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1
Content available Small-signal transmittances of the non-ideal flyback switch-mode DC–DC converter
Bączek Maciej, Janke Włodzimierz, Kraśniewski Jarosław
Archives of Electrical Engineering
|
2024
|
Vol. 73, nr 1
1--15
EN
Small-signal transmittances of the power stage of a flyback converter in continuous conduction mode are derived on the averaged model obtained by the separation of variables approach. The precise knowledge of these transmittances is necessary in the design process of the converter control circuit. Apart from mathematical formulas for transmittances, the numerical calculations of the frequency dependencies of the transmittances for the assumed set of the converter parameters are presented with the parasitic resistances of components taken into account. The results of the calculations are compared with the measurements performed on the laboratory model of the converter and a good consistency is observed. It is concluded, that the results of the paper may be useful in the designing process of a control circuit of the flyback converter.
2
Content available The performance analysis of dusty photovoltaic panel
Katoch Minakshi, Dahiya Vineet, Yadav Surendra Kumar
Archives of Thermodynamics
|
2023
|
Vol. 44, no 2
49--68
EN
Solar photovoltaic power is widely utilized in the energy industry. The performance of solar panels is influenced by different variables, including solar radiation, temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and the presence of haze or dirt. Outdoor solar panels are particularly susceptible to a decrease in energy efficiency due to the accumulation of dust particles in the air, which occurs as a result of natural weather conditions. The extent of dust deposition is primarily determined by factors such as the tilt angle of the panel, wind direction, cleaning frequency as well as local meteorological and geographical conditions. The dust on the solar cell glazing reduces the optical transmittance of the light beam, causing shadowing and diminishing the energy conversion productivity of the panels. Sand storms, pollution levels and snow accumulations all significantly impact the photovoltaic panel performance. These circumstances reduce the efficiency of solar panels. The experiment was carried out on two identical dust-accumulated and dust-free panels. The evaluation was carried out in two different situations on the offgrid stand-alone system: in a simulated atmosphere and in an open space during the day. The current-voltage curves have been developed for both panels at various tilt degrees. The features provide sufficient information to analyse the performance of the panels under consideration. The measurements demonstrate that as dust collects on the panel’s surface, the average output power and short circuit current decrease dramatically. The installation tilt angle affected the ratio of efficiency and average power outputs of dusty and clean panels.
3
Content available Multi-state approach to food packaging material quality and consumption safety analysis
Bogalecka Magdalena, Morawska Magda
Safety and Reliability of Systems and Processes
|
2022
|
Summer Safety and Reliability Seminar 2022
35--50
EN
The food packaging material and its quality assessment based on permeability, tensile strength, swelling, transmittance, and biofilm formation are discussed in this chapter. The semi-Markov model of food packaging material quality change process is introduced and its characteristics are determined. Next, the safety and resilience indicators are proposed for multi-state analysis, identification, prediction and optimization of packaged food product consumption safety.
4
Content available Physical properties of materials used for infusion sets for photosensitive medicines
Szafarczyk Karolina, Szewczenko Janusz, Maciak Erwin, Kałużyński Piotr, Goldsztajn Karolina
Engineering of Biomaterials
|
2022
|
vol. 25, no. 167
2--9
EN
Continuous infusion, as one of the most effective methods of delivering pharmaceuticals to patients, uses infusion pumps to which a syringe and infusion drains are connected. Photosensitive drugs that require UV-VIS protection are delivered to patients with special infusion sets that reduce harmful radiation. However, these drains have different transparencies, which can affect the success of therapy. This study investigated the optical properties of two types of drains used for infusion therapy of photosensitive drugs. UV-VIS spectroscopy studies were carried out, allowing the determination of the absorbance values and absorption coefficient of the two types of drains. The spectrum of their transmittance was also analyzed. The chemical composition of the samples was tested using FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the roughness and wettability parameters of the drains were determined, which affect not only the kinematics of drug flow in the drains but also the way in which light is transmitted. The results of the study can be used to propose a solution to eliminate the problem of loss of properties of the photosensitive drug in drains, in contact with light. By selecting the appropriate drain thickness, it is possible to reduce the transmission of radiation in the UV-VIS range through the drain.
