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1

Application of the Thermophilic Fermentation Method to Obtain Environmentally Friendly Organic Fertilizer

Bayazitova Zulfiya E., Kurmanbayeva Aigul S., Tleuova Zhulduz O., Temirbekova Nurgul G.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

202--216

EN

In this study, the authors obtained samples of biological fertilizer by thermophilic fermentation of substrates of different compositions. Two types of effluent were studied in the experiment: food plant waste with the addition of cattle manure and liquid pig manure with litter cattle manure. To activate the process of obtaining fertilizer, the Agrarka biological preparation was added containing a complex of microorganisms and bacteria that accelerate the decomposition process. A detailed chemical analysis of the liquid and solid fractions of the raw materials and the obtained products was carried out for the content of total phosphorus (P), carbon (C), potassium (K), nitrogen (N), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+), organic matter, dry matter, cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (Ar). The indicators of acidity and ash content were determined and microbiological analysis was carried out. The obtained results showed that the thermophilic temperature regime of fermentation accelerated the decomposition process, positively affected the total content of the main nutrients in the studied substrates, and negatively affected the vital activity of microorganisms. In two types of effluents, there was a significant increase in the level of ammonium nitrogen by up to 60%, a decrease in the total carbon content by 15–30%, and dry and organic matter by 10–12% in both liquid and solid phases. However, in the effluent from food plant waste with the addition of cattle manure, the indicators increased by 13% in total carbon and by 8.2% in dry matter, and the ash content was 3 times lower than in the second effluent. Thus, thermophilic fermentation obtained two types of effluents with high-quality indicators corresponding to environmental and sanitary standards, since the content of microorganisms and heavy metals did not exceed the permissible limits.

2

Investigation of Waste Properties of Subway Construction as a Potential Component of Soil Layer

Ivanov A. V., Smirnov Y. D., Petrov G. I.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 5

59--69

EN

The construction of subway stations is inevitably accompanied by the formation of a large amount of waste that is extracted from the underground workings by rock. When the waste is transported, the air is polluted with the exhaust gases of the dump trucks, some of the waste can stay on the road surface, the use of dump trucks increases the load on the roadway, the disposal of waste at landfills harms the environment, and enterprises pay fees for the transportation as well as placement of the waste. The article deals with the waste from the construction of new stations in the Saint-Petersburg subway. In order to determine the possibility of using waste in the municipal economy, a comprehensive analysis of this waste was carried out, including determination of moisture content, acidity, total carbon content, as well as chemical and granulometric composition. On the basis of the study results, it was established that the waste in question belongs to the hazard class 5, which enables to use it as a component of the soil mixture. Afterwards, the hazard class 5 was confirmed by the method of bioassay based on the determination of water toxicity by changing the optical density of the Chlorella algae culture.

3

Validation of method for determination total carbon, inorganic carbon and total organic carbon in marine waters

Nowogrodzka K., Dembska G., Galer-Tatarowicz K.

Biuletyn Instytutu Morskiego w Gdańsku

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2018

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Vol. 33, No. 1

212--217

EN

Validation is a process of setting parameters characterizing the proficiency of actions and limitations of a method and an assessment of its usefulness for particular purposes. As a result, it ensures that the analysis process is carried out in a reliable and precise way and gives reliable results. For the validation process marine water was used, as well as the addition of standard solutions. Uncertainty in the results, limit of quantification, precision, repeatability and reproducibility, recovery and accuracy of the method were obtained. The results of the validation of the method for determination of total inorganic and organic carbon in marine waters are discussed in this paper. For this purpose, a Shimadzu analyser TOC-L was used. The discussed method is based on infrared detection NDIR. A halogen scrubber type B was used for determined the compounds. This allowed the analysis time at the stage of the sample preparation to be shortened. It increased the absorption of salt contained in a sample, as a result of which, the dilution stage could be omitted, and the final result is affected by a smaller error. The method of the validation for determination of total inorganic and organic carbon received accreditation of the Polish Centre for Accreditation and joined a wide range of the analyses carried out in the Laboratory of the Department of Environment Protection of the Marine Institute in Gdańsk.

PL

Walidacja jest procesem ustalania parametrów charakteryzujących sprawność działania i ograniczeń metody oraz sprawdzeniem jej przydatności do określonych celów. W efekcie można uzyskać pewność, że proces analizy przebiega w sposób rzetelny i precyzyjny oraz daje wiarygodne wyniki. Do procesu walidacji wykorzystano wodę morską, a także tą samą wodę z dodatkami wzorców. Walidacja metody pozwoliła na określenie takich parametrów, jak: niepewność wyników, granica oznaczalności, precyzja, powtarzalność i odtwarzalność, a także odzysk i dokładność metody. W niniejszej pracy omówione zostały wyniki walidacji metod oznaczania węgla całkowitego, nieorganicznego i organicznego w próbkach wody morskiej. W tym celu wykorzystano analizator TOC-L firmy Shimadzu. Omawiana metoda polega na detekcji w podczerwieni NDIR. Do przeprowadzenia badań zastosowano skruber halogenów typu B. Pozwolił on na skrócenie czasu analizy na etapie przygotowania próbki. Zwiększył on pochłanianie soli zawartej w próbce, w wyniku czego można było pominąć etap rozcieńczania, a wynik końcowy obarczony jest mniejszym błędem. Metoda oznaczania węgla całkowitego, nieorganicznego i organicznego uzyskała akredytację Polskiego Centrum Akredytacji i dołączyła do szerokiego grona analiz wykonywanych w Laboratorium Zakładu Ochrony Środowiska Instytutu Morskiego w Gdańsku.

