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1

Soil Variability and Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Biomass along Ultisol Toposequences

Armanto M. Edi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 7

196--204

EN

Uniforming sugarcane management without any knowledge of soil variability could result in some parts of a sugarcane field receiving insufficient inputs, while other parts receive an excessive input. The research aimed at assessing the soil variability and sugarcane biomass along Ultisol toposequences in Central Lampung, Indonesia. Two sugarcane catenas and one forest catena were fully described in the fields. Soil horizons are represented by Ap/Ah/M, E, B, Cc and Cg with dominant clay translocation. The gleying symptom was found only in the lower slope to depression. The concretion depths can be used as an erosion indicator if the soil parent material is well characterized. Soil P has a maximum value of Ap horizon and decreases with the depth and no effect of internal erosion in the form of soil P accumulation in subsoils can be observed, except for the colluviated horizon. Kaolinite clay is dominantly found to buffer the changes in pH, except Ap horizon of sugarcane. The organic C depends on the pedogenesis and catena form. Al saturation indicates that the dominant soil weathering is intensive. Al saturation in the Ap horizon (Catena G1; G2) was reduced from 80% to 20–40% caused by liming and fertilization. The catena position was the main factor causing the increasing soil variability, which was responsible for the variability of sugarcane biomass. The sugarcane biomass increased with decreasing slopes. The highest biomass was found in the depression (105 tones/ha) if the sedimentation process is characterized by the formation horizon M and accompanied by the nutrient accumulation from the hilltops.

2

Soil Sequences Along a Slope of the Opalenica Plain

Kozłowski M., Komisarek J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 1

69—76

EN

The paper presents the results of a study on differentiation of the morphological structure of soil and selected physical and chemical properties of soils in toposequence of the Opalenica Plain. The study was conducted in a 1200 m long transect running through a typical soil toposequence for the Polish Lowland, and therefore the results presented in this study can be extrapolated to similar geomorphological conditions of the area. On the basis of pedological cross-section, the following soil units were distinguished: PWspgl – Albic Luvisols (Arenic) with glossic properties, PAt – Albic Glossic Retisols (Loamic), PAsp – Albic Glossic Retisols (Aric, Arenic), PAspgg – Albic Glossic Retisols (Aric, Arenic, Oxyaquic), PWsggl – Albic Luvisols (Aric, Arenic, Stagnic) with glossic properties, PWgggl – Albic Luvisols (Aric, Loamic, Stagnic) with glossic properties, CZgg – Mollic Reductigleyic Eutric Gleysols (Aric, Loamic), CFt – Fluvic Phaeozems (Aric, Arenic). Each of these units has its own specific position in toposequence but the occurrence of Fluvic Phaeozems (Aric, Arenic) are associated with geogenetic processes of Mogilnica river. In this work, using a multiple regression analysis a statistically significant relationships between the position of the soils in relief and the terrain slopes and the organic carbon content in Ap horizon, the cation exchangeable capacity, the sum of exchangeable bases and the pH were obtained. Systematic variability of most soil properties of Ap horizon have shown two distances of spatial variation. The first concerns the systematic changes in shorter distance (from 132 to 344 m) and can be associated with differences in soil properties between separate soil units. The second distance of spatial correlation ranges from 431 m to 792 m, which testify to the fact that quantitative changes in the properties of soils are realized gradually and distinctly, together with the differentiation of the slope, over several separate cartographic units.

3

Identification of the Hydrogeochemical Processes in Groundwater of Gleysols and Retisols Toposequence of the Opalenica Plain

Kozłowski M., Komisarek J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 2

113--120

EN

Hydrogeochemical investigation was carried out in the toposequence of Gleysols and Retisols within the Opalenica Plain. Groundwater samples from the study area were collected every two or four weeks from 2002 to 2006 in pre-cleaned 1-L polyethylene bottle from 2 representative wells. The results of research indicated that the quantity of dissolved components in groundwater was connected with wells location in the relief and the properties of soil parent materials. The groundwater of soil located higher in the slope (Retisols) was characterized by smaller concentrations of the analysed components, when compared with the composition of groundwater from lower sites of the slope (Gleysols). The groundwater chemistry is mainly controlled by weathering of carbonate minerals as well as silicate weathering. Moreover, the research results indicate that evaporation process can influence the chemical composition of groundwater in the lower part of the slope.

