieważ jest źródłem znacznych ładunków mineralnych składników pokarmowych. W wyniku erozji mechanicznej i chemicznej, zintensyfikowanej opadami kwaśnymi, wprowadzane są do stawów także składniki pochodzące z innych źródeł zanieczyszczeń obszarowych.

EN

Concentrations and loads of NH4, NO3, PO4, K in ponds and inflowing streams and pH of atmospheric deposition were measured in 1999 and 2001 on the area of the reserve “Stawy Raszyńskie”. Atmospheric deposition was found to be an important source of nitrogen, maliny in the N-NH4 form, and, to a lesser extent, of nitrates, phosphates and potassium. Remarkable concentrations and loads of phosphates and potassium were found in running waters and ponds. pH in wet deposition varied between 2.4 and 7.4 with the prevalence of strongly acidic, acidic and slightly acidic precipitation. The values in dry deposition ranged between 3.6 and 6.9. Average pH of wet deposition was 5.5, that of running waters – 7.3 and of pond water – 7.7. The studies revealed that atmospheric precipitation can strongly affect water status in ponds since it is an important source of nutrients. Moreover, due to mechanical and chemical erosion intensified by acid rains, pond waters are fed with pollutants from other diffuse sources.

12

Zoobenthos of ecotonal zones in several lakes of different trophic status (the region Polesie Lubelskie, Eastern Poland)

Kornijów R.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 2

237-246

EN

The bottom fauna inhabiting two types of ecotones: 1) the transition zone between land and lake water, and 2) the border of a macrophyte bed and open water, situated in different types of littoral, distinguished mainly according to the structure and distribution of macrophytes was studied. The investigations were carried out in five harmonious lakes (from mesotrophic to highly eutrophic) and in one disharmonious (humoeutrophic) in July and September of 1996 and 1997. Both the species composition of zoobenthos and the relative abundance of the most numerous taxa (Tubificidae and larvae of Chironomidae) in ecotones did not seem to depend much on the type of littoral but rather upon the nature of the bottom sediments. The influence of lake fertility in harmonious lakes was clearly expressed mostly in the land-water ecotones where it was demonstrated by the drop of chironomids and increase in tubificidis and predators in total faunal abundance with a rise of lake trophism. The clear pattern in vegetation bed-open water ecotones concerned solely predators which contribution to the total faunal abundance tended to increase with a rise of lake trophic status. The ecotones of the disharmonious lake did not show much differences in comparison with the harmonious lakes except extremely low faunal density in vegetation-open water ecotone, bening totally predominated by chironomids. In both harmonious lakes and in disharmonious one the highest faunistic similarities were found within the same types of ecotones, while the two types differed greatly.