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EN
The article studies the data from a weekly campaign devoted to the study of the elemental composition of PM10 in a selected receptor, in a suburban area (Mazowieckie Voivodeship). The sampling point was located at the intersection of main roads and in the vicinity of a typical single-family housing, not far from the electrified Warsaw-Białystok railway line and a small heating plant. The research was carried out in the summer season, in order to minimize the impact of municipal emissions on the concentrations and elemental composition of PM10. A Horiba PX-375 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was used to measure the one-hour concentrations of elements related to PM10. On the basis of the obtained results, the enrichment factors for PM10 in the analyzed elements (EF) were calculated and the principal components analysis (PCA) was performed. It was found that although the elemental composition of PM10 in all tested time intervals was noticeably influenced by the emissions from transport, the municipal emissions had a significant impact on the elemental composition, especially those related to coal combustion, and thus the concentration of PM10 during the study period. It seems that the possibility of observing the influence of all relevant sources on the composition and concentration of PM10 was possible owing to the use of hourly-averaged measurements of the elemental composition of PM10. In the case of daily averaged measurements, in a receptor with such PM10 elemental profile, it would be impossible to determine the periods, in which specific – qualitatively completely different – emission sources dominate.
EN
The concentration, chemical composition, and mass closure of various fractions of ambient particulate matter (PM) were analyzed at crossroads and at a highway in Katowice (Poland). It was shown that at both sites organic carbon can constitute even 57% of the fine PM mass, about 20% of the fine PM mass can originate from the photochemical transformations of inorganic gaseous precursors, and that the coarse PM was mainly the organic matter (up to 39%) and crustal matter (up to 24%). Traffic emissions in Katowice can affect the formation of secondary aerosol (organic and inorganic), the contributions to PM and ambient concentrations of soil matter, NaCl, and trace elements. At the highway, the greatest impact on the concentrations and chemical composition of fine particles was probably due to exhaust emissions. At the crossroads, in the center of the city, the non-exhaust traffic emissions probably affected the coarse PM.
PL
W pracy wykorzystano metodologię szacowania emisji metali ze środków transportu do przeprowadzenia porównawczej oceny natężenia emisji metali ciężkich na głównych krajowych drogach tranzytowych. Wzięto pod uwagę odcinki dróg charakteryzujące się natężeniem ruchu od 10 tys. poj. •d-1do 70 tys. poj•d-1oraz zróżnicowaną strukturą ruchu samochodowego. Uzyskane dane umożliwiły określenie znaczenia podstawowych procesów odpowiedzialnych za emisję metali ze środków transportu, w tym zużycia elementów ciernych układu hamulcowego, zużycia bieżnika opon samochodowych, zdzierania nawierzchni drogowej oraz spalania paliw silnikowych. Wartości natężenia emisji wykorzystano także do oszacowania potencjalnego narażenia na zanieczyszczenie metalami ciężkimi gleb przylegających do dróg tranzytowych. Przeprowadzona analiza wskazała na niebezpieczeństwo trwałego zanieczyszczenia miedzią gruntów położonych wzdłuż autostrad i dróg szybkiego ruchu.
EN
In this work the methodology for evaluation of metal emissions from motor traffic has been applied to carry out a comparative assessment of heavy metals emission intensity on main national transit roads. The road sections involved were characterized by a traffic How of 10.000 veh.•d-1 to 70,000 veh. .•d-1 and a diverse motor traffic structure. The data obtained made it possible to determine the importance of the basic processes responsible for emission of metals from means of transport, including brake wear, tire wear, road abrasion and fuel combustion. The emission intensity values were also used to evaluate a potential exposure of the soil adjacent to transit roads to heavy metals contamination. The analysis indicated a danger of permanent copper contamination of the areas alongside motorways and dual carriageways.
EN
The article presents the results of investigations concerning the relations between the technical state of cars and the exhaust gasses emission for different groups of vehicles. First, the measurements of the test group of4000 different vehicles have been made. Those measurements have been elaborated in order to define typical damages of vehicles. The percentage of faulty vehicles and the type of faults was estimated. The damages of vehicles have been carried out using typical diagnostic methods, electrical value measurements and exhaust gasses analysis. Those measurements also provided information about the number of vehicles with high level of gas emission. The results of investigations were compared to the requirements of each model of a given year. Next, the measurements of the test group of 1000 vehicles have been made in accordance with ECE Regulations and the methodology of periodical car inspection. Those measurements also gave information about the level of emission from each vehicle. The results of investigations were compared to the requirements of each model of a given year and the percentage of high polluting vehicles has been presented. The vehicles have been divided into different exhaust emission legislation classes. Next, the relation between the number of faulty vehicles and the level of exhaust emission for the first and the second group of vehicles has been elaborated and presented. The results of investigations and analysis show the number of faulty vehicles and its influence on the level of emission.
