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The Application of Membrane Bioreactor for Greywater Treatment

Fikri Elanda, Zulkarnain Oryza Filial, Azizah R., Latif Mohd Talib, Firmansyah Yura Witsqa

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

207--213

EN

Urban planning management should consider wastewater as a challenge. Wastewater, in this case, grey water, is full of dangerous contaminants and, at specific concentrations, can turn into a substance that affects the environment. The effluent of the released waste must therefore be managed to ensure that it complies with the government’s quality standard criteria. The membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology process produced waste effluents with low concentrations of biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC), proving its higher efficiency as a biological processing stage. Total coliforms and E. coli are not present in processed products, detergents and total suspended solid (TSS) are effectively degraded. This is made possible by the considerably lower organic load; as a result, biomass accumulation slows and mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), which have low value, are produced. With the assistance of continuous airflow, and without the use of chemicals or backwashing, an ultrafiltration module (UF) with a membrane cut-off size small enough to be able to create a constant permeate flux during the grey water treatment process is necessary. Although processed grey water does not pass denitrification, all parameters linked to the quality of the effluent water exceed environmental quality criteria.

2

Ozone Method Recycling Domestic Waste to Prevent Waste Water Pollution

Munawir Abdillah, Rusdiyanto Edi, Fathar Imam Rozali, Nurhasanah, Mierzwa Jose Carlos

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 12

16--28

EN

This study aims analyze the physical-chemical quality of domestic wastewater in hotel areas and analyze the biological quality of domestic wastewater which includes total coliform bacteria in hotel areas. The research data was obtained by conducting observation and laboratory analysis with the assessment of several standardized thresholds for environmental quality standards Regulation No. P.68 of 2016 and PP No. 22 of 2021. The results of the total coliform parameter after the application of ozonation, the results are obtained with a value of 2900 Most Probable Number/100 milliliters which is still below the maximum allowable threshold value; total suspended solid parameter test, obtained results with a value of 5 miligram/liter or under limit 30–400 miligram/liter which is the maximum allowable value limit. The oil/fat parameter obtained a value of <2 miligram/liter while the quality standard value was 5 miligram/liter; the ammonia parameter yielded 0.58 miligram/liter, while the maximum allowable limit was 10 miligram/liter; the biochemical oxygen demand parameter yielded <2 miligram/liter, while the maximum allowable limit was 12–30 miligram/liter; the chemical oxygen demand parameter yielded <4 miligram/liter, and the maximum allowed limit was 80–100 miligram/liter. The use of ozone can be an option in the process of recycling domestic wastewater in a sustainable manner proven to reduce levels of waste, viruses and its main pathogens total suspended solid, Ammonia, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, Oil and Grease, as well as total coliform biological bacteria so that it can be reused by the community.

3

The Effectiveness of Melt-Blown Filter Cartridge and UV-C Rays on the Reduction of Total Coliform and Water Hardness in Production Process Water

Fikri Elanda, Putri Nursyifa Yuliani, Djuhriah Nanny, Hanurawaty Neneng Yetty, Khair Amar Sharaf Eldin

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 4

181--190

EN

Water is one of the humans’ basic needs that are essential in daily lives. The water use related to the production of the food processing industry must at least meet the quality standards required for drinking water. The Production process water is obtained from the artesian well that has been treated with a physical treatment process. The microbiological examination result of total Coliform is 8.6 MPN/100 ml meaning that it does not meet the quality standard requirements, which is 0 MPN/100 ml (The Minister of Health Regulation Number 492 of 2010, concerning Drinking Water Quality Requirements), it is necessary to treat the production process water using a Melt Blown Filter (MBF) and UV-C rays. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the variation of the 1, 3, and 5-micron of Melt Blown Filter cartridge 10” in reducing the amount of total Coliform, as well as the water hardness and their effect on disinfection using UV-C rays. The type of research used is experimental research with a pretest-posttest without control research design. There is a reduction in the average total Coliform after the treatment using a Melt Blown Filter, with a result of 1, 3, and 5-micron as 2.95 MPN /100ml, 3.61 MPB/100 ml, and 7.31 MPN/100 ml with a percentage reduction of 100%, 94.5%, and 82.4%, respectively. The average total Coliform using the Melt Blown Filter equipped with the UV-C rays treatment resulted in a reduction of 1, 3, and 5-micron as 2.95 MPN/100 ml, 3.95 MPN/100 ml, 8.88 MPN/100 ml respectively, with a reduction percentage of 100%, for each treatment. The data analysis for total coliform using the One-Way ANOVA test resulted in a pvalue of 0.001, the effective variation obtained is 1-micron MBF equipped with UV-C rays. The analysis of results pertaining to the water hardness data showed that the use of Melt Blown Filter could not reduce water hardness, but the UV-C rays could still be used accordingly. The data analysis for water hardness was performed using KruskalWallis with a p-value of 0.820, meaning that there are no differences in Melt Blown Filter variation on the results of total water hardness value.

