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1

Application of triton X-100 surfactant for silicon anisotropic etching in KOH-based solutions

Rola K. P., Zubel I.

Materials Science Poland

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2013

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Vol. 31, No. 4

525--530

EN

The results of etching of silicon surfaces with different crystallographic orientations in KOH solutions containing a nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 are presented in this paper. The etch rate ratio R(100)/R(110) >1, typical of KOH + IPA and TMAH + Triton X-100 mixtures, is achieved. The surface morphology of Si(hkl) wafers is closely investigated by SEM and AFM. The very low roughness of (110) and its vicinal (hh1) planes is observed and measured. In addition, the relatively smooth (h11) surfaces are obtained in the solution with Triton X-100 surfactant, as compared to the KOH solutions containing alcohols. Due to good smoothness of the studied surfaces, the KOH solution with Triton X-100 seems to be especially interesting for bulk micromachining employing non-standard (hkl) planes. The examples of mesas and trenches fabricated by anisotropic etching in the KOH solution containing Triton X-100 surfactant are presented.

2

Sorption of Triton X-100 in Soils with Various Grain Size Compositions: Kinetics, Effect of pH, Electrolyte and Temperature

Muszyński P.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2009

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Vol. 16, nr 10

1351-1362

EN

A study was conducted on the sorption of the surfactant Triton X-100, with a static method, through shaking of 2 g of soil (Albic Luvisols, Haplic Luvisols, Haplic Cambisols) in 10 cm3 of solution during 24 hours. The kinetics was also studied of the process and the efficiency of sorption of triton X-100 from solutions with different values (1-12) of pH, in the presence of electrolytes: KC1, NH4Cl and CaCl2, and at temperatures of 20, 25, 30, 35 and 50 °C. Experimental results showed good agreement with results calculated from the Langmuir's equation and from a pseudo quadratic equation of kinetics. In the loamy soil, sorption of TX-100 increased in a nearly linear manner within the whole range of concentrations studied, while in the loess and sandy soils it had a linear course in the range of low initial concentrations. A high rate of sorption was found within the initial 30 min of TX-100 contact with the soils, following which the sorption increased more slowly and to a lesser degree. The value of pH had no effect on the sorption of the surfactant from solution with concentration of 250 mg o dm-3. At concentrations of 1000 and 2000 mg o dm-3 significantly higher sorption was observed for solutions with pH = l, in all of the soils under study, and from solution with pH = 12 - in the loess and sandy soils. The presence of electrolyte caused an increase in triton sorption, but in a degree dependent on the type of electrolyte and on the soil properties, and on the concentration of the surfactant. A slight effect of temperature on the sorption of TX-100 in the soils was observed.

PL

Przeprowadzono badania sorpcji surfaktantu tritonu X-100 metodą statyczną przez wytrząsanie 2 g gleby płowej z piasku słabo gliniastego, płowej z lessu, brunatnej z gliny ciężkiej w 10 cm3 roztworu w ciągu 24 godz. Badano także kinetykę procesu i efektywność sorpcji tritonu X-100 z roztworów o różnej wartości (1-12) pH, w obecności elektrolitów: KC1, NH4Cl i CaCl2 w temperaturach: 20, 25, 30 35 i 50 °C. Wyniki doświadczalne wykazywały dobrą zgodność z wynikami obliczonymi z równania Langmuira i równania kinetyki pseudodrugiego rzędu. W glebie gliniastej sorpcja TX-100 wzrastała prawie liniowo w całym przedziale badanych stężeń, natomiast w glebie lessowej i piaszczystej wykazywała liniowy przebieg w zakresie małych stężeń wyjściowych. Stwierdzono dużą szybkość sorpcji w pierwszych 30 min kontaktu TX-100 z glebami, po tym okresie sorpcja zwiększała się wolniej i w mniejszym stopniu. Wartość pH nie miała wpływu na sorpcję surfaktantu z roztworu o stężeniu 250 mg o dm-3. Przy stężeniach 1000 i 2000 mg o dm-3 obserwowano znacznie większą sorpcję z roztworów o pH = l we wszystkich badanych glebach, a z roztworu o pH = 12 w glebie lessowej i piaszczystej. Obecność elektrolitu powodowała wzrost sorpcji tritonu, ale w stopniu zależnym od rodzaju elektrolitu i właściwości gleby oraz stężenia surfaktanu. Stwierdzono niewielki wpływ temperatury na sorpcję TX-100 w glebach.

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Polymer-Surfactant Interaction and Physico-Chemical Properties of Polymethacrylic Acid-Triton X-100 and Polymethacrylic Acid-Poly(ethylene)oxide Aqueous Systems

Tugay A., Zakordonskiy V., Sołtys M.

Polish Journal of Chemistry

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2006

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Vol. 80, nr 6

957-974

EN

The interaction of both Triton X-100 and poly(ethylene)oxide (PEO-2000) with polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) in aqueous solutions has been investigated by different methods: tensiometry, conductivity, viscometry, pH- and optical density measurement. The obtained results testify, that interaction of PMAA with the nonionic surfactants of different nature is accompanied by non-additive changes of physico-chemical properties and phase separation of binary systems. Thus, the character of influence of nonionic component depends on its nature. These changes take place in the clearly defined concentration ranges (1x10-4-1x10-3 M for Triton X-100 and 1x10-2-1x10-1 M for more high-molecular PEO-2000) and they are caused by intramolecular PMAA-surfactant complex formation. The experimental results clearly reveal, that important role in complex formation is played by hydrogen bonds. For investigated systems both the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) and the saturation concentration (C2) were calculated, and the idealized schema of the mechanism of polymer-surfactant interaction was proposed.