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1

Ultrasonic waves and strength reduction indexes for the assessment of the advancement of deterioration processes in travertines from Pamukkale and Hierapolis (Turkey)

Bobrowska A., Domonik A.

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2015

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Vol. 37, nr 3

3--9

EN

In constructions, the usefulness of modern technical diagnostics of stone as a raw material requires predicting the effects of long-term environmental impact of its qualities and geomechanical properties. The paper presents geomechanical research enabling presentation of the factors for strength loss of the stone and forecasting the rate of development of destructive phenomena on the stone structure on a long-time basis. As research material Turkish travertines were selected from the Denizli–Kaklık Basin (Pamukkale and Hierapolis quarries), which have been commonly used for centuries in global architecture. The rock material was subjected to testing of the impact of various environmental factors, as well as European standards recommended by the author of the research program. Their resistance to the crystallization of salts from aqueous solutions and the effects of SO2, as well as the effect of frost and high temperatures are presented. The studies allowed establishing the following quantitative indicators: the ultrasonic waves index (IVp) and the strength reduction index (IRc). Reflections on the assessment of deterioration effects indicate that the most active factors decreasing travertine resistance in the aging process include frost and sulphur dioxide (SO2). Their negative influence is particularly intense when the stone material is already strongly weathered.

2

Mechanizmy i formy powstawania trawertynów

Suchodolska K.

Przegląd Górniczy

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2013

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T. 69, nr 1

66--71

PL

W artykule omówiono osady trawertynowe. Przedstawiono formy i mechanizmy przyczyniające się do powstawania trawertynów, które mogą być traktowane jako analogi dla procesów mineralnej sekwestracji dwutlenku węgla. Zwrócono także uwagę na występowanie podobieństw pomiędzy naturalnymi i sztucznymi repozytoriami dwutlenku węgla, m.in. wpływu CO2 na skały otaczające i interakcje w systemie gaz – woda – skała.

EN

This article describes the travertine deposits. It presents the forms and mechanisms favouring the formation of travertine,which can be considered in the processes of mineral sequestration of carbon dioxide as analogues. Alternatively, particular attention was paid to the similarities between natural and artifi cial repositories, such as CO2, its impact on the surrounding rocks as well as interactions in the relation gas - water - rock.

3

The effect of zeta potential on the sedimentation behavior of natural stone processing effluent

Kurama H., Karaguzel C.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2013

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Vol. 49, iss. 2

575--586

EN

One of the main problems for the natural stone industry is treatment of huge amount of waste sludge resulting from the cutting and polishing of them to produce slabs or tiles. The effective treatment of this sludge is very important for reducing of the sludge volume and overall operating costs. Previous studies showed that settling rate and water clarity of the supernatant solution can be increased by flocculation process. In this study, detailed electrokinetic studies were performed on the travertine samples received as natural and slurry form. The natural form of the sample was supplied from a travertine quarry while the slurry was taken from the cutting and polishing process wastewater collector pool of the processing plant. The electrokinetic measurements were conducted to find out the effect of suspension pH and the solid content on the surface potential of solid particles show that zeta potential (ζ) of travertine is positive at pH 9.76 over the all solid contents studied in this work. However, ζ of the particles become negative at lower pH values for 1% solid weight content. In contrast, for travertine slurry (6.73% solid weight), different potential variations were determined. The particles were negatively charged between pH 6 and 8. The results highlighted the effect of dissolved specific ions in the waste slurry and sensitivity of ζ to the ionic strength of the solution. The ζ measurements for a raw travertine sample, performed with different amounts of NaCl additions into the solutions, confirmed the above findings. An addition of low amounts of NaCl decreases ζ of the solid surface. Finally, the ζ measurements in the presence of polymer concentration of 0.001% to 0.1 % (wt/vol) clearly indicated that the flocculant molecules are adsorbed extensively on the travertine particles, and increase the surface potential of the particles with increasing reagent concentration.

4

Raciszyn – unikatowe złoże wapieni województwa łódzkiego

Będkowski T., Kasztelewicz Z., Sikora M.

Kruszywa : produkcja - transport - zastosowanie

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2013

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Nr 3

30--33

PL

Niniejszy artykuł jest wprowadzeniem do cyklu artykułów dotyczących zagadnień eksploatacji skał wapiennych w zakładzie górniczym spółki WKG Trading Sp. z o.o. Różnorodne uwarunkowania środowiskowe złóż „Raciszyn I” i „Raciszyn II” oraz szeroka gama produktów oferowana przez spółkę generują szereg zagadnień inżynierskich, które należy rozwiązać, aby eksploatacja prowadzona była bez zakłóceń i przy wykorzystaniu optymalnych metod wydobycia.

EN

The article is an introduction to a series of articles concerning the issues of limestone rock mining in the mining plant of the WKG Trading Sp. z o.o. company. Various environmental conditions of the „Raciszyn I” and „Raciszyn II” deposits and a wide range of products offered by the company generate a scope of engineering issues that have to be solved to ensure uninterrupted mining using optimal methods.

