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1

Import ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego do polski drogą morską w świetle badań własnych

Kłak Marcin, Woźniakowski Mariusz, Zadworny Waldemar, Rokoszyński Alan

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Technicznej w Katowicach

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2023

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T. 17

87--108

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zbadanie importu ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego do Polski drogą morską w latach 2010-2021 oraz prognoza tego zjawiska na lata 2022-2026. Aby zrealizować to zamierzenie, wykorzystano dane Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego (GUS). Ponadto, autorzy dokonali systematycznego przeglądu literatury dotyczącej transportu morskiego. Opisano wady i zalety tego sposobu transportu oraz wymagane dokumenty. Wyszczególniono infrastrukturę liniową i punktową oraz różne rodzaje statków. Przedstawiono również najistotniejsze aspekty światowej produkcji ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego. Zasadnicza część artykułu poświęcona jest badaniom własnym importu omawianych surowców do Polski, na przestrzeni ostatnich lat. W publikacji przedstawiono również metodologię badań i problem badawczy, dokonano analizy danych i prognozy na ich podstawie oraz sformułowano wnioski.

EN

The aim of this article is to analyze oil and gas imports to Poland by sea over the past few years, as well as to forecast imports and establish oil import trends for 2023-2026. To achieve this goal, data from the Statistics Poland was used. In addition, the authors conducted a systematic review of the literature on shipping. The advantages and disadvantages of this mode of transportation were described, as well as the required documents. Line and point infrastructure, as well as different types of ships were listed. The most relevant aspects of world oil and gas production are also presented. The main part of the article is devoted to a study of Poland’s own imports of the raw materials in question over the past years. The publication also presents the research methodology and research problem, analyzes the data and forecasts based on them, and makes conclusions.

2

Transport of goods on the example of a selected section of transport in Poland

Macioszek Elżbieta, Jurdana Irena

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 121

127--140

EN

The article presents the issue of the transport of goods in relation to sea transport. Sea transport has been known to mankind for a long time. Currently, maritime transport is not limited only to the transport of goods and/or passengers along sea routes, which are carried out between seaports using appropriately adapted means of transport. It is a branch of transport, which consists of a very good knowledge of navigation, highly specialized staff, and a wide range of containers for transporting various types of cargo, often requiring specialized conditions. In addition, sea transport is perfectly combined with intermodal transport, so that in the end, the transport process is the most beneficial for all participants, i.e., the customers, sellers, distributors, and manufacturers. The main purpose of the article was to present the volume of goods transported in this branch of transport. The article, after introducing the issue, presents the classification of sea vessels, refers to the market of maritime transport services and its conditions for further development, and analyzes the overall volume of goods transported in the seaports of Gdańsk and Gdynia against the background of other Polish seaports in the years 2011-2021.

3

Selected polynomial identification techniques to evaluate maritime transport trends around Covid-19

Borucka Anna, Kozłowski Edward

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 120

51--68

EN

The Covid-19 pandemic has drastically affected the transport sector, because of the restrictions introduced to limit the spread of the threat. They concerned primarily passenger traffic, but trade in goods also faced completely new challenges, related to increased consumption and the dynamic development of e-commerce on the one hand and restrictions related to the pandemic and sealing borders on the other. One of the most susceptible to fluctuations in international trade is the maritime economy, which has been analysed in this article. It was checked how the global threat affected sea traffic in terms of gross weight of goods handled in main ports. The aim of the study was to characterize the impact of the pandemic on sea transport depending on the type of ship and to evaluate the current state of sea transport in the context of the level shaped by forecasts based on observations from before the coronavirus pandemic. The authors' assumption was to check whether the rail transport market has already reached the level it could reach in the absence of the virus threat. The use of a polynomial function was proposed for the study. Time series containing observations up to the outbreak of the pandemic and forecasts based on them, as well as time series containing additional observations from the pandemic period were analysed. The study results obtained allowed to conclude how the global crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic affected the cargo traffic in the sea transport, expressed by the mass of goods transshipped in major ports, depending on the individual types of ships.

