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Alarming and warning model for improving the effectiveness of sequential evacuation from high-rise buildings

Cisek Marcin, Orłowska Iwona

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

2024

Nr 91 (tom 1)

23--44

The article presents the results of research conducted during trial evacuations from high-rise buildings. Based on the surveys, areas were identified where the evacuation process requires support and an alarm model was proposed to shorten the total evacuation time. Two series of trial evacuations from buildings were carried out, involving 1,333 respondents. The survey was conducted in 28- and 24-storey office buildings, where companies with different business profiles, e.g. consulting, accounting, media and others, were based. The questionnaire included 16 questions and was distributed in printed form to each participant of the evacuation attempt, and the completed questionnaire was collected shortly after returning to the office. The questions posed in the survey concerned, among others, the comprehensibility of the alarm message, concerns and other feelings during evacuation, the influence of other people at the start of evacuation, knowledge of people who might need help, knowledge of people responsible for evacuation, estimated time devoted to preparation for evacuation, description of additional activities performed, preferences for choosing the evacuation method between stairs and elevator, general opinion on the need to carry out exercises, demographic data, etc. Interviewees confirmed that those taking part in the exercise may have doubts about the need to start an evacuation. Intensifying the frequency of evacuation drills increases employees’ reluctance to participate in them. It was confirmed that the alerting process is a phenomenon of social interaction, and to ensure correct alerting it is necessary to use the direct influence of people responsible for the evacuation on other employees to communicate messages in as much detail as possible. People who were not familiar with the building were characterized by a higher level of negative feelings about the evacuation process and a longer reaction time to the alarm. The use of a voice alarm system in a building guarantees high intelligibility of messages. A model of evacuation messages was proposed to reduce doubts as to the need of starting an evacuation, dedicated to individual areas of the building, enabling shortening of the total evacuation time. The model is clear in its description of the threat and takes into account various possibilities of locating people in relation to this threat.