5

Skały bloczne w Polsce i na świecie

Kasztelewicz Z.

Kruszywa : produkcja - transport - zastosowanie

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2012

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Nr 3

26--30

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zakres wydobywania skał blocznych w Polsce i na świecie, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem granitu i trawertynu. Impulsem do zajęcia się tą tematyką są udział w pracach rady Fundacji „Bazalt”, założonej w 2011 r. z inicjatywy Krzysztofa Skolaka z firmy Granex ze Strzegomia, a także częste pobyty w strzegomskich kamieniołomach granitu oraz pobyt techniczny z firmą AMAGO w kamieniołomach trawertynu w miejscowości Bucak koło Antalyi w Turcji.

EN

The paper describes the extraction of block rocks both in Poland and worldwide with particular emphasis on granite and travertine. This subject is address due to work of the Foundation "Basalt", founded in 2011 at the initiative of Christopher Skolak of the company "Granex" from Strzegom as well as frequent visits in the granite quarries of Strzegom. Yet another reason to address the issue was the technical trip organized by the Amago company in the quarries of travertine in Bucak village near Antalya in Turkey.

6

Metody wydobycia skał blocznych na przykładzie kopalni trawertynu w Turcji

Kasztelewicz Z., Sobala D.

Kruszywa : produkcja - transport - zastosowanie

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2012

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Nr 4

48--56

PL

Artykuł jest kontynuacją zagadnień zawartych w artykule opublikowanym w poprzednim numerze magazynu „Kruszywa” (3/2012, s. 26), dotyczącym zakresu wydobywania skał blocznych w Polsce i na świecie. Materiał podzielono na części z uwagi na duży zakres tematyczny. Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy metod urabiania skał na bloki ze szczególnym zaakcentowaniem urabiania za pomocą diamentowej piły linowej. Następne części artykułu będą obejmować urabianie bloków skalnych za pomocą materiałów wybuchowych oraz rodzaje transportu bloków skalnych.

EN

This article continues the issues described in the article published in the previous issue of the magazine „Kruszywa” (3/2012, p 26), relating to extracting rocks in blocks in Poland and around the world. The material has been divided into parts due to the large range of topics. This article concerns methods of quarrying the blocks with a particular emphasis on cutting with diamond wire saw. Next parts of the paper will discuss mining of stone blocks with explosives and means of transport.

7

Zastosowanie prostych technik komputerowej analizy obrazu do oceny deterioracji trawertynów z Hierapolis (Turcja)

Bobrowska A.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2011

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nr 446 (1)

111-115

PL

W artykule przedstawiono rezultaty badań struktury geometrycznej powierzchni porowej, powstałej w wyniku działania zamrozu, podwyższonej temperatury oraz krystalizacji soli, na próbkach trawertynu z czynnego kamieniołomu (HO) oraz z antycznego odsłonięcia (HA) w Hierapolis w Turcji. Przy użyciu metod komputerowej analizy obrazu fotograficznego przedstawiono technikę i metodykę ilościowej charakterystyki powstałej przestrzeni porowej, będącej efektem oddziaływania na skałę czynników degradujących.

EN

The article presents the results of the research on the geometric structure of the distribution area, on travertine samples from the active quarry (HO) and from the ancient uneviling (HA) in Hierapolis (Turkey). Application of computer image analysis methods enabled to show technique and methodology of quantitative characteristics of the pore space formed by the action of rock freeze, high temperature and salt crystalization.

8

Tectonic origin of the unique Holocene travertine from the Holy Cross Mts. : microbially and abiologically mediated calcium carbonate, and manganese oxide precipitation

Gruszczyński M., Kowalski B. J., Sołtysik R., Hercman H.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2004

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Vol. 54, no. 1

61--76

EN

Recent tectonic activity of the main dislocation within the Paleozoic core of the Holy Cross Mts. led to formation of a large travertine dome of Holocene age. The main body of the travertine is built up of extremely fast crystallized calcite from highly supersaturated solutions derived from hydrothermal waters circulating through the tectonic dislocation. Many calcite crystals display the remains of calcified bacilliform bacteria rods suggesting an essential part, of the calcite crystallization process was on a bacterial precursor. Successively, after the micrite calcite travertine frame had been formed, almost pure monoclinic manganese oxide (A-MnO2) precipitated filling part of the remaining porosity. The unique characteristics of manganese oxide crystallization also suggest a very fast process of manganese oxidation due to increase in Eh and the activity of abundant fungal species which might be associated with a specific symbiotic bacterium. Specfic arrangement of the A-MnO2 crystals into the rosettes seems to be achieved by fast evaporation of upwards migrating solutions from the tectonic zone. The last in this succession is calcite cement filling the pores, mainly in the upper part of the travertine frame. Generally, this was abiologically mediated process of precipitation of calcium carbonate due to rapid degassing of carbon dioxide and occasionally, in the top of the travertine dome, due to direct precipitation from the ground waters.