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  1. 6 Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
  2. 3 Control and Cybernetics
  3. 3 JAMRIS
  4. 3 Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems
  5. 3 Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka
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  1. 3 Martins N. A.
  2. 3 Michałek M.
  3. 2 Bertol D. W.
  4. 2 Galicki Mirosław
  5. 2 Kowalczyk W.
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  1. 3 2023
  2. 4 2022
  3. 5 2021
  4. 2 2020
  5. 1 2019
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1
Content available Podążanie za zadaną trajektorią grupy robotów kołowych z użyciem wirtualnych połączeń sprężysto-tłumiących
Wiech Jakub
Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka
|
2023
|
R. 27, nr 3
107--117
PL
W artykule przedstawiono rozwiązanie problemu śledzenia trajektorii przez grupę robotów kołowych w środowisku bez przeszkód. Śledzenie trajektorii rozumiane jest jako podążanie za punktem odniesienia przez geometryczny środek grupy, wraz z jednoczesnym utrzymaniem zadanej odległości między sąsiadującymi robotami. Zaproponowana metoda opiera się na wirtualnych siłach z wirtualnych połączeń sprężysto-tłumiących między robotami, co pozwala na śledzenie trajektorii grupy po samoorganizacji z zachowaniem jej pożądanego kształtu. Przedstawiona metoda sterowania została szczegółowo opisana wraz z opisem dynamiki i-tego robota oraz została przetestowana numerycznie i eksperymentalnie. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań numerycznych i eksperymentalnych oraz dyskusję i wnioski z nich wynikające. Wyniki pracy można rozszerzyć o praktyczne aplikacje związane ze śledzeniem trajektorii grupy robotów.
EN
The article presents the solution to the problem of trajectory tracking of a self-organized group of wheeled robots in the environment without obstacles. The group of robots is tracking a trajectory realized as following a reference point by the geometric center of the group, as well as simultaneously, reaching and maintaining a given distance between neighboring robots. The proposed method is based on virtual forces from virtual spring-damper connections between robots, which allows for the trajectory tracking of the previously self-organized group while maintaining its desired shape. The presented method of control is described in detail with the description of i-th robot dynamics and was tested numerically and experimentally. The paper presents the results of numerical tests and experimental research and ends with discussion and conclusions. The paper’s results could be expanded for applications related to robotic group trajectory tracking.
2
Content available Event-triggered adaptive neural network trajectory tracking control for underactuated ships under uncertain disturbance
Su Wenxue, Zhang Qiang, Liu Yufeng
Polish Maritime Research
|
2023
|
nr 3
119--131
EN
An adaptive neural network (NN) event-triggered trajectory tracking control scheme based on finite time convergence is proposed to address the problem of trajectory tracking control of underdriven surface ships. In this scheme, both NNs and minimum learning parameters (MLPS) are applied. The internal and external uncertainties are approximated by NNs. To reduce the computational complexity, MLPs are used in the proposed controller. An event-triggered technique is then incorporated into the control design to synthesise an adaptive NN-based event-triggered controller with finite-time convergence. Lyapunov theory is applied to prove that all signals are bounded in the tracking system of underactuated vessels, and to show that Zeno behavior can be avoided. The validity of this control scheme is determined based on simulation results, and comparisons with some alternative schemes are presented.
3
Content available Model predictive ship trajectory tracking system based on line of sight method
Miller Anna
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
|
2023
|
Vol. 71, nr 5
art. no. e145763
EN
Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) perfectly fit into the future vision of merchant fleet. MASS autonomous navigation system combines automatic trajectory tracking and supervisor safe trajectory generation subsystems. Automatic trajectory tracking method, using line-of-sight (LOS) reference course generation algorithm, is combined with model predictive control (MPC). Algorithm for MASS trajectory tracking, including cooperation with the dynamic system of safe trajectory generation is described. It allows for better ship control with steady state cross-track error limitation to the ship hull breadth and limited overshoot after turns. In real MASS ships path is defined as set of straight line segments, so transition between trajectory sections when passing waypoint is unavoidable. In the proposed control algorithm LOS trajectory reference course is mapped to the rotational speed reference value, which is dynamically constrained in MPC controller due to dynamically changing reference trajectory in real MASS system. Also maneuver path advance dependent on the path tangential angle difference, to ensure trajectory tracking for turns from 0 to 90 degrees, without overshoot is used. All results were obtained with the use of training ship in real–time conditions.