EN
The total emission level is heavily dependent on the number of vehicles. Additionally, the type of vehicles and their age structures are very important. The structure of vehicles also depends on the type of the road. The article presents the results of calculations of the pollutants emission from the road transport. Total emission was calculated with combination of the investigation results i.e. the type of vehicles and their age structures for different types of roads. The investigations have been made for different classes of roads with different types of vehicles. The traffic line has been recorded in the same length of time. On the basis of analysis of the recorded traffic line, the number and the type of vehicles have been estimated. The classification of vehicles have been made according to the level of emission i.e. passenger cars, light duty vehicles, heavy duty vehicles, busses and others, taking into consideration the age structures of vehicles. The level of total traffic emission has been calculated on the basis of results. There has been used the Copert programme methodology. The results of the calculations have been made with combination of the type of road, the speed of vehicles, the type of vehicles and their age structure, are presented.
PL
Poziom emisji zanieczyszczeń zależy przede wszystkim od liczby pojazdów poruszających się po drodze. Dodatkowo istotne są struktury rodzajowa oraz wiekowa pojazdów. Struktura pojazdów zależy natomiast w dużym stopniu od rodzaju drogi. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń poziomu emisji wybranych składników spalin emitowanych w ruchu drogowym. Obliczenia zostały przeprowadzone z uwzględnieniem wyników badań struktur rodzajowej i wiekowej pojazdów dla różnych typów dróg. Badania strumienia pojazdów wykonano na drogach różnej kategorii, przy różnej strukturze pojazdów. Rejestrowano strumień pojazdów w określonych odcinkach czasowych. Na podstawie analizy obrazu zarejestrowanego strumienia określono liczbę i rodzaj pojazdów. Pojazdy podzielono na kategorie według poziomu emisji, tj. samochody osobowe, samochody dostawcze, ciężarowe, autobusy i inne, uwzględniając strukturę wiekową. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników oszacowano poziom emisji szkodliwych składników spalin. Obliczenia zostały wykonane za pomocą metodyki przyjętej w programie Copert. Przedstawiono wyniki szacunkowego poziomu emisji spalin w zależności rodzaju drogi, prędkości jazdy, struktur wiekowej i rodzajowej pojazdów.
EN
The article presents the results of the investigations of the influence of different factors on the traffic exhaust emission. The measurements of the test group of 300 different vehicles have been made. Those measurements provided information about the level of emission from each vehicle. Additionally, the investigations provided information about factors such as mileage, model year etc. of vehicles. Next, the percentage of fault vehicles and the type of faults were estimated. The relation between exhaust emission, vehicle age and mileage of vehicles have been made. The simulation of the traffic emission from vehicles was made, taking into consideration the fact that the vehicles are all in good technical conditions and for the case of real technical conditions of vehicles. This investigation has shown that the technical conditions of the vehicles have an important influence on the estimated emission level. Additionally, it has been shown how the exhaust emission depends on the age structure and the mileage of vehicles.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań wpływu wybranych czynników na wzrost poziomu emisji toksycznych składników spalin. Przeprowadzono badania stanu technicznego pojazdów z uwzględnieniem poziomu emisji poszczególnych składników spalin dla grupy 300 pojazdów. Dodatkowo uwzględniony został przebieg oraz wiek badanych pojazdów. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań uzyskano informacje dotyczące liczby pojazdów, które przekraczają dopuszczalny poziom emisji. Wykonano charakterystyki przedstawiające zależności pomiędzy emisją poszczególnych składników spalin a wiekiem pojazdów oraz przebiegiem. Dodatkowo, przeprowadzono badania symulacyjne wpływu stanu technicznego pojazdu na obliczany poziom emisji gazów spalinowych. Wyniki przeprowadzonej symulacji pokazują, iż stan techniczny pojazdów wpływa na szacowany poziom emisji spalin. Rezultaty przeprowadzonych badań wykazały, że uwzględnienie stanu technicznego pojazdów może mieć znaczący wpływ na szacowany poziom emisji w ruchu drogowym.
