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Wykorzystanie systemów geoinformacyjnych do potrzeb symulacji i optymalizacji przekształceń systemów transportowych i zagospodarowania przestrzennego

Brzuchowska J., Ossowicz T.

Roczniki Geomatyki

2008

T. 6, z. 3

47-56

Many simple and complex models for simulation of processes at local as well as regional scale were constructed and successfully applied. By means of these models it is possible to forecast, the course these processes in future, and the impact on them of such actions of the authorities as public investments, local tax policies, local law regulations. Besides, these models provide basis for methods of optimization of urban structure development as well as transportation system. Among models, two groups can be distinguished by type of the process simulated. Allocation models belong to the first group. They are used for forecasting or optimization of allocation of various activities, like housing, industry, services, education, tourism. There are the following factors determining allocation in the models: cooperation links between various forms of development, nuisance of some forms for others, terrain features, competition for land. The second group constitute transportation models widely used for forecasting of traffic flows between various activities allocated in a given area as well as changes in distribution of these flows in the effect of new road construction. Furthermore, methods of automatic new road planning are developed. In another group we find real estate market models used for forecasting changes in land cost in the effect of local policies. Many models combine elements of both allocation and transportation models. One of the most serious barriers in implementation of simulation and optimization models in urban and transportation planning practice is shortage of properly prepared data. Sometimes data collection and preparation consumes more time than the simulation processing. Still, this work has the character of accidental actions, instead of permanent process of database updating and development. The change of this state is even more urgent as new tasks of local government appear, which require the support by transport modeling (e.g. assessment of impact of investments on environment, economic financial analysis of investment projects financed by EU funds). Possible advantages are considerable, but the task is extensive and requires coordination of expectations of many users of data. The proposed actions include: 1. agreement on the model of referential data, the construction and maintenance of proper databases (addresses, transport networks) 2 implementation of referential data the data collected in computer systems of the local administration and cooperating units 3 agreement on the structure and procedures of collecting different data (both own and acquired from outside), concerning monitoring of urban systems as well as standards of planning and forecasting records. The data are supposed to be shared by a lot of municipal units, including, though not exclusively, the units conducting modeling or exploiting their results. Several-year experience in construction of the urban spatial information system in Wrocław allows to identify different categories of problems related to construction of such a database. We have been struggling with some of them with rather poor effect for years. But it is worthwhile also to note the chances and challenges connected with new technical solutions. In this paper, different kinds of modelsand the tasks of geoinformation systems are presented, as far as provision of the data necessary for their implementation is concerned.