5
Content available Transmittance measurement of the in vivo human eye with a double-pass system
Sánchez Roberto, De Paul Aníbal, Burgos-Fernández Francisco, Vilaseca Meritxell, Pujol Jaume, Issolio Luis
Optica Applicata
|
2021
|
Vol. 51, nr 1
1--21
EN
Purpose: To develop a methodology based on a double-pass system to obtain information about the transmittance of ocular media. Methods: The procedure consists of recording double-pass images at different powers of a laser diode of 780 nm and determining the scattering in an area between 25–35 arcmin of each image. The scattering showed linear behavior in respect to the irradiance of the laser, and the slope of the linear fit was proportional to the transmittance squared of the media evaluated. An artificial eye with different filters was tested first. Then, fifteen subjects with clear ocular media were divided into two groups: ten subjects classified by the iris color were recruited for the measurements of an ocular transmittance index and the estimation of the transmittance (group A), and another five subjects were selected for measurements with neutral filters (group B). Results: The measurements performed in group A presented a mean transmittance of 42.95%. No differences in the transmittance were found between subjects with different iris color (p = 0.154). Measurements in group B showed a good correlation (r = 0.959, p < 0.001) between the expected and the measured value for the transmittance. Conclusion: We proposed and evaluated a method to determine the transmittance of the eye in vivo using the double-pass system.
6
Content available Attaining Optimum Values of Colourfastness Properties of Sustainable Dyes on Cotton Fabrics
Islam Shariful, Alam Shaikh Md. Mominul, Ahmed Shaharia
Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe
|
2020
|
Vol. 28, no. 6 (144)
110--117
EN
The aim of this research was to identify optimum values of the colorfastness properties of sustainable dyes on cotton fabrics. Sustainable dyes are ecofriendly, biodegradable, economical and easily attainable from natural sources. The findings of this research established that good colourfastness properties of cellulosic fibres could be obtained using sustainable natural dyes. Experiments were carried out on 100% cotton voile fabrics of plain weave using four types of natural dyes: strawberry dye, beetroot dye, rose dye and China rose dye. Strawberry dye reacted with the cellulose of the cotton in an alkaline condition to form a stable covalent bond amid the dye and cellulose and showed outstanding colour fastness properties. The required experiments were conducted using the standard specified by ASTM and AATCC as stated in this paper. The colour strength properties, colour intensity properties, colour absorbency properties and colorfastness properties were investigated using a reflectance spectrophotometer and “Agilent Cary 630 FTIR Instrument” as stated in this paper. A sample dyeing machine – “Pad Dye Pad Steam” was used in this research to dye the cotton fabrics with sustainable natural dyes. The colorfastness properties were investigated using grey scale test results, and the colour strength and absorbency properties were tested using the spectrophotometer and FTIR instruments. The peak values of the FTIR instrument guaranteed the existence of the colourant or chromophore present in the dyestuffs, and exposed the best colourfastness properties. The findings of this research could be beneficial to personnel involved in textile industries who are in charge of dyeing cotton fabrics with natural dyes as well as controlling their colourfastness properties and colour intensity properties.
PL
Celem badań było określenie optymalnych wartości właściwości trwałości koloru barwników naturalnych na tkaninach bawełnianych. Naturalne barwniki są przyjazne dla środowiska, biodegradowalne, ekonomiczne i łatwo dostępne z naturalnych źródeł. Wyniki tych badań wykazały, że dobre właściwości trwałości koloru włókien celulozowych można uzyskać przy użyciu trwałych naturalnych barwników. Eksperymenty przeprowadzono na tkaninach woalowych w 100% bawełnianych o splocie płóciennym przy użyciu czterech rodzajów barwników naturalnych: barwnika truskawkowego, buraczkowego, różowego i chińskiego różowego. Barwnik truskawkowy przereagował z celulozą bawełny w środowisku zasadowym, tworząc stabilne wiązanie kowalencyjne między barwnikiem i celulozą i wykazał wyjątkową trwałość koloru. Wymagane eksperymenty przeprowadzono przy użyciu standardu określonego przez ASTM i AATCC. Właściwości trwałości koloru zbadano za pomocą wyników testu w skali szarości, a siłę koloru i właściwości absorpcyjne zbadano za pomocą spektrofotometrii w podczerwieni (FTIR).