EN
The article presents the results of investigations of the influence of vehicle age on traffic exhaust emission. The measurements of the test group of 500 different vehicles have been made in accordance with ECE Regulations and the methodology of periodical car inspection. Those measurements provided Information about the level of emission from each vehicle and allowed to identify high polluting vehicles. The percentage of faulty vehicles and the type of faults were estimated. Next, the percentage of high polluting vehicles has been estimated. The results of investigations were compared to the requirements of each model of a given year. The percentage of high polluting vehicles for each model of a given year has been presented. The vehicles have been divided into different exhaust emission legislation classes. The percentage of high polluting vehicles for each exhaust emission legislation class has been elaborated. Next, the relation between exhaust emission and the vehicle age has been made and presented. The pro bability ofexceeding the standardized exhaust emission for each model of a given year of vehicles has been calculated. The calculations included the exhaust emission such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. The likelihood of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons emission violations have been estimated applying logit analysis. The calculations have been made in two cases, for manufactures and national emission standards. The results of investigations and analysis show that vehicle age plays a significant role in determining exhaust emission test results.
EN
This paper considers the results of studies on examination methods in scope of environmental protection such as exhaust emission, fuel consumption and noise emission. The reduction of exhaust gas emission of modern compression and spark ignition engines requires an optimization ofexisting diagnosing methods as well as the investigation of new approaches. The results of car inspections regarding environmental protection for more than four thousand vehicles have been compared to the requirements of ECE regulations and those of particular car producers. Eight hundred cars with a fault of gas emission and fuel consumption were examined in order to define typical damages. The possibilities of diagnosing the damages of mechanical and electrical systems of the engine have been carried out using electrical value measurements and exhaust gases analysis. The test results show that there is a necessity of elaborating new diagnosing methods enabling to find damages regarding exhaust emission and fuel consumption at their initial stage. One of the possible methods which could be applied is the evaluation of the quality of combustion process considering the values of parameters of engine performance coming from the detectors mounted to the engine. The so far carried out examinations have revealed that some mechanical damages of engines such as operating wear or unexpected faults do not make the diagnosing system react to the information.
EN
The article presents the results of the simulation of the traffic emission from vehicles for different type of roads. The calculations of emission have been made by using the methodology which is used in Europe. To register the number and the type of vehicles for each road a digital camera was used. The traffic stream has been recorded in the same length of time. The investigations have been made for different classes of roads with different types of vehicles. There was estimated number of the vehicles per vehicle category and the agę structure of the vehicles for each type of road. The vehicles have been divided into different exhaust emission legislation classes. Additionally, measurements of the group of 300 different vehicie have been made. Those measurements provided information about the level of emission from each vehicle. The total vehicle emission was calculated depending on the type of road, the number of vehicles, the number of vehicles per vehicle category, the age structures, the average speed per vehicle type etc. At first, the simulation of the traffic emission from vehicles was made, taking into consideration the fact, that the vehicles are in good technical conditions. Next, the calculation was made for real technical conditions of vehicles. This investigation has shown that the technical conditions of the vehicles have an important influence on the estimated emission level.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu stanu technicznego silnika na poziom emisji zanieczyszczeń dla pojazdów o różnych rozwiązaniach konstrukcyjnych i różnym przebiegu. W artykule przedstawiono typowe uszkodzenia występujących we współczesnych pojazdach samochodowych oraz analizę możliwości ich diagnozowania.
EN
This paper presents the results of the measurements the influence of the engine technical condition on traffic emission from different vehicles and analysis of typical faults occurring in contemporary automotive vehicle and possibility of damage detection.
PL
Celem niniejszego opracowania jest określenie wpływu ukierunkowania strugi wtryskiwacza gazowego na skład wytwarzanej mieszaniny powietrzno gazowej. Przedstawiono i omówiono wyniki badań stanowiskowych i badań przeprowadzonych na hamowni podwoziowej dla samochodu Fiat Ducato napędzanego alternatywnie paliwem gazowym i benzyną. Wykazano znaczący wpływ kierunku wtryskiwanego gazu na skład mieszaniny, a w konsekwencji na poziom emisji składników toksycznych spalin.