4

Environmental solutions for maritime ships: challenges and needs

Gucma Michalina, Deja Agnieszka, Szymonowicz Jakub

Production Engineering Archives

|

2023

|

Vol. 29, Iss. 2

216-224

EN

The manuscript focuses on the subject of environmental solutions for maritime ships. With the increasing volume of cargo transported by sea, it is crucial to minimise its environmental impact. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has introduced new regulations in recent years to limit environmental damage. IMO’s initial strategy for reducing GHG emissions from ships aims to reduce GHG emissions from vessels by 50% by 2050 and CO2 emissions by 70% compared to 2008 (Resolution MEPC.304 (72), 2018). This has prompted ship owners to seek solutions to reduce fossil fuel consumption. The study aims to determine the feasibility of using eco-friendly solutions in maritime shipping to meet the challenges and needs of sustainable maritime fleet. Own contribution includes expert findings, which evaluate individual solutions and their potential uses in global maritime fleet. The publication also highlights the current usage of eco-friendly solutions on ships as well as crew and ship owner attitudes towards their future use and presents conceptual solutions. It should be noted that the subject-matter addressed in this paper is topical and very important in view of the limitations being introduced in respect of environmental standards. The manuscript focuses on the subject of environmental solutions for maritime ships. With the increasing volume of cargo transported by sea, it is crucial to minimise its environmental impact. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has introduced new regulations in recent years to limit environmental damage. IMO’s initial strategy for reducing GHG emissions from ships aims to reduce GHG emissions from vessels by 50% by 2050 and CO2 emissions by 70% compared to 2008 (Resolution MEPC.304 (72), 2018). This has prompted ship owners to seek solutions to reduce fossil fuel consumption. The study aims to determine the feasibility of using eco-friendly solutions in maritime shipping to meet the challenges and needs of sustainable maritime fleet. Own contribution includes expert findings, which evaluate individual solutions and their potential uses in global maritime fleet. The publication also highlights the current usage of eco-friendly solutions on ships as well as crew and ship owner attitudes towards their future use and presents conceptual solutions. It should be noted that the subject-matter addressed in this paper is topical and very important in view of the limitations being introduced in respect of environmental standards.

5

Inference processes in the automatic communication system for autonomous vessels

Pańka Anna, Wołejsza Piotr

Archives of Transport

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 4

117--135

EN

The era of autonomous ships has already begun in maritime transport. The 30-year forecast for the development of marine technologies predicts many autonomous vessels at sea. This will necessitate radical implementation of new intelligent maritime navigation systems. One of the intelligent systems that has to be implemented is a collision avoidance system. The inference process is a key element of autonomous manoeuvres. These authors propose an inference process that enables exchange of information, intentions and expectations between autonomous vessels and gives them an opportunity to negotiate a safe manoeuvre satisfying all the parties concerned. The model of inference in the communication process has been presented. Methods and algorithms for information exchange and negotiation have been developed. These models were implemented and tested under various conditions. The results of case studies indicate that it is possible to effectively communicate and negotiate used the developed method. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented approach over 30 random simulations have been carried out. After successful laboratory tests, over 100 scenarios were executed in quasi-real conditions and fully operational conditions. Tests were carried out in the center of the Foundation for the Safety of Navigation and Environmental Protection on Lake Silm in Iława, Poland. In the framework of project AVAL (Autonomous Vessel with an Air Look) POIR.04.01.04-00-0025-16, 82 random scenarios involving four vessels were performed and 60 random scenarios with two vessels. In 2020 tests were carried out in real conditions on the ferries Wolin and m/f Gryf. The communication and negotiation system presented in the article has been designed and developed specially for maritime navigation purposes. The authors believe that the presented solution can be one of various solutions implemented in autonomous shipping in the near future.

6

Ryzyko operacyjne w transporcie morskim ładunków

Sokołowski Wojciech, Kierszka Michał

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego

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2022

|

XVI

1--23

PL

W artykule dokonano próby oszacowania ryzyka operacyjnego w transporcie morskim ładunków. W tym kontekście omówiono istotę morskiego transportu ładunków, scharakteryzowano cztery podstawowe obszary ryzyka operacyjnego oraz przeprowadzono jego ocenę. Obejmowała ona identyfikację ryzyka i analizę potencjalnych zagrożeń, ocenę ilościową i jakościową oraz zaproponowanie sposobów minimalizowania przedmiotowego ryzyka.