7
Content available Effect of dispersants on coal slime classification in a novel classification apparatus
Zhu Hongzheng, Lόpez-Valdivieso Alejandro, Zhu Jinbo, Min Fanfei
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing
|
2019
|
Vol. 55, iss. 2
336--345
EN
The effects of the dispersants NaOH and Na2CO3 on the classification of coal slimes was studied in a novel classification apparatus. A dispersion effect was characterized through slurry pH and transmittance measurements as well as zeta potential determinations of the slimes. The pH increased and the zeta potential became more negative, while the transmittance decreased with the increase in the NaOH and Na2CO3 addition. The miscellany rates in the overflow decreased by 15.18% and 11.22% with NaOH and Na2CO3, respectively, while that in the underflow was 31.81% and 27.08%, respectively. An ash-removal efficiency from the coal slurries increased by 20.03% and 10.50% with NaOH and Na2CO3, respectively. It was found that the largest difference in classification efficiency between these dispersants in the overflow was 26.05% and underflow was 14.86%. At the high classification efficiency, the transmittance of the slurry decreased, indicating that better dispersion effect led to the higher classification efficiency of the coal slurry. NaOH showed to be a better dispersant for coal slimes classification than Na2CO3 in the novel classification apparatus.
8
Content available Przygotowanie i badanie warstw organicznych dla zastosowań fotowoltaicznych
Przybylski Dariusz, Zając Dorota, Patela Sergiusz
Napędy i Sterowanie
|
2019
|
R. 21, nr 2
103--105
PL
W artykule przedstawiono proces otrzymywania cienkich warstw organicznych. Nakładanie warstw na podłoża szklane odbywało się metodą spin-coatingu. Podczas procesu modyfikowane były takie parametry, jak: stężenie związku, rodzaj zastosowanego rozpuszczalnika, prędkość wirowania, czas wirowania oraz ilość naniesionej substancji. Zbadano właściwości otrzymanych cienkich warstw organicznych. Pomiaru ich grubości dokonano za pomocą profilometru optycznego, a następnie wynik zweryfikowano na profilometrze mechanicznym. Następnie zmierzono charakterystykę transmitancji na spektrofotometrze. W rezultacie przeprowadzonych prac opracowano technologię nanoszenia 100 nm warstw organicznych na podłoże szklane.
9
Content available remote Enhancement of Faraday rotation in defect modes of one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals
Jalali Tahmineh, Gharaati Abdolrasoul, Rastegar Mohammad
Materials Science Poland
|
2019
|
Vol. 37, No. 3
446--453
EN
In this paper, employing of one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals in infrared wavelengths range is considered. For this purpose, magnetophotonic multilayer structures, composed of magnetic defect layer surrounded by dielectric and MO Bragg mirrors, have been proposed. Ce:YIG with an optical thickness in the range of 0 to λs was used as a magnetic material. By using four by four transfer matrix method, the transmittance values and Faraday rotation (FR) angles of these structures were computed. The electric field distribution was obtained by Finite Element Method (FEM). By investigation of transmittance and FR angle of magnetophotonic crystals, it was possible to design the optimized structures with a rotation larger than 30 degrees and high transmittance. Such structures with a few micrometer thickness and fast magneto-optical (MO) responses have the potential to be used in MO devices like integrated photonic elements and sensors.