4
Content available Trajectory Tracking Control of a Mobile Robot with the ROS System
Siwek Michał, Panasiuk Jarosław, Baranowski Leszek, Kaczmarek Wojciech, Borys Szymon
Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa
|
2022
|
Vol. 13, Nr 4 (50)
67--84
EN
This article provides a simulation and laboratory study of a control system for a two-wheeled differential-drive mobile robot with ROS system. The authors propose an approach to designing a control system based on a parametric model of the robot’s dynamics. The values of unknown parameters of the dynamic model have been determined by means of a Levenberg-Marguardt identification method. By comparing the desired trajectories with those obtained from simulation and laboratory tests, and based on errors analysis, the correctness of the model parameter identification process and the control system operation was then determined.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono badania symulacyjne i laboratoryjne systemu sterowania dwukołowym robotem mobilnym o napędzie różnicowym, z systemem ROS. Autorzy zaproponowali podejście projektowania systemu sterowania w oparciu o parametryczny model dynamiki robota. Wartości nieznanych parametrów modelu dynamiki wyznaczono przeprowadzając ich identyfikację metodą Levenberga-Marguardta. Następnie porównując trajektorie zadane z otrzymanymi na drodze badań symulacyjnych i laboratoryjnych, a także na podstawie analizy uchybów określono poprawność procesu identyfikacji parametrów modelu i działania systemu sterowania.
5
Content available Trajectory Tracking Control of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Called PAST
Szymak Piotr, Kot Rafał
Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka
|
2022
|
R. 26, nr 3
17--22
EN
The increasing development of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) with varying levels of autonomy can be seen globally. The paper is devoted to the new AUV called PAST being developed and built within the Polish development project entitled „Development of the underwater autonomous transport system” (no. POIR.01.01.01-00-0893/20). Mainly, the paper focuses on high-level control of PAST AUV devoted to controlling along the desired trajectory. It demands a set of tuned controllers of advanced velocity, course, depth, and trim. The trajectory tracking algorithm should be implemented and verified for different trajectories set in practice. At the beginning of the article, an introduction to the research is inserted. Then, the following scientific issues are presented: the mathematical model of AUV motion, high-level control structure, and the trajectory tracking algorithm. Next, the results of numerical research in the Matlab environment are presented. In the end, the conclusions for future research are formulated.
PL
Na całym świecie można zaobserwować rosnący rozwój autonomicznych pojazdów podwodnych (AUV) o różnych poziomach autonomii. Artykuł poświęcony jest opracowywaniu i budowie nowego AUV o nazwie PAST w ramach polskiego projektu rozwojowego pt. „Rozwój podwodnego autonomicznego systemu transportowego” (nr POIR.01.01.01-00-0893/20). Artykuł koncentruje się głównie na wysokopoziomowym sterowaniu pojazdem PAST przeznaczonym do podążania wzdłuż pożądanej trajektorii. Wymaga to zaawansowanego zestawu dostrojonych kontrolerów prędkości, kursu, głębokości i trymu. Algorytm śledzenia trajektorii powinien być zaimplementowany i zweryfikowany dla różnych trajektorii wyznaczanych w praktyce. Na początku artykułu zamieszczone zostało wprowadzenie do badań. Następnie przedstawiono następujące zagadnienia naukowe: model matematyczny ruchu AUV, wysokopoziomową strukturę sterowania oraz algorytm śledzenia trajektorii. Następnie przedstawiono wyniki badań numerycznych w środowisku MATLAB. Na koniec formułowane są wnioski dla przyszłych badań.