7

Determinants of the provision of maritime travel in the context of a sense of security of generation Y representatives

Mazurkiewicz Marta, Chojnacka Małgorzata, Gutowska Ewelina, Gutowski Piotr, Wilczyńska-Strawa Agnieszka

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego

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2022

|

XVI

1--17

EN

In order to ensure the highest level of maritime travel safety, standards and rules are applied aimed at eliminating potential risks. In view of changes in the environment – as a result of, among others, the Covid-19 pandemic and Russia’s aggression against Ukraine – it has become necessary to verify expec-tations and preferences towards the provision of maritime transport services from the perspective of its users, representing generation Y. A key factor for evaluating cruise maritime service in the situation of current threats was identi-fied to achieve the objective of this study. At the same time, groups of factors responsible for the emergence of threats to travelers were identified, and pro-posals for measures to increase confidence in maritime transportation were evaluated from the perspective of the surveyed participants.

8

Morska ekomobilność. Wykorzystanie biopaliw - biodiesla do napędzania konwencjonalnych śmigieł w łodzi w porównaniu ze śmigłami biomimetycznymi

Zill-e-Hussain, Stempniak Marta

Energetyka Cieplna i Zawodowa

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2022

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Nr 1

92--94

PL

Z ponad 51 000 statków handlowych i kilku tysięcy okrętów marynarki pływających po otwartych morzach i oceanach, zanieczyszczenie mórz stało się znaczącym czynnikiem nie tylko globalnej zmiany klimatu, ale także szybkiego zaniku życia morskiego i niszczenia ich cennych ekosystemów. Wraz z szybkim postępem technologicznym w inżynierii, produkcji, transporcie itp. wzrosła potrzeba szybszych, wydajnych i czystszych technik.

9

The effects of particular factors connected with maritime transport on quality and safety of cereal as a cargo

Ocieczek Aneta, Mesinger Dominika, Kaizer Adam, Zawadzki Mateusz

Transport Problems

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2021

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T. 16, z. 2

19--32

EN

The article discusses the effect of conditions during maritime transport on particular quality and safety parameters of cereal, in relation to quality management and logistics management. Therefore, transport requirements for cereal as a cargo were identified, and furthermore, threats resulting from improperly conducted logistic proces of bulk material with strong sorption properties were described. The aim of this article was to compare the differences in sorption properties between four selected cereal species using the static desiccator method. This method is the standard reference method. As a result of the conducted research, the existence of significant variability in the sensitivity to the effect of maritime transport conditions among cereal as a product group was identified. The most resistant to water vapor was rye grain. The differences between each cereal species should be associated with variability in the physical structure and chemical composition of grains of each individual cereal species. Further works in this area should take into consideration not only the diversity but also the variability of cereal sensitivity owing to the combined effect of relative humidity of the atmosphere and ambient temperature with use of the indepth thermodynamic analysis of sorption.

10

Bezpieczeństwo przewozu towarów niebezpiecznych w transporcie morskim

Kołdys Karolina

Promotor BHP

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2021

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nr 11-12

34--41

PL

Transport morski umożliwia przewóz towarów niebezpiecznych. Zasady obejmujące ten typ transportu są zawarte w odpowiednich konwencjach i kodeksach.

11

Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator as an Index of Carbon Dioxide Emission from Marine Transport

Herdzik Jerzy

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2020

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Tom 22, cz. 1

549--560

EN

The paper presents Energy Efficiency Operational Index (EEOI) introduced through International Maritime Organization (IMO) which defined the carbon dioxide emission as a result of transport specific cargo mass on specific distance. The total fuel consumption from all elements of vessel energetic system causes the carbon dioxide emission. Ship-owners should inform the marine administration about the fuel consumption from all vessels of 5000 tons of gross tonnage or more from 1st January 2018. In marine transport about 85% of carbon dioxide emission comes from such vessels. The calculating of EEOI is voluntary now but it is indicated to do it. It allows on an assessment the differences between the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) obligatory during design process of a vessel and its power plant and EEOI. Due to it may be estimated the correctness of vessel and power plant operation in exploitational conditions. The basic way of EEOI decreasing is slow steaming of a vessel. The power demand for propulsion (and fuel consumption) is proportional to the third power of vessel velocity (according to the propeller characteristics) on the other hand the hull resistance (the demand for thrust by propeller) is proportional to the second power of vessel velocity. As a result it causes the decreasing of total fuel consumption for covering the same distance but increasing the time of voyage. It is for acceptance during a bad economic situation. Although it will be no acceptable during a good economic situation when it will be required the increasing of vessel velocity (decreasing the time of voyage). The other effective methods are under research which allows to reach the same aim. It is known such methods of vessel operation which leading to the decreasing of that index. The paper shows these methods with their characteristics.