4

Optimization of Slow Sand Filtration for the Raw Municipal Wastewater Treatment by Using the Blood Cockle (Anadara granosa) Shell as an Alternative Filter Media through the Response Surface Methodology

Fitriani Nurina, Ni'matuzahroh, O'Marga Timothy Tjahja Nugraha, Radin Mohamed Radin Maya Saphira, Wahyudianto Febri Eko, Imron Muhammad Fauzul, Isnadina Dwi Ratri Mitha, Soedjono Eddy Setiadi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 6

100--111

EN

This research aimed to investigate the optimum conditions of slow sand filter (SSF) media modification by using ground Anadara granosa shell waste and the effect of the ripening period on the total coliform (TC) removal efficiency. The response surface methodology with the central composite design was conducted with three factors, namely, seeding time (2–3 weeks), running time (0–20 days), type of SSF media (i.e., river sand, A. granosa shell, and their combination), as independent variables. The results showed that the ripening period factor interacted insignificantly by improving the TC removal efficiency due to short ripening time (p > 0.05). The optimum conditions of the SSF to achieve maximum TC removal efficiency (99.70 ± 21.50%) were as follows: combination media of river sand and ground A. granosa shell waste, 2.8 weeks (20 days) of ripening period, and 20 days of operation. In conclusion, the optimum operating parameters of the slow sand filter revealed that the combination of river sand and A. granosa shell as well as prolonged ripening and running times could increase the removal efficiency of TC. Hence, the A. granosa shell has good application potential as filter media to remove TC from the municipal wastewater.

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Effect of 2014 massive flood on well water qualities: A case study on Kelantan River basin, Malaysia

Rahman H. A. Ab., Ibrahim N. A., Abdul Hamid A. A., Abdul Hamid T. H. T.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2018

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no. 38

127--136

EN

The effect of physical and biological qualities of wells after submergence was assessed following December 2014 flood in Kelantan. Studies were carried out on a total of 65 wells from 13 stations around Kelantan River basin in which the wells’ water were sampled for pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), turbidity and microbial contamination. About 95% of the well showed to be contaminated, 7 out of 65 samples (11.1%) showed TDS values >400 μS·cm–1; and 19 samples (29.2%) recorded turbidity beyond 7.0 NTU. Statistical non-parametric tests carried out on independent groups showed that the status of well contamination was neither determined by both degree of submergence nor by the geographical location. Also the physico-chemical parameters are independent of flood inundation. However, TDS and turbidity values changed based on geographical location, at p < 0.05. Well from estuary recorded higher TDS (241.2 μS·cm–1 ±159.5 SD) and turbidity (8.04 NTU ± 6.53 SD) compared to those from inner basin (TDS at 156.3 μS·cm–1± 88.9 SD; turbidity at 2.90 NTU ± 2.46 SD), respectively. The flood water had played significant role in the transmission of existing contaminant, and most of the wells were unsafe for drinking. We concluded that the degree of flood submergence does not necessarily determine the severity of the well contamination in Kelantan, but the existing contamination may exacerbate further the potential risk during post flood period.

PL

Oceniano fizyczne i biologiczne właściwości wód w studniach zalanych w wyniku powodzi w grudniu 2014 r. w basenie rzeki Kelantan. Badania prowadzono łącznie w 65 studniach z 13 stanowisk w basenie rzeki. Analizowano pH, zawartość substancji rozpuszczonych (TDS), mętność i zanieczyszczenie mikrobiologiczne. Zanieczyszczenia wykryto w ok. 95% studni, w 7 z 65 stwierdzono wartości TDS > 400 μS·cm–1, a 19 próbek (29,2%) miało mętność ponad 7,0 NTU. Statystyczne testy dla zmiennych niezależnych wykazały, że poziom zanieczyszczeń nie zależał ani od stopnia zalania, ani od lokalizacji. Fizyczne i chemiczne parametry wody także nie były zależne od zalewu powodziowego, TDS i mętność zmieniały się wraz z położeniem geograficznym z istotnością p < 0,05. W wodzie ze studni z estuarium rzeki wartości TDS i mętność (odpowiednio 241,2 μS·cm–1 ±159,5 SD i 8,04 NTU ±6,53 SD) były większe niż w wodzie ze studni w głębi basenu (TDS 156,3 μS·cm–1 ±88,9 SD, mętność 2,90 NTU ±2,46 SD). Wody powodziowe odgrywały istotną rolę w przenoszeniu zanieczyszczeń. Większość wód studziennych nie nadawała się do picia. Stwierdzono ostatecznie, że stopień zalania studni niekoniecznie determinuje stopień zanieczyszczenia studni, ale występujące zanieczyszczenia mogą zwiększać potencjalne ryzyko po ustąpieniu powodzi.