10
Content available Fabrication of Agar-Silica Aerogel Nanocomposite Films
Lee Min-Jin, Jung Hyun-Ah, Lee Kyong-Jin, Hwang Haejin
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2019
|
Vol. 64, iss. 3
851--855
EN
In this study, agar-based nanocomposite films containing ultra-porous silica aerogel particles were fabricated by gel casting using an aqueous agar/silica aerogel slurry. The silica aerogel particles did not show significant agglomeration and were homogeneously distributed in the agar matrix. Transmission electron microscopy observations demonstrated that the silica aerogel particles had a mesoporous microstructure and their pores were not incorporated into the agar polymer molecules. The thermal conductivities of the agar and agar/5wt.% silica aerogel nanocomposite films were 0.36 and 0.20 W·m-1·K-1, respectively. The transmittance of the agar films did not decrease upon the addition of silica aerogel particles into them. This can be attributed to the anti-reflection effect of silica aerogel particles.
11
Content available remote Optical properties of Ti-Al-C-N films: effects of deposition parameters and carbon content
Klimovich I., Komarov F., Zaikov V., Opielak M., Kołtunowicz T. N.
Przegląd Elektrotechniczny
|
2018
|
R. 94, nr 6
78--81
EN
Ti-Al-C-N films were obtained by reactive magnetron sputtering method under different deposition parameters (substrate temperature, bias voltage and relation between reactive gases partial pressure). Structure, elemental, phase and chemical compositiosn of the films were determined by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering. It was found that the deposition parameters affect on the compositions and optical characteristics of Ti-Al-C-N coatings. The minimum absorptance and maximum reflectance correspond to Ti-Al-C-N film with carbon content of 36.44 at %.
PL
Warstwy Ti-Al-C-N uzyskano za pomocą metody reaktywnego napylania magnetronowego dla różnych parametrów osadzania (temperatura podłoża, napięcie odchylenia i zależność między ciśnieniem cząstkowym reaktywnych gazów). Struktura, faza oraz skład chemiczny warstw zostały określone za pośrednictwem skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej, analizy rentgenowskiej dyspersji energii, dyfraktometrii rentgenowskiej i rozproszenia Ramana. Odkryto, że parametry napylania mają wpływ na kompozycję i charakterystyki optyczne powłok Ti-Al-C-N. Minimalna absorpcja i maksymalny współczynnik odbicia uzyskane zostały dla warstw Ti-Al-C-N o zawartości węgla wynoszącej 36.44%.
12
Content available remote SU-8 based planar metamaterials with fourfold symmetry as selective terahertz absorbers
Grześkiewicz B., Sierakowski A., Marczewski J., Pałka N., Wolarz E.
Opto-Electronics Review
|
2018
|
Vol. 26, No. 4
329--337
EN
We report on the absorption properties of polarization-insensitive transmissive and reflective metamaterial absorbers based on two planar aluminium periodic structures and SU-8 epoxy resist. These absorbers were investigated using numerical simulation and experimental methods in the terahertz range (below 2 THz). SU-8 is a very promising organic material for dielectric layers in planar metamaterials, because its application simplifies the process of fabricating these structures and significantly reduces the fabri-cation time. The experimental absorption of the metamaterial absorbers has narrowband characteristics that were consistent with the numerical simulations. Power flow analysis in the transmissive metama-terial unit cell shows that the absorption in the terahertz range occurs primarily in the SU-8 layer of the absorber.
13
Content available remote Analisis of field dynamics using numerically obtained normalized ordinary moments
Dudziak K., Brykalski A., Stawicki K.
Prace Naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej. Elektryka
|
2017
|
z. 1-2
49--60
EN
The article presents possibilities of describing the dynamics of the electromagnetic field making use of ordinary normalized moments. Numerical calculations has been carried out with the help of computer software COMSOL. Calculated moments have been used for determination of transfer function parameters.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono możliwości opisu dynamiki pola elektromagnetycznego z wykorzystaniem momentów zwykłych znormalizowanych. W pracy wykorzystano dane otrzymane w wyniku przeprowadzenia eksperymentu numerycznego, symulacji komputerowej w programie COMSOL. Obliczone momenty posłużyły do wyznaczenia modeli transmitancyjnych badanego układu.