PL

W artykule omówiono wprowadzony przez Międzynarodową Organizację Morską (IMO) wskaźnik zwany eksploatacyjnym indeksem efektywności energetycznej statku (EEOI), który określa emisję dwutlenku węgla w wyniku transportu jednostki masy ładunku na jednostkową odległość. Za emisję CO2 odpowiada zużycie paliwa przez wszystkie elementy okrętowego układu energetycznego. Od 1 stycznia 2018 r. armatorzy muszą zgłaszać do administracji morskiej ilość zużytego paliwa przez poszczególne statki o tonażu od 5000, które odpowiadają za 85% zużycia paliwa w transporcie morskim. Wyznaczanie wskaźnika EEOI jest obecnie dobrowolne, ale wskazane, aby go wyznaczać. Pozwala to na określenie różnic między projektowym indeksem efektywności energetycznej statku (EEDI), który jest obligatoryjny w procesie projektowania statku i elementów układu energetycznego, a eksploatacyjnym. Dzięki temu można oszacować poprawność eksploatacji siłowni i statku w warunkach rzeczywistych. Podstawowym sposobem zmniejszenia wskaźnika EEOI jest zmniejszenie prędkości eksploatacyjnej statku. Zapotrzebowanie na moc napędu (i zużycie paliwa) jest proporcjonalne do trzeciej potęgi prędkości statku (wg tzw. charakterystyki śrubowej), natomiast opór kadłuba (zapotrzebowanie na siłę naporu przez śrubę okrętową) jest proporcjonalny do potęgi drugiej prędkości statku. Skutkuje to zmniejszeniem zużycia paliwa na pokonanie tej samej drogi, ale wydłuża czas podróży. W okresie dekoniunktury na rynku żeglugowym jest to do przyjęcia. Jednak wraz z pojawieniem się oznak koniunktury, które będą wymagać wzrostu prędkości statku (skrócenia czasu podróży) będzie to niemożliwe. Poszukuje się więc innych skutecznych metod, które pozwolą osiągnąć ten sam cel. Znane są możliwości takich sposobów eksploatacji statku, które prowadzą do zmniejszenia tego wskaźnika. W artykule wskazano na te metody wraz z ich charakterystyką.

12

Warunki i perspektywy rozwoju wewnątrzmiejskiej żeglugi pasażerskiej w Gdańsku

Połom Marcin, Tarkowski Maciej, Puzdrakiewicz Krystian

Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG

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2020

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nr 23(1)

58--75

PL

Emisja zanieczyszczeń do środowiska z transportu jest jednym z kluczowych czynników zmian klimatu. Kraje europejskie w tym Polska starają się zmieniać własną politykę transportową, tak aby w różnych gałęziach transportu większą rolę odgrywały środki zasilane częściowo lub całkowicie energią elektryczną. Gdańsk jako miasto o nadmorskim położeniu i posiadające dostęp do sieci kanałów oraz rzek planuje rozwijać wewnątrzmiejskie linie tramwajów wodnych. Planuje się wykorzystanie do tego celu nowoczesnych statków elektrycznych lub hybrydowych. W artykule przedstawiono główne uwarunkowania funkcjonowania dotychczasowych połączeń wewnątrz Gdańska. Scharakteryzowano zaplecze społeczno-gospodarcze i powiązanie dróg wodnych z siecią transportową Gdańska. Przedstawiono założenia nowej siatki połączeń promowych oraz wykonano analizę ich wpływu na środowisko. W ostatniej części artykułu scharakteryzowano potencjalne skutki finansowe, społeczno-ekonomiczne oraz środowiskowe.

EN

Emission of pollutants to the environment from transport is one of the key drivers of climate change. European countries, including Poland, are trying to change their own transport policy, so that in various modes of transport a greater role is played by means partially or completely powered by electricity. Gdańsk, as a city with a coastal location and having access to a network of canals and rivers, plans to develop intra-city water tramway lines. It is planned to use modern electric or hybrid passenger ships for this purpose. The article presents the main conditions for the functioning of the existing connections inside Gdańsk. The socio-economic background and the connection of waterways with the transport network of Gdańsk were characterized. The assumptions of the new network of ferry connections were presented and their impact on the environment was analyzed. The last part of the article characterizes the potential financial, socio-economic and environmental impacts.

