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Tree ring analysis as an indicator of environmental changes caused by tourist trampling — A potential method for the assessment of the impact of tourists

Ciapała S., Adamski P., Zielonka T.

Geochronometria

2014

Vol. 41, no. 4

392--399

This paper shows that tree-ring trends might be used for the assessment of the intensity of trampling along touristic tracks in the forests. The study aims at determining the effects of trampling, on the dynamics of annual increments in trees subject to pressure from hiking tourism. The studies were conducted at a spruce stand in the Tatra Mts., on sections of different trails. Within each trail, four transects were determined. Transects include the zones with damage from trampling and the un-affected areas, treated as a reference zones. Selected trees growing in both zones were sampled by coring and the core samples were used to develop sequences of annual increment widths. Next, the dynamics of increments in trees growing in the tourist zone and the reference zone were compared. The decrease in the annual increments was significantly more rapid in trees growing directly along the trail that those in trees deep in the forest stand in one locality. This finding may testify the adverse effects of hiking along tourist routes on the radial increments in trees in the neighbourhood of the trails. The results of the study indicate that the impact of trampling in the form of soil compaction and mechanical damage to root systems of trees may, to some extent, be compensated by better light access and lessened competition experienced by trees growing along the edges of hiking trails. Tree-ring analyses might be an efficient alternative for assessment of tourism intensity conducted by the other methods.

Zróżnicowanie spektralne wybranych gatunków muraw wysokogórskich Doliny Gąsienicowej narażonych na wydeptywanie

Kycko M., Zagajewski B., Kozłowska A., Oprządek M.

Teledetekcja Środowiska

2012

T. 47

75--86

This paper presents analysis of plant cover condition in Gasienicowa Valley in the Tatra Mts. depending on various trampling intensity. Measurements were taken with ASD FieldSpec 3 spectrometer (its spectral range is 350-2500nm) on 8 dominant plant species of alpine swards: Juncus trifidus, Oreochloa disticha, Agrostis rupestris, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca airoides, Festuca picta, Luzula alpino-pilosa, Nardus stricta. These plant species were located: 0-5m, 5-10m and more than 10m distant from a touristic trail (control point). Spectral characteristics as well as vegetation indices were analyzed with ANOVA test, which showed differiential resistance to trampling of investigated plant species. The most resistant species were: Nardus stricta and Deschampsia flexuosa, whereas Oreochloa disticha and Festuca airoides appeared to be vulnerable to trampling. However, all vegetation indices for plant species were in its optimum range, so it proves that they are in a good condition. The analysis of vegetation indices enabled choosing those groups, which are the most useful in the research of mountain vegetation condition. They are: NDVI, ARVI, EVI from the broadband greeness group and mSR705 and mNDVI from narrowband greenness group (measuring chlorophyll content and cell structure), as well as WBI, NDWI, NDII from canopy water content group. The most important factor that effects investigated plant species condition is water content. The research showed that hyperspectral analysis is useful in studying human impact on vegetation cover and needs to be developed.