6
Content available Robust Trajectory Tracking Control of Space Manipulators in Extended Task Space
Banaszkiewicz Marek, Węgrzyn Marek, Basmadji Fatina L., Galicki Mirosław
Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka
|
2022
|
R. 26, nr 4
27--35
EN
This study provides a new class of controllers for freeflying space manipulators subject to unknown undesirable disturbing forces exerted on the end-effector. Based on suitably defined taskspace non-singular terminal sliding manifold and the Lyapunov stability theory, we derive a class of estimated extended transposed Jacobian controllers which seem to be effective in counteracting the unstructured disturbing forces. The numerical computations which are carried out for a space manipulator consisting of a spacecraft propelled by eight thrusters and holonomic manipulator of three revolute kinematic pairs, illustrate the performance of the proposed controller.
PL
W pracy zaproponowano nową klasę sterowników dla manipulatorów kosmicznych przy uwzględnieniu nieznanych, niepożądanych sił zakłócających wywieranych na koniec efektora. W oparciu o odpowiednio zdefiniowane nieosobliwą, końcową rozmaitość ślizgową i teorię stabilności Lapunowa wyprowadzono klasę rozszerzonych estymowanych transponowanych sterowników Jakobianowych, ktore wydają się być efektywne w przeciwdziałaniu nieustrukturyzowanych sił zakłócających. Podejście zilustrowano również obliczeniami numerycznymi dla manipulatora kosmicznego składającego się z bazy napędzanej przez osiem pędników typu cold-gas i manipulatora holonomicznego o trzech parach kinematycznych obrotowych.
7
Content available Non‐linear model‐based predictive control for trajectory tracking and control effort minimization in a smartphone‐based quadrotor
García Luis, Rosero Esteban
Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems
|
2022
|
Vol. 16, No. 4
13--18
EN
In this paper, the design and implementation of a nonlinear model‐based predictive controller (NMPC) for predefined trajectory tracking and to minimize the control effort of a smartphone‐based quadrotor are developed. The optimal control actions are calculated in each iteration by means of an optimal control algorithm based on the non‐linear model of the quadrotor, considering some aerodynamic effects. Control algorithm implementation and simulation tests are executed on a smartphone using the CasADi framework. In addition, a technique for estimating the energy consumed based on control signals is presented. NMPC controller performance was compared with other works developed towards the con‐ trol of quadrotors, based on an H∞ controller and an LQI controller, and using three predefined trajectories, where the NMPC average tracking error was around 50% lower, and average estimated power and energy consumption slightly higher, with respect to the H∞ and LQI controllers.
8
Content available remote Trajectory planning and motion control schemes for 2DoF planar parallel manipulator Biglide type with elastic joints: A comparative study
Litim EL Mostafa, Elawady Iman, Belmokhtar Samira, Senouci Mohamed, Omari Abdelhafid
Przegląd Elektrotechniczny
|
2021
|
R. 97, nr 8
88--95
EN
This research paper develops a nonlinear backstepping sliding mode design scheme for the motion control of two-degree of freedom planar parallel robot. The main objective of this paper is to gain a strong control in trajectory tracking case. However, dynamical equations of motion for a 2DoF parallel manipulator, including structured and unstructured uncertainties, are taken into account. Furthermore, the hybrid control strategy is based on backstepping scheme and on a switching function is that are presented for high accuracy of a mixed space tracking trajectory of robot. Also, the application of control technique in presence of parameter uncertainties in a massive change is studied. In addition, the benefit of this method is that it imposes the intended stability properties by first fixing the Lyapunov candidate functions and then calculating the other functions in a recursive way. Therefore, simulation outcomes are shown so as to assess the tracking performance and to evaluate the total stability of the closed-loop system. Finally, the results accomplished in simulation show the efficiency of the controller proposed for a parallel robot with two degrees of freedom Biglide type with elastic joints.
PL
W artykule opracowano nieliniowy tryb ślizgowy backstepping do sterowania ruchem równoległego robota planarnego 2DoF z elastycznymi przegubami. Badane jest zastosowanie techniki sterowania w obecności niepewności parametrów przy masywnej zmianie. Zaletą proponowanej metody jest to, że narzuca ona zamierzone właściwości stabilności poprzez wcześniejsze ustalenie unkcji Lyapunova. Wyniki uzyskane w symulacji wskazują na skuteczność proponowanego regulatora.