13

Concept of green seaports. Case study of the seaport in Gdynia

Żukowska Sandra

Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG

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2020

|

nr 23(3)

61--68

EN

World transport faces a serious challenge, which involves the detrimental impact of its activity on the environment. Marine transport is a significant link in the worldwide transport system, which provides the free flow of diversified cargoes and offers competitive prices compared to other modes of transport for the carriage of goods. Seaports enabling waterborne transport have a major impact on the economic, social and natural environment. Port managing authorities show growing awareness of the negative influence of port units on the surrounding environment. Concurrently, environmentally friendly measures are implemented in line with the principles of sustainable development. The article aim is to present the characteristics of the green ports concept in response to ports struggle with environmental problems. The article presents port development background and the evolving approach to environmental issues. The seaport in Gdynia is an example of pursuing a sustainable development policy, and informally is well embedded in the concept of green ports.

14

The evolution of deep sea container routes: the Italian case

Lupi Marino, Pratelli Antonio, Licandro Cecilia, Farina Alessandro

Transport Problems

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2019

|

T. 14, z. 1

69--80

EN

In this study, an analysis of deep sea shipping (DSS) container services, calling at Italian ports, is carried out. A comparison with analogous sets of data collected in the years 2011 and 2014 has been performed. The most important Italian port system is the Ligurian one, which includes the main Italian port, Genoa, which is the main access gate to the Padan Plain, the most productive area of Italy. However, other ports are also important: the Ligurian port of La Spezia and the hub port of Gioia Tauro. The comparison, with 2011 and 2014 data, has shown that while the number of DSS departures, from Italian ports, did not increase, the dimensions of the ships, which call at Italian ports, increased relevantly: this is in line with the current trend in container ship gigantism.

15

Current trends of protectionism in shipping industry

Zhykharieva Vlada, Shyriaieva Liudmyla, Vlasenko Olga

Transport Problems

|

2019

|

T. 14, z. 2

89--100

EN

The purpose of this paper is to systematize the practical experience of the state protectionism in shipping industry at the current stage of its development. The reasons of protectionism in maritime transport are considered and the analysis of the world fleet ownership and flags of registration is conducted. The comparative analysis of the Dutch and Norwegian tonnage tax regimes and other current tax incentives in the different countries is made. The advantages and shortcomings of protectionist measures in shipping industry from the macroeconomic and microeconomic points of view are analysed. The results of research contains elements of novelty: the scientific representation of state protectionism in shipping industry gained further development by systematization of international experience of application of direct and indirect measures in shipping and allocation of the main trends of protectionism; the classification of protectionist measures in shipping industry is improved by the specification of the structure of indirect methods.

16

Sposoby realizacji priorytetów polityki transportowej na przykładzie portów morskich Federacji Rosyjskiej

Zieliński Mariusz

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego

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2019

|

R. XIII

1--27

PL

Niniejsza praca dotyczy realizacji Strategii Transportowej Federacji Rosyjskiej na przykładzie transportu morskiego. Z jednej strony analizowane są związane z transportem morskim wykonawcze programy strategiczne. Z drugiej strony przybliżono sterowane centralnie przez gremia rządowe wykonawstwo ww. planów

EN

The folowing paper reveals the execution of Russian Federations Policy of sea transport based on The Transport Strategy of The RF. On the one hand the russian strategic programms are analised. On the other hand te conduct of the strategic plans (guided by governmental assemblies) is taken into consideration

17

Co będzie kształtować morski transport kontenerów w najbliższej przyszłości

Nowak Iwo

Logistyka

|

2019

|

nr 1

58--61

PL

W przekonaniu Fredrika Hermanssona, Dyrektora zarządzającego Greencarrier Liner Agency, w obecnych czasach, cechujących się nieustannymi zmianami i wszechobecnym ruchem, trudno jest przewidywać przyszłość, zwłaszcza w dalszej perspektywie. Mimo to, zdaniem F. Hermanssona, można z pewnym prawdopodobieństwem określić globalne trendy w branży morskiego transportu kontenerowego, z których 6 określa on jako najważniejsze.

18

Modelling consequences of maritime critical infrastructure accidents

Bogalecka Magda

Journal of KONBiN

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2019

|

Vol. 49, iss. 2

477--495

EN

The probabilistic general model of critical infrastructure accident consequences including the superposition of three models of the process of initiating events, the process of environment threats and the process of environment degradation is adopted to the maritime transport critical infrastructure. The general model is applied to this critical infrastructure accident with chemical release consequences identification and prediction. The model also includes the cost analysis of losses associated with these chemical releases. Further, under the assumption of the stress of weather influence on the ship operation condition, critical infrastructure accident losses are examined and the results are compared with the previous ones. Finally, the method of optimization are practically tested to the minimizing these losses and the procedures and the new strategy assuring lower environment losses of the considered critical infrastructure accidents are proposed.