14
Content available Badania właściwości radiacyjnych materiałów ochron osobistych
Wiśniewski T. S., Polakowski H.
Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej
|
2016
|
Nr 58 (tom 2) (2)
193—206
PL
Właściwości radiacyjne materiałów ochron osobistych strażaków mają kluczowe znaczenie dla ich skuteczności w ochronie przed skutkami promieniowania cieplnego. Zasadniczym parametrem decydującym o właściwościach termoizolacyjnych tych ochron, dla wszystkich powierzchni jest emisyjność, zaś dla materiałów transparentnych dla promieniowania cieplnego, także ich przepuszczalność. W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano sposób wykonania pomiarów emisyjności i przepuszczalności (transmitancji) materiałów ochron osobistych strażaków, takich jak ubrania specjalne i buty. Przedstawiono i przedyskutowano wyniki badań wykonanych dla nowych zestawów tkanin ubraniowych i dla pakietów poddanych działaniu różnych źródeł ciepła.
EN
The radiative properties of personal protective clothing materials for firefighters are crucial to their effectiveness in protecting against the effects of thermal radiation. The main factor determining thermal insulation properties for all surfaces of protective materials is emissivity, and for materials transparent for thermal radiation, also their transmittance. Measurement methods for emissivity and transmittance of personal protective clothing materials for firefighters, such as special garments and boots are presented in this paper. The results of research carried out for new sets of materials and for packages of fabrics exposed to different sources of heat are presented and discussed.
15
Content available Radon permeability of insulating building materials
Walczak J., Olszewski J., Zmyślony M.
Nukleonika
|
2016
|
Vol. 61, No. 3
289--293
EN
The aim of the study was to determine the radon permeability coefficient of insulating building materials. Eleven insulating materials were tested. A research setup was developed and it was as follows: a tested material was tightly set on the receiver box’s hole and placed into the radon chamber. The measurements showed that for various insulating materials, radon permeability coefficient varies from 1.26 × 10−10 m2/s for film-like materials to 9.95 × 10−8 m2/s for roofing papers. According to our calculations of all insulating materials, the foil-type insulating materials to ensure the best protection against radon flow from the ground. Comparison of different types of building materials shows that the insulating building materials ensure better radiological protection than regular building constructions materials.
16
Content available Metoda badania materiałów i ustrojów do ochrony przed drganiami mechanicznymi na nowym stanowisku laboratoryjnym CIOP-PIB
Zając J., Kowalski P.
Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka
|
2016
|
nr 5
17-19
PL
W artykule przedstawiono opracowaną metodę badań materiałów i ustrojów przeznaczonych do ochrony przed drganiami mechanicznymi w środowisku pracy. Metoda ta jest oparta na wyznaczaniu transmitancji oraz współczynników przenoszenia drgań próbek wybranych materiałów i ustrojów na stanowisku badawczym. Głównym elementem stanowiska jest system do generacji sygnału drganiowego na bazie wzbudnika drgań J240 firmy IMV. Przedstawiono opracowaną konstrukcję obciążnika testowego z regulowaną masą oraz sposób obciążania próbek. Porównanie wyników uzyskanych dla różnych próbek potwierdza przypuszczenie, że zmiana obciążenia próbki w większości przypadków wpływa znacząco na wartości transmitancji, a więc także na tłumienie drgań. Nie jest jednak możliwe określenie jednej tendencji oraz zakresu takich zmian dla wszystkich badanych materiałów. Zmiany te nie przebiegają liniowo wraz ze zmianami obciążenia (nacisku jednostkowego).
EN
The paper presents the developed method of testing anti-vibration material properties. The methods based on determining the transmission of vibrations. It has been described a test bench based on a system of vibration generation made by IMV. The measurement system has feedback circuit and static load compensation using a pneumatic system. The paper also presents the way of sample loading during tests using developed adjustable mass. Test results were obtained as average values of vibration transmissibility calculated for tested material samples. Comparison of the results obtained for different material samples confirms the assumption that the change of the sample load, in most cases, substantially affect on the damping of vibrations. It has been found that it is not possible to determine a trend and the range of such changes for all tested materials.