4

Analiza chemiczna wyrobów węglowych zawierających węglik krzemu – oznaczanie zawartości węgla całkowitego, węgla wolnego oraz węglika krzemu

Gerle A., Stec K., Burdyl M., Podwórny J., Psiuk B.

Materiały Ceramiczne

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2017

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T. 69, nr 3

221--232

PL

Do analizy chemicznej materiałów węglowych zawierających węglik krzemu mają zastosowanie metody opisane w normie PN-EN ISO 21068: 2010 „Analiza chemiczna surowców i wyrobów ogniotrwałych zawierających węglik krzemu”, części 1 – 3. Obejmuje ona swoim zakresem analizę zarówno produktów, jak i surowców ogniotrwałych formowanych i nieformowanych, zawierających w swoim składzie węgiel i/lub węglik krzemu. Norma obejmuje cały zakres materiałów od czystego węglika krzemu do materiałów tlenkowych z niską jego zawartością. Przedstawiono w niej między innymi różne metody oznaczania zawartości węgla całkowitego i wolnego oraz wyznaczania zawartości węglika krzemu. W pracy oznaczano stratę prażenia (ΔP) i węgiel całkowity (Ctotal) w próbkach suchych i po prażeniu. Na ich podstawie obliczano zawartość węgla wolnego (Cfree) oraz węglika krzemu (SiC). Analizie poddano materiały zawierające znaczne ilości węgla wolnego (> 50%) w postaci grafitu i węgla amorficznego. Analizowano próbki komercyjnie dostępnych wyrobów węglowych zawierających węglik krzemu oraz wzorcowe próbki przygotowane z materiałów o znanym składzie. Porównano wyniki uzyskane różnymi metodami dopuszczanymi przez normę. Przedstawiono zalety i wady poszczególnych metod analitycznych oraz wskazano potencjalne źródła błędów uzyskiwanych wyników.

EN

The methods described in PN-EN ISO 21068: 2010 "Chemical analysis of raw materials and refractories containing silicon carbide", Part 1 - 3, apply to the chemical analysis of carbon materials containing silicon carbide. It covers the scope of analysis of both refractory products (shaped and non-shaped) and raw materials containing carbon and/or silicon carbide in their composition. The standard covers the whole range of materials from pure silicon carbide to oxide materials with low silicon carbide content. It presents various methods of determining the total and free carbon content and determination of the content of silicon carbide. The presented work included determination of the loss of ignition (ΔP) and the total carbon (Ctotal) in dry and calcined samples. Based on the results of that determination, the contents of free carbon (Cfree) and silicon carbide (SiC) were calculated. Materials containing significant amounts of free carbon (> 50%) in the form of graphite and amorphous carbon were analyzed. Samples of commercially available carbon products containing silicon carbide and reference samples prepared from materials of the known composition were analyzed. The results were compared that obtained by various analytical methods allowed by the standard. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods were presented and potential sources of errors were reported.

5

Research on relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, imports, exports, and population in China

Jin Q.-Y., Zhang J., Gao Y.-Q., Su X., Fu Y.-S.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 40, nr 2

75--85

EN

Empirical relationships between carbon dioxide emission, imports, exports, and population have been investigated. An empirical model with carbon dioxide emissions, structure and scale of import and exports, populations was built Using ridge regression analysis and observed data from 1985 to 2006 in China, we examined the relationship between each part of carbon dioxide emission and corresponding coefficients, including GIV (gross imports value), GXV (gross exports value), and P (populations). The results have shown that the increasing trend in TCOE (total carbon dioxide emissions) was determined by the exports, while its standard level is determined by population. Increasing the imports may reduce TCOE. Considering working to expand economy, the best ways for China to reduce TCOE are to introduce advanced technology and take actions to guarantee strict execution of cut-emission policy. Although the increasing imports also can reduce TCOE, it is not reasonable for the global cut-emission policy. To control population is not applicable as the immense population base, so government's publicity for low-carbon live is a necessary and feasible way to reduce carbon dioxide emission.

6

An impact of municipal sewage sludge and wheaten straw on some indicators of soil fertility

Wołoszyk Cz., Balcer K.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2007

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Vol. 9, nr 3

114-117

EN

In a two-factor pot experiment the impact of applied diverse doses of municipal sewage sludge and equal dose of wheaten straw, with and without supplemental mineral N and NPK fertilization, on some fertility properties of soil was assessed. The soil used in the experiment was acid brown incomplete soil (good rye complex). The grass - Festulolium - was the test plant, harvested four times and in the second year - common sunflower and blue phacelia. After the harvest of phacelia, the pH (in 1 M KG), the content of total nitrogen, total carbon and the available forms of P, K and Mg were analyzed. Fertilization with sewage sludge and straw failed to have a significant influence on the change of the soil pH. However, all doses of sewage sludge + straw, in comparison with the control, significantly increased the content of total carbon (from 31.8 to 37.8%) and total nitrogen (from 34.3 to 52.2%) in the soil. There was significantly more phosphorus available in the soil from all the objects with sewage sludge and straw than in the soil from the control object (from 8.2 to 21.6%), while the content of potassium was higher only in the soil from the object with 1.5% of sewage sludge + straw and magnesium at the highest dose of sewage sludge. The mineral N and NPK fertilization, used against the background of sewage sludge and straw, did not have asignificant impact on the shaping of the analyzed soil fertility indicators.