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Experimental Study of Produced Water Treatment Using Activated Carbon with Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles, Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membranes

Hussein Mudhaffar Yacoub, Al-Naemi Amer Naji Ahmed, AlJaberi Forat Yasir

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

78--87

EN

This work inspected the produced water discharged from the Amara oil field in (Misan-Iraq) to improve the quality of water before reuse and reinjection or disposal. The process of treatment included a pretreatment step using activated carbon and post-treatment using flat polymeric nanofiltration membrane (NF) (1.0 nm) and reverse osmosis membrane (RO) (0.3 nm), respectively. Therefore, activated carbon without aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles and with (Al2O3) nanoparticles (20 nm) was used to examine the removal efficiency of the total organic compound (TOC). The height of the fixed bed of activated carbon and its diameter were 35 cm and 2.5 cm, respectively. The volumetric flow rates of the produced water flowing through the activated carbon column were taken as (25, 20, 15, 10 and 5)×10-4 m3/h respectively, at transmembrane pressure (TMP) of 1.0 bar, pH equals 6, and the temperature of 25 °C. The TOC removal efficiencies attained using activated carbon without Al2O3 nanoparticles were (52, 64, 77, 83 and 87%), respectively, and (65, 72.7, 83.4, 92.5 and 95.2%) with the use of Al2O3 nanoparticles, respectively. Produced water effluent from the activated carbon column was treated by flat NF and RO membranes to reduce the total dissolved solids (TDS). The cross-flow rates through NF and RO membranes were 0.1 and 0.25 m3/h, TMP (1–12 bar) and 60 bar, respectively. The removal efficiency of TDS was enhanced up to 40% and 99.67%, respectively. In addition, the TOC removal efficiency was 100% in the effluent of the RO membrane.

2

Reduction of Contaminants from Municipal Wastewater of Salori Sewage Treatment Plant Using Electrochemical Membrane Bioreactor and Bioelectricity Generation

Yadav Saurabh, Kamsonlian Suantak, Gola Deepak, Pal Shubham

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 1

264--271

EN

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is stable and rising wastewater treatment reactor though membrane fouling and energy expenditure remain operational impediments and challenges for the wider deployment of the MBR technology. The majority of municipal wastewater contains low quantities of suspended, dissolved inorganic and organic particles. Proteins, carbohydrates, synthetic detergents, lignin, soaps, lipids and their decomposition products, along with many natural and synthetic organic chemicals from industrial processes, are also examples of impurities present in water. In addition, municipal wastewater contains a variety of inorganic chemicals, such as heavy metals, which might have phytotoxic and health consequences, limiting its usage in agriculture. In this study, an electrochemical membrane bioreactor (EMBR) has been developed to reduce several impurities from real municipal wastewater; moreover bioelectricity was also generated simultaneously. The maximum removal of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total dissolved solid (TDS) were 35.57%, 31.55%, and 32.84 %, respectively, after a 5-day experimental run.

3

Analysis and Simulation Performance of a Reverse Osmosis Plant in the Al-Maqal Port

Yousif Yasameen T., Abbas Abdulhussain A., Yaseen Dina Ali

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 5

173--186

EN

The Basrah province (southern of Iraq) was interested in establishing desalination plants to provide drinking water due to the high levels of salinity in its water resources. This work was carried out in order to evaluate and simulate the functionality of the reverse osmosis plant in the Al-Maqal port. From the field and laboratory measurement, this study concluded that the considered parameters of product water by reverse osmosis (RO) plant were within the Iraqi standard (IRS) limits. The calculation of operation indices showed that the recovery rate of plant (72%) and the permeate flux of plant (20 lmh) was within for limitation of brackish surface water. In turn, the plant has a low salt rejection (90.1%) and a high pressure drop (5 bar); therefore, the membranes require backwashing or chemical cleaning. Then, the performance of RO membrane was simulated by the Winflows software. The best operating parameters were identified. The coefficient of determination (R2) between simulated and measured TDS was 0.83. Therefore, the simulated TDS of permeate multiplied by 5.3 was given a good estimation for actual TDS within acceptable an error rate of 17%.

4

Monitoring of Groundwater Quality With Cokriging of Geochemical and Geoelectrical Measurements

Zawadzki Jarosław, Fabijańczyk Piotr, Treichel Wiktor

Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 4, Iss. 1

97--106

EN

The study presents the possibility of using geostatistical methods for monitoring groundwater quality. Poland is one of the largest copper producers in the world. However, the extraction and production of copper requires constant care for the natural environment. Reservoir Żelazny Most which is situated in South – Western Poland was designed to store flotation tailings out of nearby copper mines. It is one of the biggest industrial dumps in the world. The reservoir stores huge amounts of tailings and industrial water. Water migrating from dump to groundwater could be a potential source of contamination with chlorides, sulphates, heavy metals, and other hazardous substances used in ore separation process in the copper mining industry, like detergent and phenols. Monitoring system around Żelazny Most dump, which was designed to track harmful substances concentrations in groundwater, contains measuring wells and piezometers. They are used to collect groundwater samples for chemical analyses. The idea of the study was to integrate information provided by chemical analyses and geoelectrical measurements by cokriging method, utilizing correlation between electrical resistance of the soil solution and total dissolved solids concentration in groundwater. This enabled to obtain spatial distribution of total dissolved solids concentrations in groundwater at the part of eastern foreground of Żelazny Most dump.