17
Content available Decomposition method and its application to the extremal problems
Górecki H., Zaczyk M.
Archives of Control Sciences
|
2016
|
Vol. 26, no. 1
49--67
EN
In the article solution of the problem of extremal value of x(τ) is presented, for the n-th order linear systems. The extremum of x(τ) is considered as a function of the roots s1, s2, ... sn of the characteristic equation. The obtained results give a possibility of decomposition of the whole n-th order system into a set of 2-nd order systems.
18
Content available Analytic solutions of transcendental equations with application to automatics
Górecki H., Zaczyk M.
Archives of Control Sciences
|
2016
|
Vol. 26, no. 4
497--513
EN
In the paper the extremal dynamic error x(τ) and the moment of time τ are considered. The extremal value of dynamic error gives information about accuracy of the system. The time τ gives information about velocity of transient. The analytical formulae enable design of the system with prescribed properties. These formulae are calculated due to the assumption that x(τ) is a function of the roots s1, ..., sn of the characteristic equation.
19
Content available Koncepcja modelowania dynamiki kabiny lakierniczej z wykorzystaniem algorytmów ewolucyjnych
Nikończuk P., Jaszczak S.
TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego
|
2015
|
R. 22, nr 12
1104--1107, CD
PL
W artykule omówiony przedstawiono koncepcję liniowego modelu dynamiki kabiny lakierniczej jako obiektu sterowania temperaturą. W modelu poddano analizie elementy składowe oraz ich transmitancje. Transmitancja zastępcza elementów składowych stanowi obiekt automatycznej regulacji. Przedstawiono również koncepcję doboru współczynników równań modelu liniowego kabiny lakierniczej z wykorzystaniem algorytmów ewolucyjnych. Dla proponowanej metody w artykule przedstawiono wyniki oraz wnioski z przeprowadzonej wstępnej weryfikacji.
EN
Paper presents the concept of linear model of spray booth. The numerical model describes the dynamic of temperature automatic control. At the model transfer functions of component elements are discussed. Parameters of dynamic model are selected using evolutionary algorithms. The paper presents also results and discussion of preliminary numerical verification of the method.
20
Content available remote Kwadraturowy oscylator harmoniczny rzędu trzeciego stabilizowany elementem nieliniowym
Topór-Kamiński L., Kumor A., Guzik J., Pilśniak A., Holajn P.
Prace Naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej. Elektryka
|
2015
|
z. 1
119--137
PL
W pracy opisana jest struktura realizacji oscylatora rzędu trzeciego w postaci układu połączonych w zamkniętą pętlę: wzmacniacza elektronicznego, dolnoprzepustowego układu selektywnego w postaci układu aktywnego, integratora oraz ogranicznika napięcia jako układu nieliniowego. Jako elementy aktywne zaproponowano zastosowanie klasycznych napięciowych wzmacniaczy operacyjnych. Przeprowadzono analizę pracy tego oscylatora metodą funkcji opisującej. Podano zależności określające pulsację i amplitudę wytwarzanych w układzie oscylacji. Opisano praktyczne jego realizacje z filtrem dolnoprzepustowym RLC i RC plus pojemność rzędu drugiego D. Przeprowadzono symulacje komputerowe oscylatora z układu RLD dla idealnych i rzeczywistych zastosowanych wzmacniaczy operacyjnych.
EN
In this paper a structure of the third order oscillator built with an operational amplifier, a low pass filter, an integrator and a non-linear circuit as a voltage limiter is presented. All is connected in a closed loop circuit. Properties of the oscillator are tested through simulations, in which the describing function method is used. The equations defining the amplitude and the pulsation of oscillation are given. Also implementation of the oscillator containing the low pass filter RLC and RC and the second order capacity D is shown. Finally the computer simulations of the oscillator RLD for ideal and real operational amplifiers are presented.
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