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Występowanie radonu w gazie ziemnym transportowanym gazociągiem na terenie Polski w aspekcie ochrony radiologicznej : badania wstępne

Nowak J., Macuda J., Jodłowski P., Liszka K.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2017

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T. 96, nr 9

1942--1944

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów stężenia radonu (²²²Rn) w próbkach gazu ziemnego pobranych z 8 wytypowanych lokalizacji w sieci przesyłowej gazu ziemnego oraz mocy dawki promieniowania gamma emitowanego przez wybrane elementy sieci przesyłowej. Dodatkowo dla 9 próbek pyłu (materiału stałego) pobranych ze stacji filtroseparatorów (6 próbek) lub bezpośrednio po procesie czyszczenia lub badania tłokiem (3 próbki) przeprowadzono analizę zawartości promieniotwórczego ołowiu (²¹⁰Pb), czyli długożyciowego produktu rozpadu ²²²Rn. Otrzymane wyniki posłużyły do wstępnej dyskusji i oceny zagrożenia radiologicznego wokół instalacji przesyłowej gazu ziemnego, będącego wynikiem występowania ²²²Rn w transportowanym gazie.

EN

Av. concns. of ²²²Rn in a flowing gas as well as dose rate of gamma radiation emitted by selected elements of pipeline and background in 8 transmission line locations were detd. Furthermore, av. concns. of ²¹⁰Pb were detd. in a dust from used filters. Av. concns. of ²²²Rn and ²¹⁰Pb changed in ranges 30-1400 Bq/m³ and 250–16700 Bq/kg, resp. Measured doses of gamma radiation emitted by selected elements of a gas pipeline.

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Methane hydrate technologies in Ukraine: research and prospects

Zhuk H., Pyatnichko O., Krushnevich V., Fedorenko D., Klymenko V.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2016

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Vol. 33, no. 4

811--818

EN

Abstract Methane production from natural gas hydrates will enable the reduction of a great part of natural gas import deliveries and to give up them completely in the future. Gas hydrate technologies compared with existing ones, also gives the possibility to transport gas, divide gas and liquid mixtures, concentrate water solutions, utilize and store СО2, etc. with greater efficiency. However, methane production technologies have not developed industrially and their study was performed with the help of experimental units and in separate gas hydrates deposits in the mode of tests and elaborations. The prospects of the hydrate technologies development in the Ukraine were determined: transportation of natural gas in the form of hydrates, long-term storage of natural gas in hydrate state, natural gas production from its hydrate deposits. Positive international experience in terms of the development of hydrate technology is studied. In order to study formation and dissociation hydrates of carbon dioxide and natural gas components, Gas Institute have made hydrate stand facility. The express method of determining thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of hydrate transformation was tested. Natural gas hydrates as well as carbon dioxide hydrates were produced with the help of the express method. It was determined that the composition of original natural gas and gas of hydrates decomposition is of great difference – it means that “selective” hydrates formation of natural gas formation is performed.A set of experiments was also performed to study the process of methane replacement with the help of carbon dioxide. According to the gaseous phase analysis, 14% increase of methane content was fixed. This fact proves its replacement in hydrates with the help of carbon dioxide.

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Transport gazu drogą morską jako instrument budowy bezpieczeństwa energetycznego państwa

Kubiak K.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2006

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nr 1(62)

37-48

EN

According to the common opinion in Europe, the situation when the natural gas supplies (or other strategic energy resources) from one direction are higher than 30% is potentially dangerous for the energy security of the state. Energy security, or considering the matter more broadly, resources security are strictly connected with political and military security. The introductory analyses show that the diversification of natural gas supplies basing on maritime transport results in several serious advantages. Firstly, building terminals and gas tankers is significantly cheaper than building a pipeline. Moreover, as it has been mentioned before, having a tankers and natural gas reloading base provides a greater flexibility in the choice of suppliers. However, such a base does not exclude negative conditions influencing the attractiveness of the proposed solution. Firstly, natural gas maritime transport is vulnerable to hydro meteorological conditions. In such a case the most serious factor is icing, particularly appearing of ice in the Baltic straits and in consequence a periodical break in navigation. Nevertheless, it may be assumed that having reserve tanks should ensure the flexible flow of gas supplies for national recipients even in a situation like this. The maritime direction of natural gas supplies is also vulnerable to terrorist attacks more than land installations. Specially high risk appears in reference to the reloading port. In Polish conditions these would be unique installations the rebuilding of which would be apparently impossible in a short time. It may also be added that the Russians are increasingly interested in natural gas maritime transport. The Sovcomjlot shipping carrier company is looking for a supplier of 130 thousand m1 ships with the possibility to navigate in ice. They are tasked to be in service in a terminal the building of which is planned in the area of Ust - Lugi at St. Petersburg. Its reloading capability is to amount to 5 million tones a year and the natural gas transported by sea is to supply the USA and Canada.

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Hydraty w transporcie i magazynowaniu gazu ziemnego

Warowny W., Lorenc M.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2006

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Nr 10

24-31

EN

Real and estimated share of basic energy carriers in time function. Hydrates" characteristics. Methods of natural gas transportation. Energy density for selected fuels.