9
Content available remote Nonlinear predictive control for trajectory tracking of underactuated mechanical systems
Saidi Imen, Touati Nahla
Przegląd Elektrotechniczny
|
2021
|
R. 97, nr 6
30--33
EN
The objective of this article is to present an automatic demonstrator of underactuated mechanical systems. It is the inertia wheel inverted pendulum, which has two degrees of freedom and a single actuator. Nonlinear predictive control is applied to the underactuated system allowing dynamic control for optimal tracking of periodic reference trajectories. The simulation results show the performance and efficiency of the proposed control.
PL
Celem tego artykułu jest przedstawienie automatycznego demonstratora niedostatecznie uruchomionych układów mechanicznych. Jest to odwrócone wahadło stabilizowane kołem zamachowym, które ma dwa stopnie swobody i jeden siłownik. Nieliniowe sterowanie predykcyjne jest stosowane do niedostatecznie uruchomionego systemu, umożliwiając dynamiczne sterowanie w celu optymalnego śledzenia okresowych trajektorii odniesienia. Wyniki symulacji pokazują wydajność i skuteczność proponowanego sterowania.
10
Content available remote A comparative study between PID and PD-SMC and PD-ASMC control applied on a delta robot
Thabet Mohammed, Yssaad Benyssaad, Litime Mostafa
Przegląd Elektrotechniczny
|
2021
|
R. 97, nr 10
1--7
EN
This paper presents the modelling and control of a delta robot. The software SOLIDWORKS is used in this work to get a performing model that is very close to real system. The proportional integrator derivative (PID) control is used in this proposal. The results are compared with PDSliding mode (PD-SMC) and PD a robust SMC (PD-ASMC). This is an important comparative study where the advantages of each controller are presented: the PD-SMC improve the performance of the trajectory tracking, where the control signal performances and the robustness was improved by the PD-ASMC. Results presented are done with matlab-simulink and with Solidworks.
PL
Atykuł przedstawia modelowanie i sterowanie robotem delta. Oprogramowanie SOLIDWORKS jest używane w tej pracy do uzyskania wydajnego modelu, który jest bardzo bliski rzeczywistemu systemowi. tak jak będziemy wyniki porównywane pomiędzy kontrolerami PID i (PD-SMC) i (PD-ASMC). Jest to ważne badanie porównawcze, w którym przedstawione są zalety każdego sterownika: PD-SMC poprawia wydajność śledzenia trajektorii, gdzie wydajność sygnału sterującego i odporność zostały ulepszone przez PD-ASMC. Przedstawione wyniki zostały wykonane za pomocą matlab-simulink oraz Solidworks.
11
Content available Trajectory tracking control of a mobile manipulator with an external force compensation
Galicki Mirosław
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
|
2021
|
Vol. 69, nr 5
art. no. e137943
EN
This paper considers the problem of the accurate task space finite-time control susceptible to both undesirable disturbance forces exerted on the end-effector and unknown friction forces coming from joints directly driven by the actuators as well as unstructured forces resulting from the kinematic singularities appearing on the mechanism trajectory. We obtain a class of estimated extended transposed Jacobian controllers which seem to successfully counteract the external disturbance forces on the basis of a suitably defined task-space non-singular terminal sliding manifold (TSM) and the Lyapunov stability theory. Moreover, in order to overcome (or to minimise) the undesirable chattering effects, the proposed robust control law involves the second-order sliding technique. The numerical simulations (closely related to an experiment) ran for a mobile manipulator consisting of a non-holononic platform of (2;0) type and a holonomic manipulator of two revolute kinematic pairs show the performance of the proposed controllers and make a comparison with other well-known control schemes.
