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Use of Toxicity Indexes in Reference to Carbon Dioxide for a Vehicle Equipped with a Two-Stroke Engine without an Exhaust Aftertreatment System

Rymaniak Łukasz, Ziętara Bartosz, Szymlet Natalia, Kołodziejek Daniel

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2023

Vol. 24, nr 4

228--236

Research work on the new assessment of environmental indicators using equipment from the PEMS group (Portable Emission Measurement Systems) with motor vehicles is being developed. Due to the miniaturization of equipment, there are new measurement possibilities for more and more numerous groups of vehicles, including two-wheelers. The article presents the research and a summary of the results of a moped equipped with a two-stroke engine, approved in accordance with the Euro 3 standard. The research object is mainly used for driving in urban traffic. Therefore, the research route was created as the first communication frame in the Poznań agglomeration. In the analysis of the results, the author’s M toxicity index was proposed, which is based on the assumption that CO2 emission is a measure of the correctness of the combustion process. The equipment from the PEMS-AxionR/S+ group, characterized by small dimensions and low weight, was used to determine the actual motion parameters and the emission of toxic compounds. In the analysis of the measurement results, dimensionless indicators of toxicity M of gaseous compounds were determined and a comparative analysis was made with the values of other objects obtained in the course of previous research (motorcycle, passenger car, off-road vehicle, hybrid bus and agricultural tractor). Due to the engine design (two-stroke type), the worst environmental indicators were obtained for CO and HC compared to other tested vehicles.

Evaluation of the Pollution Level of Surface and Waste Water

Pohrebennyk Volodymyr, Kulyk Mykhailo, Bihun Iryna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2020

Vol. 21, nr 5

180--188

The household and industrial wastes that have been accumulated during the last 40–50 years organized and spontaneous landfills (garbage dumps) pollution of the natural water bodies near locations. As results of precipitation and solar irradiation, the drainage of water formation occurs; such waters are polluted with harmful and toxic ingredients. The known indices of pollution of industrial and surface waters as well as the technique for determining the class of danger posed by solid household wastes were analyzed. The application of this technique to liquid wastes is suggested, since the change of aggregate state must not restrict its application; on the contrary, a new useful unexpected result can emerge with this. A rather simple dimensionless index of toxicity was chosen on the basis of the following examples: composition of the drainage waters of a specific landfill, content of harmful ingredients in them, excess ratio of their maximum permissible concentration. Such an index takes into account the maximum permissible concentration of the harmful substance in the ground, as well as the fraction of the harmful ingredients in the total mass of the liquid waste. Using the dimensionless index of toxicity, the bar charts were drawn, from which the sequence of removal of harmful components from the liquid mixture can be determined, starting with the component with the least value of dimensionless index of toxicity which characterizes the most dangerous component.