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Investigation of Transition Possibilities between Drought Classifications Using Standardized Precipitation Index for Wet and Dry Periods – Lower Seyhan Plain, Türkiye Case

Şimşek Serin Değerli, Çapar Ömer Faruk, Turhan Evren

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

201--209

EN

In this study, the Karaisalı region of Türkiye, which has a semi-arid climate and is known to contain the extensive plains and rich water resources of the Seyhan Basin, was preferred as a study area for investigating wet and drought periods for a long timescale. Forty-one years of total precipitation data, between 1980 and 2020, belonging to the closest precipitation observation station located in the Karaisalı region were used. By using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), which is one of the frequently used meteorological drought indices, drought classification probabilities, expected first transition period and residence time in each drought severity class values were calculated for the 12-month time scale. As a result of the study, it was determined that the most drought period took place in 2012 according to the examined time duration. In addition, the most wet period was observed in 2001. When various time scales were considered, SPI-3 and SPI-6 have Near Normal Wet periods, while SPI-9 and SPI-12 have Near Normal Drought periods. Extremely Wet periods were more numerous, while Extremely Drought periods lasted longer. In addition, 3 months after the end of the drought categories, it can be seen that the Wet and Drought periods change into Near Normal Wet and Near Normal Drought periods.

2

Maintaining the water consumption, in an urban system: A probabilistic approach is applied

Selmani Bouayoune K., Boudi El M., Bachir A.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2017

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no. 33

157--164

EN

An urban system is influenced by many disruptions that may cause failures for it, in the end. In order to maintain continuity of its operations, analysis of its components operation becomes very necessary. To do this, water infrastructure is chosen from its components to analyze the evolution of the water flow, when the population consumes the drinking water. This infrastructure is essential for the urban system and it is used daily by the population. For examining how to maintain water consumption, the evolution of the discharge head (the maximum height reached by the pipe after the pump) is analyzed and monitored. This height is strongly linked to the drinking water rate. Using water is estimated by a Markov model and the futures heights are prevented. This prevention requires the calculation of the transition probability of the water flow used by the population. An example is provided, where it is determined the level of risk. Under this one, the urban system operates in security, against failures.

PL

Każdy system miejski podlega zakłóceniom, które mogą powodować awarie. W celu utrzymania ciągłości jego działania niezbędna jest analiza działania jego składowych. Wybrano infrastrukturę wodną do analizy zmian przepływu wody w czasie, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem poboru wody pitnej. Infrastruktura ta jest istotna dla systemu miejskiego, ponieważ pobór wody odbywa się codziennie. Aby zbadać sposób zarządzania zużyciem wody, monitorowano i analizowano zmiany szczytowego przepływu wody (maksymalnej wysokości poziomu za pompą). Ta wysokość jest ściśle związana z przepływem wody pitnej. Zużycie wody ustalono za pomocą modelu Markova w celu zapobiegania przyszłym szczytowym przepływom. Zapobieganie to wymaga obliczenia prawdopodobieństwa przepływów wody używanej przez mieszkańców. Podano przykład wraz z oznaczonym poziomem ryzyka. W przykładowych warunkach system skutecznie przeciwdziałał awariom.

3

Prawdopodobieństwo przejścia i efektywna liczba próbek cyfrowego sygnału z multipleksacją OFDM

Rudziński A.

Telekomunikacja i Techniki Informacyjne

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2012

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nr 1-2

58-66

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyprowadzenie wyrażenia opisującego efektywną liczbę próbek sygnału cyfrowego z multipleksacją OFDM. Wyprowadzenie oparte jest na obliczeniu prawdopodobieństwa przejścia dla tego sygnału. Otrzymane wyrażenie wskazuje wprost zależności między efektywną liczbą próbek a parametrami sygnału i stanowi uzupełnienie modelu teoretycznego.

EN

This paper presents a derivation of the expression for the effective number of samples of a digital signal with OFDM coding. The derivation is based on the calculation of transition probability for the signal. The obtained expression explicitly reveals dependencies of the effective number of samples on parameters of the signal and supplements the theoretical model discussed previously.

4

The E2 admixture in mixed multipole line 647.6 nm in the spectrum of Bi I

Werbowy S, Kwela J

Optica Applicata

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2006

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Vol. 36, nr 4

s. 535--541

EN

A study of the hyperfine structure of mixed multipole line 646.7 nm of Bi I is reported. A special computer program was designed to obtain the predicted contour of the hyperfine structure of the line for different values of the electric-quadrupole admixture. By variation of free parameters, describing the line shape and the electric-quadrupole admixture D, defined as the ratio of the magnetic-dipole and electric-quadrupole decay rates D = AE2/(AM1 + AE2), the calculated profiles were fitted into the recorded spectra. The D value of the best fit found is (17.8 ± 1.0)%. Our result is compared with recent theories and other experiments.

5

Transition probabilities and transition systems

Frej B.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Matematyki Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Konferencje

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2001

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Vol. 24, nr 3

44-53

EN

The paper contains an example of three commuting transition probabilities T, S, U inducing continuous transition system and such that the iterates Tk, Sk, Uk admit no trajectories for any natural k.