12
Content available Robust continuous third-order finite time sliding mode controllers for exoskeleton robot
Fellag Ratiba, Guiatni Mohamed, Hamerlain Mustapha, Achour Noura
Archive of Mechanical Engineering
|
2021
|
LXVIII, nr 4
395--414
EN
In this work, continuous third-order sliding mode controllers are presented to control a five degrees-of-freedom (5-DOF) exoskeleton robot. This latter is used in physiotherapy rehabilitation of upper extremities. The aspiration is to assist the movements of patients with severe motor limitations. The control objective is then to design adept controllers to follow desired trajectories smoothly and precisely. Accordingly, it is proposed, in this work, a class of homogeneous algorithms of sliding modes having finite-time convergence properties of the states. They provide continuous control signals and are robust regardless of non-modeled dynamics, uncertainties and external disturbances. A comparative study with a robust finite-time sliding mode controller proposed in literature is performed. Simulations are accomplished to investigate the efficacy of these algorithms and the obtained results are analyzed.
13
Content available Robust trajectory tracking control of underactuated surface vehicles with prescribed performance
Wang Shasha, Tuo Yulong
Polish Maritime Research
|
2020
|
nr 4
148--156
EN
In this paper, a robust sliding mode tracking controller with prescribed performance is developed for an underactuated surface vehicle (USV) with time-varying external disturbances. Firstly, to guarantee the transient and steadystate performance of the closed-loop system, the error transformation technique is presented. Further, the design of the prescribed performance function implements predefined tracking performance constraints, which eliminate the requirement for prior knowledge about the initial errors. Then, a Lyapunov stability synthesis shows that all closed-loop signals remain bounded and the tracking errors remain strictly within the predefined bounds. Finally, simulations and a comparative study are performed to illustrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed robust sliding mode control scheme.
14
Content available Modified trajectory tracking guidance for artillery rocket
Ożóg Rafał Józef, Jacewicz Mariusz Adam, Głębocki Robert
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
|
2020
|
Vol. 58 nr 3
611--622
EN
This paper contributes to a modified guidance scheme based on a trajectory tracking method which is dedicated for an artillery rocket with a finite set of single use solid propellant side thrusters. Frequency modulation of pulses was used to achieve effective firing logic. The proposed control law is applicable in the last phase of flight when the rocket reaches the vertex of the trajectory. A correction engine activation sequence was chosen in such a way that possibility of rocket axial unbalance is minimized due to motors firing. Numerical simulation results indicate that significant dispersion reduction was achieved and the number of activated side rocket thrusters is minimized.
15
Content available Optimal sliding control of mobile manipulators
Galicki M.
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
|
2019
|
Vol. 67, nr 4
777-788
EN
The paper adresses optimal control problem of mobile manipulators. Dynamic equations of those mechanisms are assuemd herein to be uncertain. Moreover, unbounded disturbances act on the mobile manipulator whose end-effector tracks a desired (reference) trajectory given in a task (Certesian) space. A compytionally efficient class of two-stage cascaded (hierarchchical) control algotithms based on both the transpose Jacobian matrix and transpose actuation matrix, has been proposed. The offered control laws involve to kinds of non-singular terminal sliding mode (TSM) manifolds, which were also introduced in the paper. The proposed class of cooperating sub-controllers is shown to be finite time stable be fulfilment of practically reasonable assumptions. The performance of the proposed control strategies is illustated on an exemplary mobile manipulator whose end-effector tracks desired trajectory.
16
Content available Design of an adaptive fuzzy variable structure compensator for the nonholonomic mobile robot in trajectory tracking task
Begnini M., Bertol W., Martins N. A.
Control and Cybernetics
|
2018
|
Vol. 47, no. 3
239--275
EN
A robust adaptive kinematic control strategy, based on the methodology of variable structure control is considered in this paper. Because the dynamics of mobile robots is subject to uncertainties and disturbances, a fuzzy compensator is adopted to estimate them. In order to minimize the tracking errors and to attenuate the chattering phenomenon, an adaptation law for the fuzzy compensator is obtained by Lyapunov stability theory so as to asymptotically stabilize the control system as well as guarantee the convergence of the tracking errors. In terms of comparison with the boundary layer variable structure controller, simulations and experiments verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed kinematic control strategy for the nonholonomic mobile robots under the incidence of uncertainties and disturbances.
17
Content available Trajectory reproduction and trajectory tracking problem for the nonholonomic systems
Ratajczak A.