5

Design of a solar powered reverse osmosis system in Egypt

Ibrahim Said M. A., Shabak Ahmed G. M.

Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 5, No 2

125--140

EN

Scarcity of fresh water, forced many countries to get their water needs, or part of it, by means of saline water desalination. Reverse osmosis (RO) systems are useful tools in this concern. In case the grid electricity is not available or costly, photovoltaic (PV) power is necessary to derive RO systems. The present paper is concerned with providing a methodology for complete sizing and design of a photovoltaic reverse osmosis (PVRO) system in Egypt. Egypt has very favorable solar energy. A computer program was constructed to solve the mathematical equations of the model to get the numerical values. The program is capable of calculating the solar irradiation for any city in Egypt. Calculations and selection of the RO system with all connected pumps, the peak PV power needed, and the actual PV area were performed for different water demands ranging from 1-100 m3/day, and various water total dissolved solids (TDSs) of 5000, 15000, and 30000 mg/l. The cost of the complete PVRO system was also determined. The concern of the paper is related to water desalination and solar energy, which are responsible for our existence. The work also aims toward sustainable and clean environment via utilizing solar energy.

6

Quality assessment of 30 various brands of bottled drinking waters in Iran

Mohsen D., Saeid N., Hajer S., Pyrasteh N

Environment Protection Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 42, nr 4

65--73

EN

During the last three decades bottled water consumption has become the fastest growing and most dynamic sector of all the food and beverage industries. In the study, physical, chemical and microbiological qualities of 30 different brands of bottled water were studied and compared with labeled values. Total hardness and pH values of bottled water were within acceptable range. Concentrations of trace and major chemical elements of all samples were within standard range. Nitrite concentration in all samples was close to zero. Only 6% and 20% of samples had respectively higher than acceptable values of fluorides and turbidity, respectively. Measured concentrations of sodium, calcium, magnesium, fluorides, nitrates, chlorides, pH and (TDS) were significantly different from labeled values on the samples. Twobrand bottles showed positive fecal coliform results while 16 brands of bottled water showed positive HPC results at 37 °C.

7

Selected processes in acidulous waters from Swieradów Zdrój in the light of the results of chemical analyses over the last thirty years

Przylibski T. A., Kozlowski J., Kabat T.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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1998

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Vol. 68, No. 1

95-103

EN

In this paper the variability of chemical composition of Swieradów Zdrój acidulous waters for over thirty years is presented. Attempts were made at the interpretation of some noticeable effects occuring in these waters. Irregular fluctuations of free carbon dioxide content in acidulous waters (waters contained more than 1000 mg/dm3 of free CO2) and the lack of a general trend in its changes, as well as slow and constant decrease of total dissolved solids (TDS) in shallow intakes should be underlined. TDS changes in time are the result of various stages of deep circulation waters mixing with slightly mineralized shallow waters. To a certain extent, these changes may depend on the chemical composition changes of deep circulation acidulous waters. Correlation of the TDS changes in time with the variability of some ions concentration (mainly HCO3-, Ca2+, rarely Mg2+, K+) testifies to the origins of these ions from dissolution of rocks by acidulous waters of deep circulation. The origin of other ions should be connected with shallow circulation waters and with deep circulation acidulous waters as well. The lack of correlation between free carbon dioxide contents and concentration of hydrogen carbonate ion as well as lack of correlation between pH and CO2and HCO3- concentration has not been explained yet and requires further research.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono zmienność składu chemicznego szczaw Świeradowa Zdroju na przestrzeni ostatnich trzydziestu kilku lat. Podjęto także próbę interpretacji niektórych z zaobserwowanych zjawisk zachodzących w tych wodach. Na szczególne podkreślenie zasługuje stwierdzenie nieregularnych wahań zawartości wolnego dwutlenku węgla w szczawach oraz brak generalnego trendu jej zmian, a także powolny, stały spadek mineralizacji ogólnej w płytkich ujęciach. Korelacja zmian mineralizacji ogólnej (TDS) w czasie ze zmiennością stężeń niektórych jonów świadczy o pochodzeniu tych jonów z rozpuszczania skał przez szczawy głębokiego krążenia. Brak korelacji pomiędzy zawartością wolnego dwutlenku węgla a stężeniem jonu wodorowęglanowego nie został wyjaśniony i wymaga dalszych badań.