4

Content of Some Macro-and Microelements in a Soil Toposequence in the Landscape of Ice-Dammed Lakes in Sepopol Lowland

Smólczyński S., Orzechowski M.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2010

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Vol. 17, nr 2-3

217-231

EN

The study was carried out using soil catena method in Sepopol Lowland, representing the zone of ice-dammed lakes of young glacial landscape. The sequence of soils in the catena was as follows: black earth, proper deluvial soil, humous deluvial soil, mucky soil, strongly and slightly silted peat-muck soils. Soil texture, soil reaction, total content of carbon and nitrogen as well as total amounts of Ca, Mg, K, P, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were analysed in the mentioned soils. The reaction of investigated soils ranged from slightly acid in deluvial soils to neutral in peat-muck soils. In the studied toposequence of soils, the amounts of total carbon and nitrogen increased towards the depression. Variation of the amounts of analysed elements in the catena depended on the location of soil in a relief. Quantitatively, the content of elements in eroded black earths was in the following sequence: Fe > Ca > Mg > K > P > Na > Mn > Zn > Cu. Deluvial soils contained more potassium than magnesium, and peat-muck soils contained more calcium than iron. Arable horizons of proper deluvial soils, which were located in the middle of the slope, contained the lowest amounts of macro- and microelements in relation to both deeper layers of the soil profile and parent material of eroded soils. The highest accumulation of macro- and microelements was reported in the soils located at the bottom of the slope. Humous deluvial soils were distinguished by the highest content of K and Fe, mucky soils by the highest content of Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, and the peat-muck - Ca, P and Na. Humous deluvial soils and upper-silted organic soils are the barriers which prevent the expansion of biogens from agricultural areas to wetlands.

PL

Badania przeprowadzono metodą katen glebowych na Nizinie Sępopolskiej reprezentującej strefę zastoiskową krajobrazu młodoglacjalnego. Sekwencja gleb w katenie przedstawiała się następująco: czarne ziemie, gleby deluwialne właściwe, gleby deluwialne próchniczne, gleby namurszowe, gleby torfowo-murszowe silnie i słabo zamulone. W badanych glebach oznaczono: uziarnienie, odczyn pH, zawartość węgla i azotu ogólnego oraz całkowitą zawartość Ca, Mg, K, P i Na, Fe, Mn, Zn i Cu. Odczyn badanych gleb kształtował się od lekko kwaśnego w glebach deluwialnych do obojętnego w glebach torfowo-murszowych. W analizowanej toposekwencji gleb w kierunku centrum zagłębienia zwiększała się zawartość węgla i azotu. Zróżnicowanie zawartości oznaczonych pierwiastków w glebach badanej toposekwencji było uzależnione od ich położenia w reliefie. Szereg ilościowy oznaczonych pierwiastków w czarnych ziemiach erodowanych przedstawiał następująco: Fe > Ca > Mg > K > P > Na > Mn > Zn > Cu. W glebach deluwialnych więcej było potasu niż magnezu, a w glebach torfowo-murszowych więcej jest wapnia niż żelaza. Poziomy uprawne, zlokalizowanych w środkowej części stoku, gleb deluwialnych właściwych wykazywały największe zubożenie makro- i mikroelementów w odniesieniu zarówno do głębszych warstw profilu, jak i do skały macierzystej gleb erodowanych. Największą kumulację makro- i mikroelementów wykazywały gleby usytuowane u podnóża stoku. Gleby deluwialne próchniczne wyróżniały się największą zawartością K i Fe, gleby namurszowe - Mg, Cu, Zn i Mn, a gleby torfowo-murszowe - Ca, P i Na. Gleby deluwialne próchniczne oraz odgórnie namulone gleby organiczne stanowią bariery, zapobiegające rozprzestrzenianiu się pierwiastków biogennych z terenów rolniczych do siedlisk mokradłowych.