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
|
2016
|
Vol. 64, nr 1
63--70
EN
This paper introduces a new algorithm of trajectory reproduction and trajectory tracking for nonholonomic systems. The endogenous configuration space approach is employed as a guideline in the algorithm derivation. The derivation uses a trajectory reproduction error, which is an integral of the difference between the resultant trajectory and the desired trajectory over the motion horizon. Such a definition of the error allows to solve both the trajectory reproduction as well as the trajectory tracking problem. Considerable attention in the paper has been paid to the implementation aspects of the algorithm. The nonparametric approach is used together with a higher order of the integration method. The algorithm efficiency is illustrated with computer simulations accomplished for two nonholonomic systems: the dynamics of the double pendulum with a passive joint, and the kinematics of the unicycle.
18
Content available Trajectory tracking of a wheeled mobile robot with uncertainties and disturbances: proposed adaptive neural control
Martins N. A., Alencar M., Lombardi W. C., Bertol D. W., Pieri E. R., Filho H. F.
Control and Cybernetics
|
2015
|
Vol. 44, no. 1
47--98
EN
This paper analyses a trajectory tracking control problem for a wheeled mobile robot, Rusing integration of a kinematic neural controller (KNC) and a torque neural controller (TNC), in which both the kinematic and dynamic models contain uncertainties and disturbances. The proposed adaptive neural controller (PANC) is composed of the KNC and the TNC and is designed with use of a modeling technique of Gaussian radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs). The KNC is a variable structure controller, based on the sliding mode theory and is applied to compensate for the disturbances of the wheeled mobile robot kinematics. The TNC is an inertia-based controller composed of a dynamic neural controller (DNC) and a robust neural compensator (RNC) applied to compensate for the wheeled mobile robot dynamics, bounded unknown disturbances, and neural network modeling errors. To minimize the problems found in practical implementations of the classical variable structure controllers (VSC) and sliding mode controllers (SMC), and to eliminate the chattering phenomenon, the nonlinear and continuous KNC and RNC of the TNC are applied in lieu of the discontinuous components of the control signals that are present in classical forms. Additionally, the PANC neither requires the knowledge of the wheeled mobile robot kinematics and dynamics nor the timeconsuming training process. Stability analysis, convergence of the tracking errors to zero, and the learning algorithms for the weights are guaranteed based on the Lyapunov method. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
19
Content available Modeling and control of a skid-steering mobile platform with coupled side wheels
Tchoń K., Zadarnowska K., Juszkiewicz Ł., Arent K.
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
|
2015
|
Vol. 63, nr 3
807--818
EN
This study is devoted to the modeling and control of a 4-wheel, skid-steering mobile platform with coupled side wheels, subject to lateral and longitudinal slips. The dynamics equations of the platform are derived, and 16 variants of motion distinguished. For the variant of motion allowing for all possible slips of the wheels two control problems are addressed: the motion planning problem and the trajectory tracking problem. The former problem is solved by means of a Jacobian motion planning algorithm based on the Endogenous Configuration Space Approach and, complementarily, using the Optimal Control Approach. The Nonlinear Model Predictive Control is applied to the latter problem. Performance of these control algorithms is illustrated by a sort of the parking problem. Significant robustness of the predictive control algorithm against the model uncertainty is revealed.
20
Content available Stiffness control of robot manipulators in the operational space using fuzzy mapping of dynamic functions
Bertol D. W., Barasuol V., Martins N. A., De Pieri E. R.
Control and Cybernetics
|
2013
|
Vol. 42, no. 3
639--661
EN
In this paper a stiffness control strategy based on the fuzzy mapped nonlinear terms of the robot manipulator dynamic model is proposed. The proposed stiffness controller is evaluated on a research robot manipulator performing a task in the operational space. Tests attempted to achieve fast motion with reasonable accuracy associated with lower computational load compared to the non-fuzzy approach. The stability analysis is presented to conclude about the mapping error influence and to obtain precondition criteria for the gains adjustment to face the trajectory tracking problem. Simulation results that supported the implementation are presented, followed by experiments and results obtained. These tests are conducted on a robot manipulator with SCARA configuration to illustrate the feasibility of this strategy.
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