EN
Determining the influence of gaseous fuel spray direction was the main goal of this study. Changes of transient function twg=f(twb) as a results of spray direction were presented and discussed. The results show that the spray direction has an influence on time injection and engine emission.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu stanu technicznego silnika na poziom zawartości toksycznych substancji w spalinach dla pojazdów o różnych rozwiązaniach konstrukcyjnych i różnym przebiegu.
EN
This paper presents the results of the measurements the influence of the engine technical condition on traffic emission from different vehicles.
PL
Omówiono problematykę związaną z emisją zanieczyszczeń podczas użytkowania samochodów. W pracy przedstawiono sposób identyfikacji pyłów, które powstają w czasie użytkowania samochodów z uwzględnieniem różnych czynników drogowych. Przeprowadzono badania dla 3 odcinków autostrady oraz 3 odcinków miejskich, dla których określono wagę opadu pyłu.
EN
A way was introduced to the identification of dusts which are coming into existence in the time of using cars with taking different road factors into consideration at work. Examinations were carried out for 3 stretches of the motorway and 3 urban segments, which the weight of the fall of dust was defined for.
14
PL
W artykule przedstawiono porównanie metod szacowania emisji spalin przez samochody w ruchu drogowym. Zaprezentowano najbardziej popularne w krajach Unii Europejskiej metody, tj. Copert (Computer programme to calculate emissions from road transport) i HBEFA (Handbook of emission factors for road traffic). Programy umożliwiają obliczenie poziomu emisji zanieczyszczeń pochodzących z transportu drogowego, w zależności od liczby pojazdów, ich rodzaju, konstrukcji silnika, jego pojemności itp.
EN
This paper presents the comparison of methodology of the traffic emission calculation. The paper presents the most popular in the European Union methods of the traffic emission calculation i.e.Copert (Computer programme to calculate emissions from road transport) and HBEFA (Handbook of emission factors for road traffic). Copert and HBEFA methodology can be applied for the calculation of traffic emission from road transport depending on the number of vehicles, the type of vehicles, the engine construction, the capacity etc.
15
Content available remote Metody określania emisji spalin silników trakcyjnych
PL
W pracy przedstawiono opis metodyki szacowania emisji spalin przez samochody w ruchu drogowym. W opracowaniu algorytmu wzorowano się na programach Copert. Program umożliwia obliczenie poziomu emisji zanieczyszczeń pochodzących od transportu drogowego, w zależności od liczby pojazdów, rodzaju pojazdów, konstrukcji silnika, jego pojemności i ładowności pojazdu itp.
EN
This paper presents the methodology of the traffic emission calculation. The methodology is based on computer programme Copert III. Copert III methodology can be applied for the calculation of traffic emission from road transport depending on the number of vehicles, the type of vehicles, the engine construction, the capacity etc.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy dobowego rozkładu stężenia dwutlenku azotu, dwutlenku siarki, ozonu i toluenu z 2-tygodniowej sesji pomiarowej przy głównym ciągu komunikacyjnym w Bielsku-Białej. Oznaczenia były wykonywane w systemie monitoringu ciągłego, w otwartej ścieżce pomiarowej, metodą różnicowej spektroskopii absorpcyjnej . Omówiono konkurencyjność układów 'open-path' w stosunku do tradycyjnych punktowych metod pomiaru w zastosowaniach do oceny stanu zanieczyszczenia powietrza ze źródeł komunikacyjnych. Zaproponowano użycie mieszanego modelu autoregresji i średniej ruchomej (ARIMA) do uzupełnienia brakujących danych w krótkiej serii pomiarowej. Sprawdzono możliwość wykorzystania modelu ARIMA do prognozowania zmian stężenia w otoczeniu ciągów komunikacyjnych.
EN
The results of an analysis of nitric dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone and toluene concentration distribution are presented. A two-week series of data, considered here, has been, collected by means of an open path system of air quality monitoring near a main street in Bielsko-Biała using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method (DOAS). The open path systems superiority over traditional point measuring methods, concerning assessment of air pollution from vehicular sources, is discussed. An integrated model of auto-regressive and moving average type (ARIMA) to evaluate missing data in short-time measuring series is proposed. Applications of ARIMA model to forecast pollutant concentrations around tours is checked as well.
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