PL

Probabilistyczny model konsekwencji wypadków infrastruktury krytycznej łączący trzy modele: procesu zdarzeń inicjujących, procesu zagrożeń środowiska oraz procesu degradacji środowiska został zaadaptowany do morskiej infrastruktury krytycznej. Model zastosowano do identyfikacji i prognozowania konsekwencji uwolnienia substancji chemicznych podczas wypadków morskiej infrastruktury krytycznej. Model zawiera także analizę kosztów wynikających z uwolnienia tych substancji. Dodatkowa analiza strat uwzględnia wpływ warunków pogodowych na stan eksploatacyjny statku, który uległ wypadkowi. Ponadto przetestowano metodę optymalizacji w celu zmniejszenia tych strat oraz przedstawiono procedury i nowe rozwiązania zapewniające mniejsze straty w środowisku, wynikające z wypadków omawianej infrastruktury krytycznej.

19

Simulation model for maritime container terminal

Rusca F., Popa M., Rosca E., Rusca A.

Transport Problems

|

2018

|

T. 13, z. 4

47--54

EN

For logistic chains that have a maritime component, the ports transition involves a set of specific operations inside maritime container terminals. This can be cargo handling operations from the terrestrial vehicle in the storage area of ports, from port storage area in the maritime ships, as well as storage operations in the port area and other container terminal activities. Taking into consideration the multi-flow interactions and the non-uniform arrival of vessels and in-land vehicles, discrete event simulation stands as a feasible technique for investigating berthing capacity during the initial planning stage of the terminal or for operative planning of logistic processes at the terminal. If the storage area is analysed as a queuing system, the quality serving attributes could be evaluate. When different distributions for arrival flows of the containers in the maritime container terminal are taken into consideration, the quality serving attributes are difficult to estimate. In our paper, a discrete simulation model is developed in ARENA software for case of a maritime container terminal. The estimation of the general measures of performance for the container port terminals through simulation could provide data for the implementation in the management plans by port administrations.

20

Ubezpieczenie cargo w przewozach morskich

Husiatyńska R.

Problemy Transportu i Logistyki

|

2018

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nr 2 (42)

29--37

PL

Celem artykułu jest analiza obowiązujących regulacji w zakresie odpowiedzialności i rozłożenia ryzyka spowodowanego utratą lub uszkodzeniem ładunku podczas transportu morskiego. W artykule omówiono kwestie wyłączeń odpowiedzialności przewoźnika na gruncie Reguł hasko-visbijskich w kontekście uszkodzeń albo zniszczeń towaru powstałych w trakcie transportu morskiego. Artykuł zawiera analizę powszechnie stosowanych klauzul instytucjonalnych w umowach ubezpieczeniowych zawieranych przez ubezpieczycieli. Autorka zwraca uwagę na konieczność nowelizacji przepisów, które dotyczą wyłączeń odpowiedzialności przewoźnika za szkody bądź uszkodzenia ładunków w czasie transportu morskiego. Dawne instytucje prawne służące rozłożeniu ryzyka są przestarzałe i mało efektywne, choć nadal funkcjonują w prawie morskim ze względu na jego tradycjonalizm i uprzywilejowanie grupy armatorów. Patrząc jednak na specyfikę transportu morskiego, zwiększającą się ilość towarów transportowanych drogą morską oraz tendencję wzrostową we współpracy polskich przedsiębiorców z zagranicznymi przewoźnikami, powinna zostać poruszona kwestia zmiany podstawy prawnej dotyczącej tej gałęzi transportu.

EN

The aim of the article is to analyze the applicable regulations regarding liability and risk distribution caused by the loss or damage of cargo during sea transport. The article discusses the issues of exclusion of carrier liability under the Hague-Visbian Rules in the context of damage or destruction of goods created during maritime transport. The article contains an analysis of commonly used institutional clauses in insurance contracts concluded by insurers. The author draws attention to the need to amend the provisions that apply to the exclusion of carrier’s liability for damage or damage to cargo during sea transport. Former legal institutions serving the distribution of risk seem to be outdated and not very effective. These institutions are still functioning in maritime law through its traditionalism and privileging the group of shipowners, and due to the specificity of maritime transport, the increasing amount of goods transported by sea and an upward trend in the cooperation of Polish entrepreneurs with foreign carriers, the issue of changing the legal basis in this transport branch.